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Fish EJ, Martinez-Romero EG, DeInnocentes P, Koehler JW, Prasad N, Smith AN, Bird RC. Circulating microRNA as biomarkers of canine mammary carcinoma in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1282-1290. [PMID: 32342546 PMCID: PMC7255679 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differentiating benign from canine malignant mammary tumors requires invasive surgical biopsy. Circulating microRNAs (miRNA) may represent promising minimally invasive cancer biomarkers in people and animals. Objectives To evaluate the serum mRNA profile between dogs with and without mammary carcinoma, and to determine if any of these markers have prognostic significance. Animals Ten healthy client‐owned female dogs (5 intact, 5 spayed) and 10 dogs with histologically confirmed mammary carcinoma were included; 9 were client‐owned, whereas 1 was a research colony dog. Methods Retrospective study. Serum miRNA was evaluated by RNA deep‐sequencing (RNAseq) and digital droplet PCR (dPCR).Expression of candidate biomarkers miR‐18a, miR‐19b, miR‐29b, miR‐34c, miR‐122, miR‐125a, and miR‐181a was compared with clinical characteristics, including grade, metastasis, and survival. Results 452 unique serum miRNAs were detected by RNAseq. Sixty‐five individual miRNAs were differentially expressed (>±1.5‐fold) and statistically significant between groups. Serum miR‐19b (P = .003) and miR‐125a (P < .001) were significantly higher in the mammary carcinoma group by dPCR. Both had high accuracy based on receiver operator characteristic area under the curve (0.930 for miR‐125a; 0.880 for miR‐19b). Circulating miR‐18a by RNAseq was significantly higher in mammary carcinoma dogs with histologic evidence of lymphatic invasion (P = 0.03). There was no significant association with any miRNA and survival or inflammatory status. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Circulating miRNAs are differentially expressed in dogs with mammary carcinoma. Serum miR‐19b and miR‐18a represent candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Fish
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, AURIC-Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Esther Gisela Martinez-Romero
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, AURIC-Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Patricia DeInnocentes
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, AURIC-Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Jey W Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, AURIC-Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- Genomic Services Laboratory, Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States
| | - Annette N Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Richard Curt Bird
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, AURIC-Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
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Fish EJ. Differential Diagnosis in Veterinary Cytology: Skin and SubcutisFrancescoCianPaolaMontiCABI Publishing, ISBN 9781786392251 October 2019, Paperback, 208 pages, $55.00 | £39.99 | €50.00. Vet Clin Pathol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gautier A, Graff EC, Bacek L, Fish EJ, White A, Palmer L, Kuo K. Effects of Ovariohysterectomy and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Systemic Inflammation and Oxidation in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:506. [PMID: 32010716 PMCID: PMC6974478 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) involves breathing 100% oxygen in a specialized compression chamber leading to hyperoxia. This treatment modality is associated with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and healing properties in people and laboratory animals. However, there are relatively few reports that evaluate the effects of HBOT in companion animals. The goal of this study was to investigate the physiological effects of HBOT on surgically induced systemic inflammation and oxidation in dogs. Material and Methods: Twelve healthy female beagle dogs were spayed and randomized into control and HBOT groups (n = 6). Both groups received conventional post-ovariohysterectomy therapy, and the HBOT group received two hyperbaric treatments at 2.0 atmosphere of absolute pressure and 100% oxygen for 35 min, 6 and 18 h after surgery. Blood samples were collected 3 h prior to ovariohysterectomy, 6, 18, and 30 h after surgery, prior to HBOT when applicable. Inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein, circulating cytokines, and changes in iron homeostasis were evaluated at each time point to determine the effects of surgery and HBOT on inflammation. Similarly, serum total oxidant status and total antioxidant status were measured to assess the oxidative stress. Pain and incision scores were recorded and compared between groups. Results: Following ovariohysterectomy, all dogs had significantly increased serum concentrations of C-reactive protein, KC-like, IL-6, and increased unsaturated iron-binding capacity compared to their pre-surgical values (p < 0.02), while serum iron, total iron-binding capacity and transferrin saturation were significantly decreased after surgery (p < 0.02). There was no significant difference between the control group and the HBOT group for any of the variables. There were no overt adverse effects in the HBOT group. Conclusion: This is the first prospective randomized controlled study to investigate the effects of HBOT on surgically induced systemic inflammation in dogs. While elective ovariohysterectomy resulted in mild inflammation, the described HBOT protocol portrayed no outward adverse effect and did not induce any detectable pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, or antioxidant effects. Additional investigation is required to identify objective markers to quantify the response to HBOT and determine its role as an adjunctive therapy in dogs with more severe, complicated or chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Gautier
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Auburn University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Emily C Graff
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Lenore Bacek
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Auburn University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Eric J Fish
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Amelia White
- Department of Dermatology, Auburn University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Lee Palmer
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Auburn University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kendon Kuo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Auburn University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Auburn, AL, United States
