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Nichols TE, Das S, Eickhoff SB, Evans AC, Glatard T, Hanke M, Kriegeskorte N, Milham MP, Poldrack RA, Poline JB, Proal E, Thirion B, Van Essen DC, White T, Yeo BTT. Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:299-303. [PMID: 28230846 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Given concerns about the reproducibility of scientific findings, neuroimaging must define best practices for data analysis, results reporting, and algorithm and data sharing to promote transparency, reliability and collaboration. We describe insights from developing a set of recommendations on behalf of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping and identify barriers that impede these practices, including how the discipline must change to fully exploit the potential of the world's neuroimaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samir Das
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alan C Evans
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tristan Glatard
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael Hanke
- Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael P Milham
- Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, USA.,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Erika Proal
- NEUROingenia Clinical and Research Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Tonya White
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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de Water E, Proal E, Wang V, Medina SM, Schnaas L, Téllez-Rojo MM, Wright RO, Tang CY, Horton MK. Prenatal manganese exposure and intrinsic functional connectivity of emotional brain areas in children. Neurotoxicology 2017; 64:85-93. [PMID: 28610744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace metal that is neurotoxic at high levels of exposure. Disruption of brain maturation processes during the prenatal period may have lasting consequences. During this critical period, the developing human brain is uniquely vulnerable to exposure to environmental toxicants such as Mn, and prenatal Mn exposure has been associated with changes in brain areas involved in emotion processing and regulation. The goal of the present pilot study was to examine whether prenatal Mn exposure is associated with changes in the intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) of the brain in childhood, focusing on changes in emotional brain areas. We selected 15 subjects (age 6-7 years) from an ongoing longitudinal birth cohort study to participate in a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Prenatal Mn exposure was determined from maternal blood collected during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. We used seed-based correlation analyses and independent component analyses to examine whether prenatal Mn exposure was associated with the iFC of the brain in children. We found that the right globus pallidus showed reduced iFC with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and lateral prefrontal cortex in children who were exposed to higher prenatal Mn levels, after controlling for sociodemographic confounders (SES, maternal education, child sex, home environment support) and environmental confounders (prenatal lead exposure and air pollution). These findings suggest that prenatal Mn exposure is associated with reduced iFC of brain areas involved in emotion processing and regulation in children. Future studies should investigate whether this reduced iFC mediates the association between prenatal Mn exposure and emotional dysfunction in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik de Water
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Erika Proal
- National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victoria Wang
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Lourdes Schnaas
- National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cheuk Y Tang
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Megan K Horton
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Abstract
The connectivity of neuronal systems is their most fundamental characteristic. Here, we focus on recent developments in understanding structural and functional connectivity at the macroscale, which is accessible with current imaging technology. Structural connectivity is examined via diffusion weighted imaging methods, of which diffusion tensor imaging is the most frequently used. Many cross-sectional and an increasing number of longitudinal studies using diffusion tensor imaging have been recently conducted over the period of development starting with newborns. Functional connectivity has been studied through task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging, and increasingly through studies on task-free functional imaging, also known as resting state functional imaging. The study of intrinsic functional connectivity beginning during fetal life reveals the developmental organization of intrinsic connectivity networks such as the default mode network, the dorsal attention network, the frontal-parietal executive control network, as well as primary cortical networks. As methods of examining both structural and functional connectivity mature, they increasingly inform our understanding of the development of connectivity in service of the long-term goal of delineating the substrates of much of developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Xavier Castellanos
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, One Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA,
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Cortese S, Imperati D, Zhou J, Proal E, Klein RG, Mannuzza S, Ramos-Olazagasti MA, Milham MP, Kelly C, Castellanos FX. White matter alterations at 33-year follow-up in adults with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:591-8. [PMID: 23566821 PMCID: PMC3720804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly conceived as reflecting altered functional and structural brain connectivity. The latter can be addressed with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We examined fractional anisotropy (FA), a DTI index related to white matter structural properties, in adult male subjects diagnosed with ADHD in childhood (probands) and matched control subjects without childhood ADHD. Additionally, we contrasted FA among probands with and without current ADHD in adulthood and control subjects. METHODS Participants were from an original cohort of 207 boys and 178 male control subjects. At 33-year follow-up, analyzable DTI scans were obtained in 51 probands (41.3 ± 2.8 yrs) and 66 control subjects (41.2 ± 3.1 yrs). Voxel-based FA was computed with tract-based spatial statistics, controlling for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Probands with childhood ADHD exhibited significantly lower FA than control subjects without childhood ADHD in the right superior and posterior corona radiata, right superior longitudinal fasciculus, and in a left cluster including the posterior thalamic radiation, the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule, and the sagittal stratum (p<.05, corrected). Fractional anisotropy was significantly decreased relative to control subjects in several tracts in both probands with current and remitted ADHD, who did not differ significantly from each other. Fractional anisotropy was not significantly increased in probands in any region. CONCLUSIONS Decreased FA in adults with childhood ADHD regardless of current ADHD might be an enduring trait of ADHD. White matter tracts with decreased FA connect regions involved in high-level as well as sensorimotor functions, suggesting that both types of processes are involved in the pathophysiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Cortese
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, G. B. Rossi Hospital, Department of Life Science and Reproduction, Verona University, Verona, Italy; UMR_S INSERM U 930, CNRS ERL 3106, François-Rabelais University, Child Psychiatry Centre, University Hospital, Tours, France.
