Expectations of employers in the United States for entry-level public health job skills with a bachelor's degree: an analysis of the positions advertised in an online job portal

Objectives

To analyze the current public health labor market for bachelor's-level graduates.

Methods

Public health-related job postings (N = 365) from across the United States were collected from an online job portal, Indeed.com, from November 7-14, 2022. Job titles, organization type, degree requirements, work experience, job location, and preferred skills for bachelor's-level public health positions were analyzed.

Results

Thirty-one job titles were identified. Approximately one-third (32.33%) of postings were from the Northeastern US; 23.56% were from the Southeastern region. Thirty-five job skill categories were identified. Most jobs (92.33%) required oral and written communication skills, and 85.21% specified educational skills for public health promotion. Cultural competency, project management, and case management abilities were also highly sought.

Conclusion

This study revealed the needs of the public health workforce and bolstered the case that public health degree-seekers should be equipped with a set of strategic skills applicable to a range of multisectoral and multidisciplinary public health jobs.

Policy implications

Given the rapid changes in the field of public health, ongoing analysis of the labor market benefits educators, employers, and policymakers alike.

Racial and Ethnic Composition of Students, Graduates, and Faculty in Environmental Health Sciences, 2011 to 2021

The lack of diversity among the environmental health sciences (EHS) workforce has been an ongoing concern. However, limited research exists on the racial and ethnic composition of EHS students and faculty over time. We analyzed 2011 and 2021 data on EHS students, graduates, and faculty to compare changes in the racial and ethnic composition among Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health-member institutions. Among the institutions that reported data in both years, we observed significant proportion increases among Hispanic enrolled students (overall and master's: both P = .01), Multiracial enrolled students and graduates (overall: both P < .05, master's level: both P < .05), and Asian tenured professors (P = .01). Significant decreases were observed among Unknown enrolled students (overall: P = .01, master's level: P < .001), Unknown master's level graduates (P = .01), AI/AN enrolled students (overall and master's: both P < .05), and White full professors (P < .001) and tenured faculty (P < .001). Despite these findings, no substantial change existed among the other racial and ethnic groups. More efforts are needed to recruit, train, and promote racial and ethnic minorities who can leverage their lived experiences to provide novel solutions to environmental challenges.

First-Destination Outcomes for 2015-2018 Public Health Graduates: Focus on Employment

Objectives. To improve understanding of the future public health workforce by analyzing first-destination employment outcomes of public health graduates.Methods. We assessed graduate outcomes for those graduating in 2015-2018 using descriptive statistics and the Pearson χ2 test.Results. In our analysis of data on 53 463 graduates, we found that 73% were employed; 15% enrolled in further education; 5% entered a fellowship, internship, residency, volunteer, or service program; and 6% were not employed. Employed graduates went to work in health care (27%), corporations (24%), academia (19%), government (17%), nonprofit (12%), and other sectors (1%). In 2018, 9% of bachelor's, 4% of master's, and 2% of doctoral graduates were not employed but seeking employment.Conclusions. Today's public health graduates are successful in finding employment in various sectors. This new workforce may expand public health's reach and lead to healthier communities overall.Public Health Implications. With predicted shortages in the governmental public health workforce and expanding hiring because of COVID-19, policymakers need to work to ensure the supply of public health graduates meets the demands of the workforce.

Natural course of large spontaneous pneumothorax

A large pneumothorax was detected on chest x-ray film in a 41-year-old woman. She declined recommendations for evacuation of the air trapped in her right chest. The condition spontaneously resolved during 3 months after being detected.

