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Yamaguchi N, Chang EW, Lin Z, Shekhar A, Bu L, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Tsirigos A, Cen Y, Phoon CKL, Moskowitz IP, Park DS. An Anterior Second Heart Field Enhancer Regulates the Gene Regulatory Network of the Cardiac Outflow Tract. Circulation 2023; 148:1705-1722. [PMID: 37772400 PMCID: PMC10905423 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.065700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conotruncal defects due to developmental abnormalities of the outflow tract (OFT) are an important cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Dysregulation of transcriptional programs tuned by NKX2-5 (NK2 homeobox 5), GATA6 (GATA binding protein 6), and TBX1 (T-box transcription factor 1) have been implicated in abnormal OFT morphogenesis. However, there remains no consensus on how these transcriptional programs function in a unified gene regulatory network within the OFT. METHODS We generated mice harboring a 226-nucleotide deletion of a highly conserved cardiac enhancer containing 2 GATA-binding sites located ≈9.4 kb upstream of the transcription start site of Nkx2-5 (Nkx2-5∆enh) using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and assessed phenotypes. Cardiac defects in Nkx2-5∆enh/∆enh mice were structurally characterized using histology and scanning electron microscopy, and physiologically assessed using electrocardiography, echocardiography, and optical mapping. Transcriptome analyses were performed using RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing data sets. Endogenous GATA6 interaction with and activity on the NKX2-5 enhancer was studied using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. RESULTS Nkx2-5∆enh/∆enh mice recapitulated cyanotic conotruncal defects seen in patients with NKX2-5, GATA6, and TBX1 mutations. Nkx2-5∆enh/∆enh mice also exhibited defects in right Purkinje fiber network formation, resulting in right bundle-branch block. Enhancer deletion reduced embryonic Nkx2-5 expression selectively in the right ventricle and OFT of mutant hearts, indicating that enhancer activity is localized to the anterior second heart field. Transcriptional profiling of the mutant OFT revealed downregulation of important genes involved in OFT rotation and septation, such as Tbx1, Pitx2, and Sema3c. Endogenous GATA6 interacted with the highly conserved enhancer in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and in wild-type mouse hearts. We found critical dose dependency of cardiac enhancer accessibility on GATA6 gene dosage in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results using human and mouse models reveal an essential gene regulatory network of the OFT that requires an anterior second heart field enhancer to link GATA6 with NKX2-5-dependent rotation and septation gene programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yamaguchi
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, Science Building 723, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ernest W. Chang
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, Science Building 723, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ziyan Lin
- NYU Applied Bioinformatics Labs, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, TRB, New York, NY,10016, USA
| | - Akshay Shekhar
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Biotechnology, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Lei Bu
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, Science Building 723, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- NYU Applied Bioinformatics Labs, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, TRB, New York, NY,10016, USA
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- NYU Applied Bioinformatics Labs, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, TRB, New York, NY,10016, USA
| | - Yiyun Cen
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, Science Building 723, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Colin K. L. Phoon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Fink Children’s Center, 160 East 32nd Street, 2nd floor/L-3, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ivan P. Moskowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, KCBD Room 5102, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David S. Park
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, Science Building 723, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Park J, Cheng JT, Ferguson D, Maguluri G, Chang EW, Clancy C, Lee DJ, Iftimia N. Investigation of middle ear anatomy and function with combined video otoscopy-phase sensitive OCT. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:238-50. [PMID: 26977336 PMCID: PMC4771445 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a novel otoscopy probe for assessing middle ear anatomy and function. Video imaging and phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography are combined within the same optical path. A sound stimuli channel is incorporated as well to study middle ear function. Thus, besides visualizing the morphology of the middle ear, the vibration amplitude and frequency of the eardrum and ossicles are retrieved as well. Preliminary testing on cadaveric human temporal bone models has demonstrated the capability of this instrument for retrieving middle ear anatomy with micron scale resolution, as well as the vibration of the tympanic membrane and ossicles with sub-nm resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesung Park
- Physical Sciences Inc., Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Cheng
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel J. Lee
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Iftimia N, Peterson G, Chang EW, Maguluri G, Fox W, Rajadhyaksha M. Combined reflectance confocal microscopy-optical coherence tomography for delineation of basal cell carcinoma margins: an ex vivo study. J Biomed Opt 2016; 21:16006. [PMID: 26780224 PMCID: PMC4719216 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.1.016006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a combined reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) approach, integrated within a single optical layout, for diagnosis of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and delineation of margins. While RCM imaging detects BCC presence (diagnoses) and its lateral spreading (margins) with measured resolution of ∼1 μm, OCT imaging delineates BCC depth spreading (margins) with resolution of ∼7 μm. When delineating margins in 20 specimens of superficial and nodular BCCs, depth could be reliably determined down to ∼600 μm, and agreement with histology was within about ±50 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicusor Iftimia