| | - Davide Imperati
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Zhou
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, & the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Neuroscience Research Partnership, Singapore
| | - Erika Proal
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Neuroingenia Clinical and Research Center, México, D.F., México
| | - Rachel G. Klein
- Anita Saltz Institute for Anxiety and Mood Disorders, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Salvatore Mannuzza
- Anita Saltz Institute for Anxiety and Mood Disorders, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria A. Ramos-Olazagasti
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael P. Milham
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clare Kelly
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - F. Xavier Castellanos
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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Proal E, González-Olvera J, Blancas ÁS, Chalita PJ, Castellanos FX. [Neurobiology of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by means of neuroimaging techniques: convergences and divergences]. Rev Neurol 2013; 57 Suppl 1:S163-S175. [PMID: 23897144 PMCID: PMC4102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the clinical area, some symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also present in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Research has shown that there are alterations in brain circuits that have an impact upon specific cognitive and behavioural failures in each of these disorders. Yet, little research has been conducted on the brain correlates underlying both the similarities and the differences in the symptoms. In this review, the structural and functional meta-analytical studies that have been carried out to date on ADHD and ASD have been analysed. On the one hand, there are convergences in the attentional dorsal, executive functions, visual, somatomotor circuits and the default activation circuit. These similarities can account for the comorbid manifestations between the disorders, such as failure in the integration of information, fine motor control and specific attention processes. On the other hand, specifically in ADHD, there is a deficit in the reward circuit and in the attentional ventral, which are systems involved in the measurement of the effects of reinforcement and monitoring of attention. In ASD, the circuits that are most strongly affected are those involved in social cognition and language processes. In conclusion, there are neuronal correlates in both disorders that explain both the convergent and divergent clinical and behavioural manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Proal
- Neuroingenia Clinical Center, Mexico DF, Mexico
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Cortese S, Ramos Olazagasti MA, Klein RG, Castellanos FX, Proal E, Mannuzza S. Obesity in men with childhood ADHD: a 33-year controlled, prospective, follow-up study. Pediatrics 2013; 131:e1731-8. [PMID: 23690516 PMCID: PMC4074659 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare BMI and obesity rates in fully grown men with and without childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We predicted higher BMI and obesity rates in: (1) men with, versus men without, childhood ADHD; (2) men with persistent, versus men with remitted, ADHD; and (3) men with persistent or remitted ADHD versus those without childhood ADHD. METHODS Men with childhood ADHD were from a cohort of 207 white boys (referred at a mean age of 8.3 years), interviewed blindly at mean ages 18 (FU18), 25 (FU25), and 41 years (FU41). At FU18, 178 boys without ADHD were recruited. At FU41, 111 men with childhood ADHD and 111 men without childhood ADHD self-reported their weight and height. RESULTS Men with childhood ADHD had significantly higher BMI (30.1 ± 6.3 vs 27.6 ± 3.9; P = .001) and obesity rates (41.4% vs 21.6%; P = .001) than men without childhood ADHD. Group differences remained significant after adjustment for socioeconomic status and lifetime mental disorders. Men with persistent (n = 24) and remitted (n = 87) ADHD did not differ significantly in BMI or obesity rates. Even after adjustment, men with remitted (but not persistent) ADHD had significantly higher BMI (B: 2.86 [95% CI: 1.22 to 4.50]) and obesity rates (odds ratio: 2.99 [95% CI: 1.55 to 5.77]) than those without childhood ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Children with ADHD are at increased risk of obesity as adults. Findings of elevated BMI and obesity rates in men with remitted ADHD require replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Cortese
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Reproduction, Verona University, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Rachel G. Klein
- Anita Saltz Institute for Anxiety and Mood Disorders, Child Study Center of the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - F. Xavier Castellanos
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York; and
| | - Erika Proal
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience
- Neuroingenia Clinical and Research Center, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Salvatore Mannuzza
- Anita Saltz Institute for Anxiety and Mood Disorders, Child Study Center of the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