Influence of coating strain on calcium phosphate thin-film dissolution

The success of calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings used to accelerate initial bone growth onto dental implants can vary depending on the CaP phases present in the coating. In this study, the effect of CaP coating crystal structure and morphology on dissolution rates was investigated. RF magnetron-sputtered CaP coatings (NTC) were compared to a less strained coating (HTC) obtained from heat treatment of sputtered samples at 550 degrees C. Coating strain differences were apparent in XRD spectra where hydroxyapatite-like planes shifted by 0.5 degrees 2theta and 0.05 degrees 2theta for the NTC and HTC coatings, respectively. HTC XRD peak widths were broader than NTC peak widths, indicating smaller crystals or grain sizes. These differences in grain size were corroborated by imaging with scanning probe microscopy. NTC coatings dissolved at a 300% faster rate than HTC coatings. A major factor contributing to this kinetic effect was the level of strain in both coatings. These results suggest an alternate design for CaP coatings can be obtained through the manipulation of coating strain. Using this approach, delivery of different ionic gradients from CaP coatings to surrounding tissue environments can be obtained from surfaces having similar chemistries.

Gallium-67 imaging in lymphoma: tricks of the trade

OBJECTIVE

Although the use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET for evaluating lymphoma is gaining in popularity, PET is not yet universally available and large prospective comparisons between 67Ga and 18F-FDG PET scans in predicting the long-term outcome after treatment are lacking. Scintigraphic imaging with 67Ga remains an important tool in evaluating the response of lymphoma to therapy. There are a variety of challenges and pitfalls inherent in 67Ga imaging for lymphoma. These are discussed and problem cases are illustrated. After reading this article, the nuclear medicine professional should be able to: (a) optimize the technical approach to and (b) maximize the diagnostic accuracy of 67Ga scintigraphy in assessing the response of lymphoma to therapy.

Prevention of rejection in cardiac transplantation by blockade of the interleukin-2 receptor with a monoclonal antibody

BACKGROUND

Alloantigen-activated T cells express the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor. Specific blockade of this receptor with the human IgG1 monoclonal antibody daclizumab may prevent rejection of allografts after cardiac transplantation without inducing global immunosuppression.

METHODS

We randomly assigned 55 nonsensitized patients undergoing a first cardiac transplantation to receive either induction therapy with daclizumab (1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight), given intravenously within 24 hours after cardiac-transplantation surgery and every two weeks thereafter, for a total of five doses, or generalized immunosuppressive therapy. Concomitant immunosuppression was achieved in both groups with cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. The primary end points were the incidence and severity of acute rejection, and the length of time to a first episode of biopsy-confirmed rejection.

RESULTS

Of the 55 patients in the study, 28 were randomly assigned to receive daclizumab and 27 served as the control group. During induction therapy, the mean frequency of acute rejection episodes (defined as a histologic grade of 2 or higher according to the classification of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplants) was 0.64 per patient in the control group and 0.19 per patient in the daclizumab group (P=0.02). Acute rejection developed in 17 of 27 patients in the control group (63 percent), as compared with 5 of 28 patients in the daclizumab group (18 percent; relative risk, 2.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 7.4; P=0.04). Throughout follow-up, there were nine patients with episodes of acute rejection of histologic grade 3 in the control group, as compared with two in the daclizumab group (P= 0.03), and the time to a first episode of rejection was significantly longer in the daclizumab group (P=0.04). There were no adverse reactions to daclizumab and no significant differences between the groups in the incidence of infection or cancer during follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

Induction therapy with daclizumab safely reduces the frequency and severity of cardiac-allograft rejection during the induction period.

Activation-induced T-cell death and immune dysfunction after implantation of left-ventricular assist device

BACKGROUND

Cardiac transplantation is a limited option for end-stage heart failure because of the shortage of donor organs. Left-ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are currently under investigation as permanent therapy for end-stage heart failure, but long-term successful device implantation is limited because of a high rate of serious infections. To examine the relation between LVAD-related infection and host immunity, we investigated immune responses in LVAD recipients.