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Nicusor Iftimia, E-mail:
| | - Gary Peterson
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Dermatology Service, 16 East 60th Street, New York, New York 10022, United States
| | - Ernest W. Chang
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Gopi Maguluri
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - William Fox
- Caliber I.D., 2320 Brighton Henrietta Town Line Road, Rochester, New York 14623-2708, United States
| | - Milind Rajadhyaksha
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Dermatology Service, 16 East 60th Street, New York, New York 10022, United States
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Akca BI, Chang EW, Kling S, Ramier A, Scarcelli G, Marcos S, Yun SH. Observation of sound-induced corneal vibrational modes by optical coherence tomography. Biomed Opt Express 2015; 6:3313-9. [PMID: 26417503 PMCID: PMC4574659 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical stability of the cornea is critical for maintaining its normal shape and refractive function. Here, we report an observation of the mechanical resonance modes of the cornea excited by sound waves and detected by using phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography. The cornea in bovine eye globes exhibited three resonance modes in a frequency range of 50-400 Hz. The vibration amplitude of the fundamental mode at 80-120 Hz was ~8 µm at a sound pressure level of 100 dB (2 Pa). Vibrography allows the visualization of the radially symmetric profiles of the resonance modes. A dynamic finite-element analysis supports our observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Imran Akca
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Ernest W. Chang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Sabine Kling
- Instituto de Óptica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciónes Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoine Ramier
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02140, USA
- The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giuliano Scarcelli
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02140, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, 2217 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Susana Marcos
- Instituto de Óptica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciónes Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Seok H. Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02140, USA
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Iftimia N, Maguluri G, Chang EW, Chang S, Magill J, Brugge W. Hand scanning optical coherence tomography imaging using encoder feedback. Opt Lett 2014; 39:6807-6810. [PMID: 25503002 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.006807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a new method for generating micron-scale OCT images of interstitial tissue with a hand scanning probe and a linear optical encoder that senses probe movement relative to a fixed reference point, i.e., tissue surface. Based on this approach, we demonstrate high resolution optical imaging of biological tissues through a very long biopsy needle. Minor artifacts caused by tissue noncompliance are corrected using a software algorithm which detects the simple repetition of the adjacent A-scans. This hand-scanning OCT imaging approach offers the physician the freedom to access imaging sites of interest repeatedly.
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Kling S, Akca IB, Chang EW, Scarcelli G, Bekesi N, Yun SH, Marcos S. Numerical model of optical coherence tomographic vibrography imaging to estimate corneal biomechanical properties. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20140920. [PMID: 25320067 PMCID: PMC4223913 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most techniques measuring corneal biomechanics in vivo are biased by side factors. We demonstrate the ability of optical coherence tomographic (OCT) vibrography to determine corneal material parameters, while reducing current prevalent restrictions of other techniques (such as intraocular pressure (IOP) and thickness dependency). Modal analysis was performed in a finite-element (FE) model to study the oscillation response in isolated thin corneal flaps/eye globes and to analyse the dependency of the frequency response function on: corneal elasticity, viscoelasticity, geometry (thickness and curvature), IOP and density. The model was verified experimentally in flaps from three bovine corneas and in two enucleated porcine eyes using sound excitation (100-110 dB) together with a phase-sensitive OCT to measure the frequency response function (range 50-510 Hz). Simulations showed that corneal vibration in flaps is sensitive to both, geometrical and biomechanical parameters, whereas in whole globes it is primarily sensitive to corneal biomechanical parameters only. Calculations based on the natural frequency shift revealed that flaps of the posterior cornea were 0.8 times less stiff than flaps from the anterior cornea and cross-linked corneas were 1.6 times stiffer than virgin corneas. Sensitivity analysis showed that natural vibration frequencies of whole globes were nearly independent from corneal thickness and IOP within the physiological range. OCT vibrography is a promising non-invasive technique to measure corneal elasticity without biases from corneal thickness and IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kling
- Instituto de Óptica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciónes Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Imran B Akca
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ernest W Chang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giuliano Scarcelli