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Proal E, González Olvera J, Blancas AS, Chalita Pérez-Tagle PJ, Castellanos FX. Neurobiología del autismo y del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad mediante técnicas de neuroimagen: divergencias y convergencias. Rev Neurol 2013. [DOI: 10.33588/rn.57s01.2013293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of task-based functional MRI studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD The authors searched PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE, Web of Science, ERIC, CINAHAL, and NeuroSynth for studies published through June 30, 2011. Significant differences in brain region activation between individuals with ADHD and comparison subjects were detected using activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Dysfunctional regions in ADHD were related to seven reference neuronal systems. The authors performed a set of meta-analyses focused on age groups (children and adults), clinical characteristics (history of stimulant treatment and presence of psychiatric comorbidities), and specific neuropsychological tasks (inhibition, working memory, and vigilance/attention). RESULTS Fifty-five studies were included (39 for children and 16 for adults). In children, hypoactivation in ADHD relative to comparison subjects was observed mostly in systems involved in executive function (frontoparietal network) and attention (ventral attentional network). Significant hyperactivation in ADHD relative to comparison subjects was observed predominantly in the default, ventral attention, and somatomotor networks. In adults, ADHD-related hypoactivation was predominant in the frontoparietal system, while ADHD-related hyperactivation was present in the visual, dorsal attention, and default networks. Significant ADHD-related dysfunction largely reflected task features and was detected even in the absence of comorbid mental disorders or a history of stimulant treatment. CONCLUSIONS A growing literature provides evidence of ADHD-related dysfunction in multiple neuronal systems involved in higher-level cognitive functions but also in sensorimotor processes, including the visual system, and in the default network. This meta-analytic evidence extends early models of ADHD pathophysiology that were focused on prefrontal-striatal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Cortese
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center of the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, G. B. Rossi Hospital, Department of Life Science and Reproduction, Verona University, Verona, Italy,UMR_S INSERM U 930, ERL 3106, François-Rabelais University, Child Psychiatry Centre, University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Clare Kelly
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center of the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Camille Chabernaud
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center of the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erika Proal
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center of the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Neuroingenia, México, D.F., México
| | - Adriana Di Martino
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center of the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael P. Milham
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - F. Xavier Castellanos
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center of the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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Alonso-Solís A, Corripio I, de Castro-Manglano P, Duran-Sindreu S, Garcia-Garcia M, Proal E, Nuñez-Marín F, Soutullo C, Alvarez E, Gómez-Ansón B, Kelly C, Castellanos FX. Altered default network resting state functional connectivity in patients with a first episode of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2012; 139:13-8. [PMID: 22633527 PMCID: PMC3393844 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Default network (DN) abnormalities have been identified in patients with chronic schizophrenia using "resting state" functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI). Here, we examined the integrity of the DN in patients experiencing their first episode of psychosis (FEP) compared with sex- and age-matched healthy controls. METHODS We collected R-fMRI data from 19 FEP patients (mean age 24.9 ± 4.8 yrs, 14 males) and 19 healthy controls (26.1 ± 4.8 yrs, 14 males) at 3T. Following standard preprocessing, we examined the functional connectivity (FC) of two DN subsystems and the two DN hubs (P<0.0045, corrected). RESULTS Patients with FEP exhibited abnormal FC that appeared largely restricted to the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC) DN subsystem. Relative to controls, FEP patients exhibited weaker positive FC between dMPFC and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus, extending laterally through the parietal lobe to the posterior angular gyrus. Patients with FEP exhibited weaker negative FC between the lateral temporal cortex and the intracalcarine cortex, bilaterally. The PCC and temporo-parietal junction also exhibited weaker negative FC with the right fusiform gyrus extending to the lingual gyrus and lateral occipital cortex, in FEP patients, compared to controls. By contrast, patients with FEP showed stronger negative FC between the temporal pole and medial motor cortex, anterior precuneus and posterior mid-cingulate cortex. CONCLUSIONS Abnormalities in the dMPFC DN subsystem in patients with a FEP suggest that FC patterns are altered even in the early stages of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alonso-Solís
