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Klinkhammer S, Duits AA, Deckers K, Horn J, Slooter AJC, Verwijk E, van Heugten CM, Visser-Meily JMA. A Biopsychosocial Approach to Persistent Post-COVID-19 Fatigue and Cognitive Complaints: Results of the Prospective Multicenter NeNeSCo Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2024; 105:826-834. [PMID: 38228250 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether psychological and social factors complement biomedical factors in understanding post-COVID-19 fatigue and cognitive complaints. Additionally, to incorporate objective (neuro-cognitive) and subjective (patient-reported) variables in identifying factors related to post-COVID-19 fatigue and cognitive complaints. DESIGN Prospective, multicenter cohort study. SETTING Six Dutch hospitals. PARTICIPANTS 205 initially hospitalized (March-June 2020), confirmed patients with SARS-CoV-2, aged ≥18 years, physically able to visit the hospital, without prior cognitive deficit, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contraindication, or severe neurologic damage post-hospital discharge (N=205). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Nine months post-hospital discharge, a 3T MRI scan and cognitive testing were performed and patients completed questionnaires. Medical data were retrieved from medical dossiers. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed on fatigue severity (Fatigue Severity Scale; FSS) and cognitive complaints (Cognitive Consequences after Intensive Care Admission; CLC-IC; dichotomized into CLC-high/low). Variable blocks: (1) Demographic and premorbid factors (sex, age, education, comorbidities), (2) Illness severity (ICU/general ward, PROMIS physical functioning [PROMIS-PF]), (3) Neuro-cognitive factors (self-reported neurological symptoms, MRI abnormalities, cognitive performance), (4) Psychological and social factors (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS], Utrecht Coping List, Social Support List), and (5) Fatigue or cognitive complaints. RESULTS The final models explained 60% (FSS) and 48% (CLC-IC) variance, with most blocks (except neuro-cognitive factors for FSS) significantly contributing. Psychological and social factors accounted for 5% (FSS) and 11% (CLC-IC) unique variance. Higher FSS scores were associated with younger age (P=.01), lower PROMIS-PF (P<.001), higher HADS-Depression (P=.03), and CLC-high (P=.04). Greater odds of CLC-high were observed in individuals perceiving more social support (OR=1.07, P<.05). CONCLUSIONS Results show that psychological and social factors add to biomedical factors in explaining persistent post-COVID-19 fatigue and cognitive complaints. Objective neuro-cognitive factors were not associated with symptoms. Findings highlight the importance of multidomain treatment, including psychosocial care, which may not target biologically-rooted symptoms directly but may reduce associated distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Klinkhammer
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Limburg Brain Injury Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Annelien A Duits
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kay Deckers
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke Horn
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen J C Slooter
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, UZ Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels Health Campus, Jette, Belgium
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline M van Heugten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Limburg Brain Injury Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Johanna M A Visser-Meily
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Loef D, van Eijndhoven P, van den Munckhof E, Hoogendoorn A, Manten R, Spaans HP, Tendolkar I, Rutten B, Nuninga J, Somers M, van Dellen E, van Exel E, Schouws S, Dols A, Verwijk E. Pre-treatment predictors of cognitive side-effects after treatment with electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression: A multicenter study. J Affect Disord 2024; 349:321-331. [PMID: 38195009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective treatment for major depressive episodes (MDE). However, ECT-induced cognitive side-effects remain a concern. Identification of pre-treatment predictors that contribute to these side-effects remain unclear. We examined cognitive performance and individual cognitive profiles over time (up to six months) following ECT and investigated possible pre-treatment clinical and demographic predictors of cognitive decline shortly after ECT. METHODS 634 patients with MDE from five sites were included with recruitment periods between 2001 and 2020. Linear mixed models were used to examine how cognitive performance, assessed with an extensive neuropsychological test battery, evolved over time following ECT. Next, possible pre-treatment predictors of cognitive side-effects directly after ECT were examined using linear regression. RESULTS Directly after ECT, only verbal fluency (animal and letter; p < 0.0001; Cohen's d: -0.25 and -0.29 respectively) and verbal recall (p < 0.0001; Cohen's d: -0.26) significantly declined. However, during three and six months of follow-up, cognitive performance across all domains significantly improved, even outperforming baseline levels. No other pre-treatment factor than a younger age predicted a larger deterioration in cognitive performance shortly after ECT. LIMITATIONS There was a substantial amount of missing data especially at 6 months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that verbal fluency and memory retention are temporarily affected immediately after ECT. Younger patients may be more susceptible to experiencing these acute cognitive side-effects, which seems to be mostly due to a more intact cognitive functioning prior to ECT. These findings could contribute to decision-making regarding treatment selection, psychoeducation, and guidance during an ECT course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dore Loef
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Adriaan Hoogendoorn
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruby Manten
- GGZ Noord-Holland-Noord Mental Health Care, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
| | | | - Indira Tendolkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud umc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Nuninga
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Metten Somers
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin van Dellen
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric van Exel
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sigfried Schouws