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Fish EJ, Hansen SC, Spangler EA, Gaillard PR, Fan S, Bacek LM. Retrospective evaluation of serum/plasma iron, red blood cell distribution width, and nucleated red blood cells in dogs with acute trauma (2009-2015): 129 cases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:521-527. [PMID: 31482676 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the prognostic value of admission hematologic parameters serum/plasma iron, red blood cell distribution width (RDW), and nucleated red blood cells (nRBCs) in dogs presenting with acute traumatic injury. DESIGN Retrospective observational study (2009-2015). SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS One hundred and twenty-nine clinical dogs presenting within 24 hours of acute traumatic injury. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS One hundred and twenty-nine dogs met the inclusion criteria and 109 (84.5%) survived, while 20 (15.5%) died or were euthanized in hospital. Patients with blunt force trauma comprised 79.8% of the patient population; dogs with penetrating trauma comprised 20.2% of cases. Hypoferremia occurred in all nonsurvivors, and the median serum/plasma iron concentration was significantly lower in nonsurvivors than survivors (P = 0.028). Normal or increased serum/plasma iron had 100% specificity and 100% positive predictive value for survival. Red blood cell distribution width was not significantly different between groups (P = 0.417). The presence of nRBCs was significantly associated with nonsurvival (P = 0.030), although the absolute nRBC concentrations were not significantly different (P = 0.070). A multiple logistic regression model found age, type of injury, presence of nRBCs, and serum/plasma iron to be independent predictors of survival with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.813. CONCLUSIONS The presence of nRBCs and low serum/plasma iron are associated with mortality in patients with acute trauma; however, red blood cell distribution width was not associated with survival. Absence of hypoferremia was highly associated with a favorable prognosis in this patient population. These parameters may warrant inclusion in trauma scoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Fish
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Sonya C Hansen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Elizabeth A Spangler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Philippe R Gaillard
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Statistics, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Shirley Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Statistics, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Lenore M Bacek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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Blanchet CJK, Fish EJ, Miller AG, Snyder LA, Labadie JD, Avery PR. Evaluation of Region of Interest Digital Cytology Compared to Light Microscopy for Veterinary Medicine. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:725-731. [PMID: 31113293 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819846874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Digital microscopy (DM) has been employed for primary diagnosis in human medicine and for research and teaching applications in veterinary medicine, but there are few veterinary DM validation studies. Region of interest (ROI) digital cytology is a subset of DM that uses image-stitching software to create a low-magnification image of a slide, then selected ROI at higher magnification, and stitches the images into a relatively small file of the embedded magnifications. This study evaluated the concordance of ROI-DM compared to traditional light microscopy (LM) between 2 blinded clinical pathologists. Sixty canine and feline cytology samples from a variety of anatomic sites, including 31 cases of malignant neoplasia, 15 cases of hyperplastic or benign neoplastic lesions, and 14 infectious/inflammatory lesions, were evaluated. Two separate nonblinded adjudicating clinical pathologists evaluated the reports and diagnoses and scored each paired case as fully concordant, partially concordant, or discordant. The average overall concordance (full and partial concordance) for both pathologists was 92%. Full concordance was significantly higher for malignant lesions than benign. For the 40 neoplastic lesions, ROI-DM and LM agreed on general category of tumor type in 78 of 80 cases (98%). ROI-DM cytology showed robust concordance with the current gold standard of LM cytology and is potentially a viable alternative to current LM cytology techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J K Blanchet
- 1 Lacuna Diagnostics, Inc, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,2 Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eric J Fish
- 1 Lacuna Diagnostics, Inc, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,3 Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Laura A Snyder
- 1 Lacuna Diagnostics, Inc, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,5 Marshfield Labs, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Julia D Labadie
- 2 Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Paul R Avery
- 2 Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Lanier CJ, Fish EJ, Stockler JW, Newcomer BW, Koehler JW. What is your diagnosis? Cerebrospinal fluid from a goat. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:358-360. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Lanier
- Department of Pathobiology Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn Alabama
| | - Eric J. Fish
- Department of Pathobiology Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn Alabama
| | - Jenna W. Stockler
- Department of Clinical Sciences Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn Alabama
| | - Benjamin W. Newcomer
- Department of Clinical Sciences Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn Alabama
| | - Jennifer W. Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn Alabama
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Fish EJ, Irizarry KJ, DeInnocentes P, Ellis CJ, Prasad N, Moss AG, Curt Bird R. Malignant canine mammary epithelial cells shed exosomes containing differentially expressed microRNA that regulate oncogenic networks. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:832. [PMID: 30126376 PMCID: PMC6102898 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast (mammary) cancers in human (BC) and canine (CMT) patients share clinical, pathological, and molecular similarities that suggest dogs may be a useful translational model. Many cancers, including BC, shed exosomes that contain microRNAs (miRs) into the microenvironment and circulation, and these may represent biomarkers of metastasis and tumor phenotype. Methods Three normal canine mammary epithelial cell (CMEC) cultures and 5 CMT cell lines were grown in serum-free media. Exosomes were isolated from culture media by ultracentrifugation then profiled by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and Western blot. Exosomal small RNA was deep-sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq2500 sequencer and validated by qRT-PCR. In silico bioinformatic analysis was carried out to determine microRNA gene and pathway targets. Results CMEC and CMT cell lines shed round, “cup-shaped” exosomes approximately 150–200 nm, and were immunopositive for exosomal marker CD9. Deep-sequencing averaged ~ 15 million reads/sample. Three hundred thirty-eight unique miRs were detected, with 145 having > ±1.5-fold difference between one or more CMT and CMEC samples. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the upregulated miRs in this exosomal population regulate a number of relevant oncogenic networks. Several miRNAs including miR-18a, miR-19a and miR-181a were predicted in silico to target the canine estrogen receptor (ESR1α). Conclusions CMEC and CMT cells shed exosomes in vitro that contain differentially expressed miRs. CMT exosomal RNA expresses a limited number of miRs that are up-regulated relative to CMEC, and these are predicted to target biologically relevant hormone receptors and oncogenic pathways. These results may inform future studies of circulating exosomes and the utility of miRs as biomarkers of breast cancer in women and dogs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4750-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Fish