- Servei de Psiquiatria Institut d'Investigació en Biomedicina de Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental-CIBERSAM, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Iluminada Corripio
- Servei de Psiquiatria Institut d'Investigació en Biomedicina de Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental-CIBERSAM. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Duran-Sindreu
- Servei de Psiquiatria Institut d'Investigació en Biomedicina de Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental-CIBERSAM. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Garcia-Garcia
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erika Proal
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Unitat Recerca en Neurociència Cognitiva, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fidel Nuñez-Marín
- Unitat de Neuroradiologia Servei Radiodiagnostic Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-CIBERNED. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cesar Soutullo
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra. University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enric Alvarez
- Servei de Psiquiatria Institut d'Investigació en Biomedicina de Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental-CIBERSAM. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gómez-Ansón
- Unitat de Neuroradiologia Servei Radiodiagnostic Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-CIBERNED. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clare Kelly
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - F. Xavier Castellanos
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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Reiss PT, Schwartzman A, Lu F, Huang L, Proal E. Paradoxical results of adaptive false discovery rate procedures in neuroimaging studies. Neuroimage 2012; 63:1833-40. [PMID: 22842214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive false discovery rate (FDR) procedures, which offer greater power than the original FDR procedure of Benjamini and Hochberg, are often applied to statistical maps of the brain. When a large proportion of the null hypotheses are false, as in the case of widespread effects such as cortical thinning throughout much of the brain, adaptive FDR methods can surprisingly reject more null hypotheses than not accounting for multiple testing at all-i.e., using uncorrected p-values. A straightforward mathematical argument is presented to explain why this can occur with the q-value method of Storey and colleagues, and a simulation study shows that it can also occur, to a lesser extent, with a two-stage FDR procedure due to Benjamini and colleagues. We demonstrate the phenomenon with reference to a published data set documenting cortical thinning in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The paper concludes with recommendations for how to proceed when adaptive FDR results of this kind are encountered in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Reiss
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Proal E, Reiss PT, Klein RG, Mannuzza S, Gotimer K, Ramos-Olazagasti MA, Lerch JP, He Y, Zijdenbos A, Kelly C, Milham MP, Castellanos FX. Brain gray matter deficits at 33-year follow-up in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder established in childhood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 68:1122-34. [PMID: 22065528 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Volumetric studies have reported relatively decreased cortical thickness and gray matter volumes in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) whose childhood status was retrospectively recalled. We present, to our knowledge, the first prospective study combining cortical thickness and voxel-based morphometry in adults diagnosed as having ADHD in childhood. OBJECTIVES To test whether adults with combined-type childhood ADHD exhibit cortical thinning and decreased gray matter in regions hypothesized to be related to ADHD and to test whether anatomic differences are associated with a current ADHD diagnosis, including persistent vs remitting ADHD. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis embedded in a 33-year prospective follow-up at a mean age of 41.2 years. SETTING Research outpatient center. PARTICIPANTS We recruited probands with ADHD from a cohort of 207 white boys aged 6 to 12 years. Male comparison participants (n = 178) were free of ADHD in childhood. We obtained magnetic resonance images in 59 probands and 80 comparison participants (28.5% and 44.9% of the original samples, respectively). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry and vertexwise cortical thickness analyses. RESULTS The cortex was significantly thinner in ADHD probands than in comparison participants in the dorsal attentional network and limbic areas (false discovery rate < 0.05, corrected). In addition, gray matter was significantly decreased in probands in the right caudate, right thalamus, and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres. Probands with persistent ADHD (n = 17) did not differ significantly from those with remitting ADHD (n = 26) (false discovery rate < 0.05). At uncorrected P < .05, individuals with remitting ADHD had thicker cortex relative to those with persistent ADHD in the medial occipital cortex, insula, parahippocampus, and prefrontal regions. CONCLUSIONS Anatomic gray matter reductions are observable in adults with childhood ADHD, regardless of the current diagnosis. The most affected regions underpin top-down control of attention and regulation of emotion and motivation. Exploratory analyses suggest that diagnostic remission may result from compensatory maturation of prefrontal, cerebellar, and thalamic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Proal