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nandor Bekesi
- Instituto de Óptica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciónes Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susana Marcos
- Instituto de Óptica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciónes Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
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Su R, Kirillin M, Chang EW, Sergeeva E, Yun SH, Mattsson L. Perspectives of mid-infrared optical coherence tomography for inspection and micrometrology of industrial ceramics. Opt Express 2014; 22:15804-19. [PMID: 24977838 PMCID: PMC4162367 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.015804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising tool for detecting micro channels, metal prints, defects and delaminations embedded in alumina and zirconia ceramic layers at hundreds of micrometers beneath surfaces. The effect of surface roughness and scattering of probing radiation within sample on OCT inspection is analyzed from the experimental and simulated OCT images of the ceramic samples with varying surface roughnesses and operating wavelengths. By Monte Carlo simulations of the OCT images in the mid-IR the optimal operating wavelength is found to be 4 µm for the alumina samples and 2 µm for the zirconia samples for achieving sufficient probing depth of about 1 mm. The effects of rough surfaces and dispersion on the detection of the embedded boundaries are discussed. Two types of image artefacts are found in OCT images due to multiple reflections between neighboring boundaries and inhomogeneity of refractive index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Su
- Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 68 Brinellvägen, Stockholm 10044,
Sweden
| | - Mikhail Kirillin
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Ulyanov str., Nizhny Novgorod 603950,
Russia
| | - Ernest W. Chang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom St. Boston, MA 02114,
USA
| | - Ekaterina Sergeeva
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Ulyanov str., Nizhny Novgorod 603950,
Russia
- N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950,
Russia
| | - Seok H. Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom St. Boston, MA 02114,
USA
| | - Lars Mattsson
- Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 68 Brinellvägen, Stockholm 10044,
Sweden
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Savastru D, Chang EW, Miclos S, Pitman MB, Patel A, Iftimia N. Detection of breast surgical margins with optical coherence tomography imaging: a concept evaluation study. J Biomed Opt 2014; 19:056001. [PMID: 24788370 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.5.056001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the concept of using high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to rapidly assess surgical specimens and determine if cancer positive margins were left behind in the surgical bed. A mouse model of breast cancer was used in this study. Surgical specimens from 30 animals were investigated with OCT and automated interpretation of the OCT images was performed and tested against histopathology findings. Specimens from 10 animals were used to build a training set of OCT images, while the remaining 20 specimens were used for a validation set of images. The validation study showed that automated interpretation of OCT images can differentiate tissue types and detect cancer positive margins with at least 81% sensitivity and 89% specificity. The findings of this pilot study suggest that OCT imaging of surgical specimens and automated interpretation of OCT data may enable in the future real-time feedback to the surgeon about margin status in patients with breast cancer, and potentially with other types of cancers. Currently, such feedback is not provided and if positive margins are left behind, patients have to undergo another surgical procedure. Therefore, this approach can have a potentially high impact on breast surgery outcome.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/chemistry
- Algorithms
- Animals
- Female
- Histocytochemistry
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Mammary Glands, Animal/chemistry
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/surgery
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemistry
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/surgery
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Muscles/chemistry
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Savastru
- National Institute of Optoelectronics, 409 Atomistilor Street, Magurele, Ilfov, RO-077125, Romania
| | - Ernest W Chang
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| | - Sorin Miclos
- National Institute of Optoelectronics, 409 Atomistilor Street, Magurele, Ilfov, RO-077125, Romania
| | - Martha B Pitman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Ankit Patel
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| | - Nicusor Iftimia
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
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Ekberg P, Su R, Chang EW, Yun SH, Mattsson L. Fast and accurate metrology of multi-layered ceramic materials by an automated boundary detection algorithm developed for optical coherence tomography data. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2014; 31:217-226. [PMID: 24562018 PMCID: PMC4092166 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is useful for materials defect analysis and inspection with the additional possibility of quantitative dimensional metrology. Here, we present an automated image-processing algorithm for OCT analysis of roll-to-roll multilayers in 3D manufacturing of advanced ceramics. It has the advantage of avoiding filtering and preset modeling, and will, thus, introduce a simplification. The algorithm is validated for its capability of measuring the thickness of ceramic layers, extracting the boundaries of embedded features with irregular shapes, and detecting the geometric deformations. The accuracy of the algorithm is very high, and the reliability is better than 1 μm when evaluating with the OCT images using the same gauge block step height reference. The method may be suitable for industrial applications to the rapid inspection of manufactured samples with high accuracy and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ekberg
- Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 68 Brinellvägen, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
| | - Rong Su
- Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 68 Brinellvägen, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
| | - Ernest W. Chang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom St. Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Seok Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom St. Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lars Mattsson
- Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 68 Brinellvägen, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
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Chang EW, Gardecki J, Pitman M, Wilsterman EJ, Patel A, Tearney GJ, Iftimia N. Low coherence interferometry approach for aiding fine needle aspiration biopsies. J Biomed Opt 2014; 19:116005. [PMID: 25375634 PMCID: PMC4222708 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.11.116005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present portable preclinical low-coherence interference (LCI) instrumentation for aiding fine needle aspiration biopsies featuring the second-generation LCI-based biopsy probe and an improved scoring algorithm for tissue differentiation. Our instrument and algorithm were tested on 38 mice with cultured tumor mass and we show the specificity, sensitivity, and positive predictive value of tumor detection of over 0.89, 0.88, and 0.96, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest W. Chang
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Ctr. Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Joseph Gardecki
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Martha Pitman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pathology, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Eric J. Wilsterman
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ankit Patel
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Ctr. Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Nicusor Iftimia
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Ctr. Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Nicusor Iftimia, E-mail:
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Chang EW, Cheng JT, Röösli C, Kobler JB, Rosowski JJ, Yun SH. Simultaneous 3D imaging of sound-induced motions of the tympanic membrane and middle ear ossicles. Hear Res 2013; 304:49-56. [PMID: 23811181 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transfer of sound by the middle ear ossicles is essential for hearing. Various pathologies can impede the transmission of sound and thereby cause conductive hearing loss. Differential diagnosis of ossicular disorders can be challenging since the ossicles are normally hidden behind the tympanic membrane (TM). Here we describe the use of a technique termed optical coherence tomography (OCT) vibrography to view the sound-induced motion of the TM and ossicles simultaneously. With this method, we were able to capture three-dimensional motion of the intact TM and ossicles of the chinchilla ear with nanometer-scale sensitivity at sound frequencies from 0.5 to 5 kHz. The vibration patterns of the TM were complex and highly frequency dependent with mean amplitudes of 70-120 nm at 100 dB sound pressure level. The TM motion was only marginally sensitive to stapes fixation and incus-stapes joint interruption; however, when additional information derived from the simultaneous measurement of ossicular motion was added, it was possible to clearly distinguish these different simulated pathologies. The technique may be applicable to clinical diagnosis in Otology and to basic research in audition and acoustics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest W Chang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
The ability to quantify and visualize submicrometer-scale oscillatory motions of objects in three dimensions has a wide range of application in acoustics, materials sciences, and medical imaging. Here we demonstrate that volumetric snapshots of rapid periodic motion can be captured using optical coherence tomography (OCT) with subnanometer-scale motion sensitivity and microsecond-scale temporal resolution. This technique, termed OCT vibrography, was applied to generate time-resolved volumetric vibrographs of a miniature drum driven acoustically at several kilohertz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest W. Chang
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02115
| | - James B. Kobler
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, 70 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114
| | - Seok H. Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114
- Corresponding author:
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Abstract
Quantitative cross-sectional imaging of vocal folds during phonation is potentially useful for diagnosis and treatments of laryngeal disorders. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful technique, but its relatively low frame rates makes it challenging to visualize rapidly vibrating tissues. Here, we demonstrate a novel method based on triggered laser scanning to capture 4-dimensional (4D) images of samples in motu at audio frequencies over 100 Hz. As proof-of-concept experiments, we applied this technique to imaging the oscillations of biopolymer gels on acoustic vibrators and aerodynamically driven vibrations of the vocal fold in an ex vivo calf larynx model. Our results suggest that triggered 4D OCT may be useful in understanding and assessing the function of vocal folds and developing novel treatments in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest W Chang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Kobler JB, Chang EW, Zeitels SM, Yun SH. Dynamic imaging of vocal fold oscillation with four-dimensional optical coherence tomography. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:1354-62. [PMID: 20564724 DOI: 10.1002/lary.20938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can provide high-resolution ( approximately 10-15 microm/pixel) images of vocal fold microanatomy, as demonstrated previously. We explored physiologically triggered Fourier-domain OCT for imaging vocal folds during phonation. The goal is to visualize dynamic histological cross sections and four-dimensional data sets where multiple planes are displayed in synchronized motion. If feasible, this approach could be a useful research tool and spur development of new clinical instrumentation. STUDY DESIGN A Fourier-domain, triggered OCT system was created and tested in experiments on excised calf larynges to obtain preliminary observations and characterize important factors affecting image quality. METHODS Larynges were imaged during phonation driven by warm, humidified air. A subglottal pressure signal was used to synchronize the OCT system with the phonatory cycle. Image sequences were recorded as functions of anatomical location or subglottal pressure. Implant materials were also imaged during vibration, both in isolation and after injection into a vocal fold. RESULTS Oscillations of epithelium and lamina propria were observed, and parameters such as shape, amplitude, and velocity of the vocal fold mucosal waves were found to be measurable. Ripples of mucosal wave as small as 100 microm in vertical height were clearly visible. Internal strain was also observed in normal and implanted vocal folds. CONCLUSIONS Four-dimensional OCT of the vocal fold may help to more directly relate biomechanics to anatomy and disease. It may also be useful for assaying the functional rheology of implants in the context of real tissue. With further development, this technology has potential for clinical endoscopic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Kobler
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Abstract
Multiple scattering in a sample presents a significant limitation to achieve meaningful structural information at deeper penetration depths in optical coherence tomography (OCT). Previous studies suggest that the spectral region around 1.7 microm may exhibit reduced scattering coefficients in biological tissues compared to the widely used wavelengths around 1.3 mum. To investigate this long-wavelength region, we developed a wavelength-swept laser at 1.7 microm wavelength and conducted OCT or optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) for the first time in this spectral range. The constructed laser is capable of providing a wide tuning range from 1.59 to 1.75 microm over 160 nm. When the laser was operated with a reduced tuning range over 95 nm at a repetition rate of 10.9 kHz and an average output power of 12.3 mW, the OFDI imaging system exhibited a sensitivity of about 100 dB and axial and lateral resolution of 24 mum and 14 mum, respectively. We imaged several phantom and biological samples using 1.3 mum and 1.7 microm OFDI systems and found that the depth-dependent signal decay rate is substantially lower at 1.7 microm wavelength in most, if not all samples. Our results suggest that this imaging window may offer an advantage over shorter wavelengths by increasing the penetration depths as well as enhancing image contrast at deeper penetration depths where otherwise multiple scattered photons dominate over ballistic photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Sharma
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ernest W. Chang
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Seok H. Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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16
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Chang EW, Lam SM, Karen M, Donlevy JL. Sliding genioplasty for correction of chin abnormalities. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2001; 3:8-15. [PMID: 11176712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correction of chin underprojection has a significant effect on facial symmetry. Alloplastic chin implants and sliding genioplasty represent the accepted methods of chin augmentation. While both procedures may be used for retrognathia or microgenia, the sliding genioplasty may also be used in chin asymmetry, prognathia, and vertical height discrepancies. We report our finding from a 5-year review of our experience with sliding genioplasty. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the results of sliding genioplasties performed by residents and private practitioners, to illustrate the versatility and ease of this procedure, and to confirm the excellent clinical results obtained with minimal complications. DESIGN Retrospective case review. SETTING University center and private practice. PATIENTS Forty-three patients, aged 16 to 52 years (mean age, 21 years), underwent sliding genioplasty alone (8 patients) or with concomitant orthognathic surgery (35 patients). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patient satisfaction, physician satisfaction, chin movement, bone resorption, and other complications. RESULTS Mean value of chin advancement was 8 mm in cases of isolated sliding genioplasty and 4 mm when performed with orthognathic surgery. Average setback for prognathic correction (6 patients) was 2 mm. Less than 0.5 mm of bone resorption was encountered. Temporary unilateral mental nerve paresthesia was noted in 1 patient. Thermal injury to the lower lip occurred in 1 patient. Thirty-seven of 43 patients were extremely satisfied with their cosmetic result; 5 patients were very satisfied; and 1 patient was dissatisfied because of the resultant occlusion. Physician satisfaction correlated closely with that of the patients. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 5 years, with an average follow-up of 2.3 years. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate excellent esthetic results with minimal complications. Unlike alloplastic chin implants, sliding genioplasty allows correction of many chin abnormalities, including underprojection, overprojection, chin asymmetries, and/or vertical-height abnormalities. This underused technique is simple and effective and should be included in the options of the facial plastic surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Chang
- Departmetn of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.
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