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Kristopher J Irizarry
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Patricia DeInnocentes
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Connor J Ellis
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- Genomic Services Laboratory, Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Anthony G Moss
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - R Curt Bird
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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Shrader SM, Fish EJ, Pereira MM, Groover ES, Christopherson PW. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:1477-1480. [PMID: 29889634 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.12.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shrader SM, Fish EJ, Newcomer BW. What is your diagnosis? Mediastinal mass in a dromedary camel. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:164-165. [PMID: 29357114 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Shrader
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Eric J Fish
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin W Newcomer
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
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Fish EJ, Diniz PPV, Juan YC, Bossong F, Collisson EW, Drechsler Y, Kaltenboeck B. Cross-sectional quantitative RT-PCR study of feline coronavirus viremia and replication in peripheral blood of healthy shelter cats in Southern California. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 20:295-301. [PMID: 28425327 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17705227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of feline coronavirus (FCoV) viremia, and its replication in peripheral blood using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) methodology in a population of 205 healthy shelter cats in Southern California, as well as to assess any possible connection to longitudinal development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Methods The study was performed on buffy-coat samples from EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood samples of 205 healthy shelter cats. From 50 of these cats, fecal samples were also examined. FCoV genomic and subgenomic RNA in the buffy coats was amplified by a total FCoV RNA qRT-PCR. Evidence for FCoV replication in peripheral blood and feces was obtained by M gene mRNA qRT-PCR. Results Nine of 205 cats (4.4%) were viremic by the total FCoV RNA qRT-PCR, and one of these cats had evidence of peripheral FCoV blood replication by an FCoV mRNA qRT-PCR. The single cat with peripheral blood replication had a unique partial M gene sequence distinct from positive controls and previously published FCoV sequences. Neither seven of the nine viremic cats with follow-up nor the single cat with replicating FCoV with positive qRT-PCR results developed signs compatible with FIP within 6 months of sample collection. Conclusions and relevance FCoV viremia and peripheral blood replication in healthy shelter cats have a low prevalence and do not correlate with later development of FIP in this study population, but larger case-control studies evaluating the prognostic accuracy of the qRT-PCR assays are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Fish
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Paulo Vp Diniz
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Yen-Chen Juan
- 2 Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Frank Bossong
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Ellen W Collisson
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Drechsler
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Bernhard Kaltenboeck
- 2 Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Hansen SC, Smith AN, Kuo KW, Fish EJ, Koehler JW, Martinez-Romero G, Bacek LM. Metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of aortic body origin in a cat. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:490-4. [PMID: 27564688 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old, female spayed Domestic Shorthair cat was presented to the Auburn University Emergency and Critical Care service for evaluation of pleural effusion and a suspected intrathoracic mass. Computed tomography was performed which confirmed the presence of a large intrathoracic mass, likely heart-based. Fine-needle aspirates were obtained and a cytologic diagnosis of a neuroendocrine tumor was made. Treatment with toceranib phosphate was briefly attempted at home by the owners. The cat died at home approximately 6 weeks after diagnosis. Necropsy and subsequent histopathologic examination revealed a metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of aortic body origin. Aortic body tumors are extremely rare in cats and to the authors' knowledge, a neuroendocrine carcinoma of aortic body origin with distant metastases has not yet been reported in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya C Hansen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Annette N Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kendon W Kuo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Eric J Fish
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jey W Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Gisela Martinez-Romero
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Lenore M Bacek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Black LJ, Fish EJ, Wasserkrug Naor A. Veterinary clinical pathology trainees benefit from toxicologic externship opportunities in the biopharmaceutical industry. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:5-6. [PMID: 26871267 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Black
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Eric J Fish
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Adi Wasserkrug Naor
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Fish
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Welles
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Richard C Weiss
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer W Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Katie Nash
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kendon Kuo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Lenore M Bacek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Fish EJ. Veterinary employment outlook. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:807-808. [PMID: 22550666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Fish EJ. Theatre nurse training course. Nurs Times 1974; 70:1658-60. [PMID: 4424893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Fish EJ. Video-tapes in schools of nursing. Nurs Mirror Midwives J 1971; 132:18-20. [PMID: 4120038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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