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, New York University Langone School of Medicine, USA
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Castellanos FX, Proal E. Large-scale brain systems in ADHD: beyond the prefrontal-striatal model. Trends Cogn Sci 2011; 16:17-26. [PMID: 22169776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has long been thought to reflect dysfunction of prefrontal-striatal circuitry, with involvement of other circuits largely ignored. Recent advances in systems neuroscience-based approaches to brain dysfunction have facilitated the development of models of ADHD pathophysiology that encompass a number of different large-scale resting-state networks. Here we review progress in delineating large-scale neural systems and illustrate their relevance to ADHD. We relate frontoparietal, dorsal attentional, motor, visual and default networks to the ADHD functional and structural literature. Insights emerging from mapping intrinsic brain connectivity networks provide a potentially mechanistic framework for an understanding of aspects of ADHD such as neuropsychological and behavioral inconsistency, and the possible role of primary visual cortex in attentional dysfunction in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xavier Castellanos
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Proal E, Alvarez-Segura M, de la Iglesia-Vayá M, Martí-Bonmatí L, Castellanos FX. [Functional cerebral activity in a state of rest: connectivity networks]. Rev Neurol 2011; 52 Suppl 1:S3-S10. [PMID: 21365601 PMCID: PMC4418791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Functional connectivity can be measured during task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), or in the absence of specific stimuli or tasks. In either case, the study of low frequency fluctuations in the BOLD signal reveals patterns of synchronization which delineate the intrinsic functional architecture of the brain. The scientific community now has available shared resources to accelerate the exploitation of resting state fMRI with the objectives of improving diagnostic methods and leading to better treatments grounded in neuroscience. Fomenting a collaborative scientific culture will accelerate our understanding of the underlying phenonmemna. Recently, the Spanish Resting State Network (SRSN) has joined this collaborative effort by creating a setting to facilitate collaboration among the various neuroscience research groups working in Spanish (http://www.nitrc.org/projects/srsn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Proal
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
- Unitat Recerca en Neurociència Cognitiva, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España
| | - Mar Alvarez-Segura
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
- Fundación Alicia Koplowitz
| | | | - Luis Martí-Bonmatí
- Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Quirón de Valencia, España
- Área de Imagen Médica, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe de Valencia, España
| | - F. Xavier Castellanos
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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Proal E, Álvarez Segura M, de la Iglesia Vayá M, Martí Bonmatí L, Castellanos FX, Spanish Resting State Network SRSN. Actividad funcional cerebral en estado de reposo: redes en conexión. Rev Neurol 2011. [DOI: 10.33588/rn.52s01.2010792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Carmona S, Proal E, Hoekzema EA, Gispert JD, Picado M, Moreno I, Soliva JC, Bielsa A, Rovira M, Hilferty J, Bulbena A, Casas M, Tobeña A, Vilarroya O. Ventro-striatal reductions underpin symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:972-7. [PMID: 19576573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) classically emphasize the relevance of executive processes and, recently, reward circuits. The neural bases of reward processes have barely been explored in relation to this disorder, in contrast to extensive neuroimaging studies that examine executive functions in patients with ADHD. To our knowledge, no previous studies have analyzed the volume of the ventral striatum, a key region for reward processes in ADHD children. METHODS We used a manual region-of-interest approach to examine whether there were volumetric differences in the ventral striatum of ADHD children. Forty-two children/adolescents with ADHD (ages 6-18), and 42 healthy control subjects matched on age, gender, and handedness were selected for the study. RESULTS The ADHD children presented significant reductions in both right and left ventro-striatal volumes (t = 3.290, p = .001; and t = 3.486, p = .001, respectively). In addition, we found that the volume of the right ventral striatum negatively correlated with maternal ratings of hyperactivity/impulsivity (r = -.503, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides neuroanatomical evidence of alterations in the ventral striatum of ADHD children. These findings coincide with previous explicative models as well as with recent reports in behavioral and functional neuroimaging studies. Furthermore, the negative correlations we observed strongly uphold the relation between the ventral striatum and symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Carmona
- Unitat de Recerca en Neurociència Cognitiva, Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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