METHODS

We compared the rate of candidal infection in 78 patients with New York Heart Association class IV heart failure who received either an LVAD (n=40) or medical management (controls, n=38). Fluorochrome-labelled monoclonal antibodies were used in analyses of T-cell phenotype. Analysis of T-cell function included intradermal responses to recall antigens and proliferative responses after stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin, monoclonal antibodies to CD3, and mixed lymphocyte culture. We measured T-cell apoptosis in vivo by annexin V binding, and confirmed the result by assessment of DNA fragmentation. Activation-induced T-cell death was measured after T-cell stimulation with antibodies to CD3. All immunological tests were done at least 1 month after LVAD implantation. Between-group comparisons were by Kaplan-Meier actuarial analysis and Student's t test.

FINDINGS

By 3 months after implantation of LVAD, the risk of developing candidal infection was 28% in LVAD recipients, compared with 3% in controls (p=0.003). LVAD recipients had cutaneous anergy to recall antigens and lower (<70%) T-cell proliferative responses than controls after activation via the T-cell receptor complex (p<0.001). T cells from LVAD recipients had higher surface expression of CD95 (Fas) (p<0.001) and a higher rate of spontaneous apoptosis (p<0.001) than controls. Moreover, after stimulation with antibodies to CD3, CD4 T-cell death increased by 3.2-fold in LVAD recipients compared with only 1.2-fold in controls (p<0.05).

INTERPRETATION

LVAD implantation results in an aberrant state of T-cell activation, heightened susceptibility of CD4 T cells to activation-induced cell death, progressive defects in cellular immunity, and increased risk of opportunistic infection.

Dissolution kinetics of calcium phosphate coatings

Plasma spray and high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) techniques produce coatings with varying composition and amounts of amorphous and crystalline phases. For coatings containing greater amorphous phases, a higher release of calcium ions is evident when samples are placed in Hank's calcium-free balanced salt solutions. Calcium is released from the amorphous phases in the coating, a conclusion that is supported by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) results. Ion beam sputtering and RF magnetron sputtering under lower energy conditions produce amorphous coatings that will dissolve in a very short time period. When heat treated, crystalline phases are produced in the coatings. Heat-treated coatings are significantly more stable than the amorphous coatings. The dissolution rates of both amorphous and crystalline coatings produced by RF magnetron sputtering have been measured under constant solution conditions at pH 6.50. No reprecipitation is possible under these conditions. The amorphous coating dissolved at a significantly higher rate than the heat-treated coating. Reprecipitation of calcium phosphate onto amorphous coatings is possible in a physiological pH solution. Under these conditions, the dissolution rate of the amorphous coating is four times slower than at the pH 6.50 conditions.

Preformed IgG antibodies against major histocompatibility complex class II antigens are major risk factors for high-grade cellular rejection in recipients of heart transplantation

BACKGROUND

Preformed anti-HLA antibodies reacting specifically with donor lymphocytes have been associated with acute vascular rejection and early cardiac allograft failure. However, the effect of preformed anti-HLA antibodies directed against allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II antigens of a donor panel on heart transplantation outcome has not been extensively studied.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The study group consisted of 68 patients who received cardiac transplants between 1989 and 1996 and who were at high risk for developing anti-HLA antibodies before transplantation. The effect of preformed antibodies against allogeneic MHC class I or class II antigens on the development of early high-grade cellular rejection and on cumulative annual rejection frequency was determined. Both patients with left ventricular assist devices and retransplantation candidates had a similar increase in the frequency of IgG anti-MHC class II antibodies (IgG anti-II) compared with control subjects (P<0.0001), whereas the frequency of IgG anti-MHC class I antibodies (IgG anti-I) was elevated only in patients with left ventricular assist devices. Pretransplantation IgG anti-II predicted early development of high-grade cellular rejection (P=0.006) and higher cumulative annual rejection frequency (P<0.001) in both of these sensitized patient groups. Among retransplantation recipients, a match between donors 1 and 2 at HLA-A additionally predicted an earlier time to a high-grade cellular rejection.

CONCLUSIONS

These results emphasize the importance of specifically screening heart transplantation candidates for the presence of IgG antibodies directed against MHC class II molecules and suggest that strategies aimed at their reduction may have an impact on the onset and frequency of high-grade cellular rejections after transplantation.

An immunological algorithm to predict risk of high-grade rejection in cardiac transplant recipients

BACKGROUND

Transplant-related coronary-artery disease (TCAD) develops frequently in cardiac-allograft recipients, and limits long-term survival. We examined the relation between this disorder and cumulative frequency of high-grade rejection, and investigated whether concomitant use of three immunological factors at the time of a low-grade endomyocardial biopsy can predict progression to high-grade rejection.

METHODS

We investigated the relation between the cumulative annual frequency of high-grade rejection and TCAD in 198 recipients of cardiac transplantation between 1992 and 1996 by means of Kaplan-Meier actuarial life-tables. Endomyocardial biopsy, lymphocyte-growth assays, and anti-HLA antibody measurements were compiled over 12 months in 102 patients during their first post-transplant year. We calculated predictive values for high-grade rejection within 90 days by chi2, Kaplan Meier survival curves, and by multivariable logistic regression analyses.

FINDINGS

We found a direct correlation between cumulative annual frequency of rejection and TCAD onset with highest risk in those with more than 0.75 rejections per year (p=0.0002). After a low-grade endomyocardial biopsy (0 or 1A), one or more donor-recipient HLA-DR matches protected against high-grade rejections (p<0.001). Among individuals with one or two DR matches, the negative predictive value for progression from a low-grade biopsy to a high-grade rejection was 87% in the presence of a negative lymphocyte-growth assay. Among individuals with no DR matches, the presence of either a positive lymphocyte-growth assay or IgG anti-major-histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antibodies was independently associated with high probability of progression to rejection (64% and 66%, respectively, p<0.0005). When both assays were positive, concomitantly with a low-grade endomyocardial biopsy, the positive predictive value for progression to a high-grade rejection was 86% (p<0.0001). For endomyocardial-biopsy grades 1B or 2, a positive lymphocyte-growth assay alone was associated with high-grade rejection in 100% of cases.

INTERPRETATION

Use of an algorithm combining three immunological factors at the time of a low-grade endomyocardial biopsy enables prospective stratification of cardiac transplant recipients into risk categories for progression to high-grade rejection. Low-risk individuals require fewer biopsies, moderate-risk individuals require an ongoing schedule of surveillance biopsies, and high-risk individuals require rational organisation of interventional strategies aimed at preventing rejection. Additional predictive factors are needed to identify moderate-risk individuals who will progress to rejection. Ultimately, successful intervention may have an impact on the subsequent complication of TCAD.

Re-epithelialization of porcine skin by the sweat apparatus

The behavior of the keratinocyte during the initial stages of cutaneous wound repair has been the subject of intense investigation. Most of these studies have focused on the lateral edges of wounds as the source of activated keratinocytes. Less attention has been directed towards elucidating the role of the appendageal structures as sources of keratinocytes for re-epithelialization, particularly the sweat apparatus. Surgical wounds of specific depths were created in pig skin, above and below hair follicles, and wound healing was allowed to take place in a setting in which lateral ingrowth of keratinocytes by migration was prevented. In this manner, all re-epithelialization occurred from residual appendageal structures. In those wounds where only sweat gland elements remained, an epithelium formed that had clinical, morphologic, and protein electrophoretic features closer to palmar/plantar or mucosal-like epithelia. In contrast, wounds that retained elements of the hair follicle healed faster and the resultant epithelium clinically, morphologically, and biochemically resembled the surrounding nonwounded epidermis. These findings establish that the sweat apparatus is capable of re-epithelializing the skin surface after a major cutaneous wound, but may not be capable of mimicking the epidermis.

Atypical oral presentation of herpes simplex virus infection in a patient after orthotopic liver transplantation

An atypical oral presentation of herpes simplex virus infection in a 49-year-old woman after orthotopic liver transplantation is reported. Clinically, the differential diagnosis included chronic hyperplastic candidiasis, nodular leukoplakia of undetermined etiology, and malignant neoplasm. An excisional biopsy revealed herpesvirus infection, and immunoperoxidase staining confirmed herpes simplex virus infection. This report describes the clinical and histologic appearance of these lesions and the course and treatment of the patient.

Hydroxyapatite mineralization and demineralization in the presence of synthetic phosphorylated pentapeptides

A constant composition (CC) method was used to compare the influence of statherin-like N-terminal 5-residue fragments having different amino acids in the terminal position on hydroxyapatite (HAP) growth and dissolution. The CC experiments were done in solutions containing 4.00 x 10(-4) mol/l calcium and 2.40 x 10(-4) mol/l phosphate. The solutions used in the crystallization studies were supersaturated only with respect to HAP (pH = 7.40, sigma HAP = 3.60). The CC dissolution studies were done in solutions undersaturated with respect to HAP (pH = 6.00; sigma HAP = -0.39). The HAP mineralization and demineralization processes were markedly inhibited by the negatively charged pentapeptides. Those containing a phosphorylated terminal residue inhibited dissolution to a greater extent than the native statherin fragment having aspartate as the N-terminal residue. Strong dependencies of the degree of inhibition of growth and dissolution reaction rates on the extents of reaction were noted. As the reactions proceeded, the rate inhibition decreased in the case of crystal growth and increased for dissolution.

Altered transcriptional regulation of human interstitial collagenase in cultured skin fibroblasts from older donors

Primary human dermal fibroblasts isolated from the medial aspect of the proximal forearm of young and old donors were compared for the expression of interstitial collagenase, 72 kDa type IV collagenase, the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type 1, and pro-alpha 2 (I) collagen mRNA at basal levels and after stimulation with the tumor promotor 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. Higher basal and induced steady-state mRNA levels of interstitial collagenase were found in the cells from older donors. Ratios of basal and induced steady-state mRNA levels of interstitial collagenase to pro-alpha 2 (I) collagen, and interstitial collagenase to the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases type 1 were also higher in the cells from older donors. Seventy-two kiloDalton type IV collagenase and pro-alpha 2 (I) collagen mRNA showed similar levels of expression in the cells from young and old donors and were not altered by treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. Transient transfection assays with the interstitial collagenase promoter linked to a reporter gene showed increased activity of the reporter in cell strains with high interstitial collagenase mRNA levels. Mobility shift assays demonstrated increased binding activity to the specific 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate response element in nuclear extracts from the cell strains with higher induced collagenase mRNA levels and higher reporter gene activity. These findings are consistent with the observed phenotype of interstitial collagenase and its specific tissue inhibitor in the senescent fibroblast aging model.

Pilot study of 12-month outcomes of nursing home patients with aspiration on videofluoroscopy

The 12-month clinical outcomes of nursing home patients who underwent videofluoroscopic swallowing evaluation was determined. A retrospective review of 40 patients in a teaching nursing home who had videofluoroscopic swallowing studies from 1987 through 1989 was performed. Clinical outcomes measured included feeding tube placement, rehospitalization within 1 year, prolonged nursing home stay (> 6 months), pneumonia, and pneumonia death. It was determined if outcomes were associated with the presence of aspiration on videofluoroscopy and subsequent feeding tube placement. In the 12-month follow-up period, 17 of 40 patients (43%) who underwent videofluoroscopic swallowing evaluation developed pneumonia and 18 of 40 (45%) died. Twenty-two patients demonstrated aspiration on videofluoroscopy. Increased rehospitalization was the only outcome measure that was associated with the presence of aspiration on videofluoroscopy (p < or = 0.05). Of 22 patients with aspiration, 15 had feeding tubes placed. This group had a higher rate of pneumonia (p < or = 0.05) and pneumonia death (p < or = 0.05) compared with the 7 patients with aspiration who did not receive feeding tubes. Patients with nasogastric tubes had a higher death rate (7/9) than patients with gastrostomy tubes (2/8; p < or = 0.05), but similar rates of rehospitalization and pneumonia. Nursing home patients who underwent video-fluoroscopic swallowing evaluation had poor clinical outcomes at 12 months, regardless of their test results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Identification of estrogen receptor mRNA and the estrogen modulation of parathyroid hormone-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in opossum kidney cells

The opossum kidney (OK) cell was used as a model to test the hypothesis that estrogen directly affects proximal renal tubular epithelial cells. To demonstrate the expression of estrogen receptor in OK cells, we developed an approach using reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction. Analysis of the DNA amplified with nested primers revealed the predicted size fragment and restriction enzyme digestion products. To demonstrate the functional effects of estrogen, OK cells at confluence were preincubated in serum-free medium for 7-10 days with or without 17 beta-estradiol. Bovine PTH(1-34) (bPTH(1-34)) then stimulated a dose-dependent intracellular accumulation of cAMP that was maximal after 1 min and then gradually declined. Cyclic AMP in the medium slowly increased over 60 min. Preincubation with 17 beta-estradiol did not affect cell proliferation as measured by total protein content but caused an inhibition of bPTH(1-34)-stimulated intracellular cAMP accumulation that was maximal at 10(-11) M 17 beta-estradiol (71 +/- 3% control, p less than .001). bPTH(1-34) also increased cAMP release into the medium, an effect maximal using 10(-10) M 17 beta-estradiol (118 +/- 3% control, p less than .001). Preincubation with the inactive isomer 17 alpha-estradiol caused no changes in cAMP accumulation or release. Coincubation with the antiestrogen tamoxifen blocked the effects of 17 beta-estradiol. Sodium-dependent phosphate transport was: (1) inhibited by 2-h incubations with 10(-8) or 10(-10) M bPTH(1-34) and not affected by preincubation with 17 beta-estradiol, and (2) not inhibited by a 20-min incubation with 10(-8) M bPTH(1-34) unless cells were preincubated with 10(-8) M 17 beta-estradiol, suggesting that any possible effects of estrogen on phosphate transport are not directly mediated by changes in cAMP. These studies demonstrate the presence of estrogen receptor mRNA in OK cells as well as direct and specific effects of physiologic concentrations of estrogen on cAMP accumulation in these cells. This system may be a good model for further study of estrogen and PTH effects on the kidney.

Changes in fibronectin mRNA splicing with in vitro passage

Senescent human fibroblasts produce larger fibronectin molecules with altered binding properties. To determine if this change could involve alternative splicing of fibronectin precursor mRNA, we developed an approach using reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction to study fibronectin mRNA splicing at each of the three alternatively spliced regions. Two of the three regions showed changes with in vitro passage incorporation of the ED-A region increased 8 fold.

Choroid plexus tumors in the breast cancer-sarcoma syndrome

Choroid plexus neoplasms are rare epithelial tumors of the central nervous system. A carcinoma of the choroid plexus occurred in a child from a family with the breast cancer-sarcoma syndrome (Li-Fraumeni or SBLA syndrome), an inherited condition characterized by the development of diverse neoplasms (sarcoma, breast cancer, brain tumors, leukemia, adrenal cortical carcinoma, and others). Choroid plexus carcinomas were identified in two kindreds previously reported with the syndrome. The literature contains reports of choroid plexus neoplasms occurring in families and in individuals with multiple primary tumors. Choroid plexus neoplasm may be a manifestation of the inherited proclivity to tumor development in the breast cancer-sarcoma syndrome.

Planning for Bellak's third revolution

Traditional planning models which aim for comprehensiveness are examined and found to be misleading. Comprehensive planning is limited by the planner's knowledge and information sources, the influence of value premises, and the multiplicity of decision centers. Citizen participation is viewed as a further limitation upon rationality in the decision-making process. But citizen participation is also suggested as a means for adjudicating value conflicts and also as a purposeful method for overcoming the "politics" of community decision-making.