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek Dols
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, AMC, Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Klinkhammer S, Duits AA, Horn J, Slooter AJC, Verwijk E, Van Santen S, Visser-Meily JMA, Van Heugten C. Prevalence and trajectories of neuropsychological post-COVID-19 symptoms in initially hospitalized patients. J Rehabil Med 2024; 56:jrm25315. [PMID: 38470168 PMCID: PMC10949081 DOI: 10.2340/jrm.v56.25315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and trajectories of post-COVID-19 neuropsychological symptoms. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal multicentre cohort study. SUBJECTS A total of 205 patients initially hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). METHODS Validated questionnaires were administered at 9 months (T1) and 15 months (T2) post-hospital discharge to assess fatigue, cognitive complaints, insomnia, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. RESULTS Analyses included 184 out of 205 patients. Approximately 50% experienced high cognitive complaints at T1 and T2, while severe fatigue affected 52.5% at T1 and 55.6% at T2. Clinically relevant insomnia scores were observed in 25% of patients at both time-points. Clinically relevant anxiety scores were present in 18.3% at T1 and 16.7% at T2, depression in 15.0% at T1 and 18.9% at T2, and PTSD in 12.4% at T1 and 11.8% at T2. Most symptoms remained stable, with 59.2% of patients experiencing at least 1 persistent symptom. In addition, 31.5% of patients developed delayed-onset symptoms. CONCLUSION Post-COVID-19 cognitive complaints and fatigue are highly prevalent and often persist. A subgroup develops delayed symptoms. Emotional distress is limited. Screening can help identify most patients experiencing long-term problems. Future research should determine risk factors for persistent and delayed onset symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Klinkhammer
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Limburg Brain Injury Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Annelien A Duits
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke Horn
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen J C Slooter
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, UZ Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels Health Campus, Jette, Belgium
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Van Santen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna M A Visser-Meily
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline Van Heugten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Limburg Brain Injury Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Sisodia V, Malekzadeh A, Verwijk E, Schuurman PR, de Bie RMA, Swinnen BEKS. Bidirectional Interplay between Deep Brain Stimulation and Cognition in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 38429947 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is efficacious for treating motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVES The aim is to evaluate the evidence regarding DBS effectiveness after postoperative cognitive deterioration, the impact of preoperative cognition on DBS effectiveness, and the impact of DBS on cognition. METHODS Literature searches were performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL (Cochrane library). Primary outcomes were OFF-drug Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale Part III score and cognitive test scores. RESULTS DBS effectiveness did not differ in patients with postoperative declining compared to stable cognition (n = 5 studies). Preoperative cognition did not influence DBS effectiveness (n = 1 study). DBS moderately decreased verbal fluency compared to the best medical treatment (n = 24 studies), which may be transient. CONCLUSION DBS motor effectiveness in PD does not appear to be influenced by cognition. DBS in PD seems cognitively safe, except for a moderate decline in verbal fluency. Further research is warranted. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibuthi Sisodia
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Malekzadeh
- Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P Richard Schuurman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rob M A de Bie
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart E K S Swinnen
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Holewijn RA, Zoon TJC, Verbaan D, Bergfeld IO, Verwijk E, Geurtsen GJ, van Rooijen G, van den Munckhof P, Bot M, Denys DAJP, De Bie RMA, Schuurman PR. Cognitive and psychiatric outcomes in the GALAXY trial: effect of anaesthesia in deep brain stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024; 95:214-221. [PMID: 37679030 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-331791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims: (1) To compare cognitive and psychiatric outcomes after bilateral awake versus asleep subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery for Parkinson's disease (PD). (2) To explore the occurrence of psychiatric diagnoses, cognitive impairment and quality of life after surgery in our whole sample. (3) To validate whether we can predict postoperative cognitive decline. METHODS 110 patients with PD were randomised to receive awake (n=56) or asleep (n=54) STN DBS surgery. At baseline and 6-month follow-up, all patients underwent standardised assessments testing several cognitive domains, psychiatric symptoms and quality of life. RESULTS There were no differences on neuropsychological composite scores and psychiatric symptoms between the groups, but we found small differences on individual tests and cognitive domains. The asleep group performed better on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test delayed memory test (f=4.2, p=0.04), while the awake group improved on the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test delayed memory test. (f=4.4, p=0.04). The Stroop III score was worse for the awake group (f=5.5, p=0.02). Worse scores were present for Stroop I (Stroop word card) (f=6.3, p=0.01), Stroop II (Stroop color card) (f=46.4, p<0.001), Stroop III (Stroop color-word card) (f=10.8, p=0.001) and Trailmaking B/A (f=4.5, p=0.04). Improvements were seen on quality of life: Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (f=24.8, p<0.001), and psychiatric scales: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (f=6.2, p=0.01), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (f=5.5, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the choice between awake and asleep STN DBS does not affect cognitive, mood and behavioural adverse effects, despite a minor difference in memory. STN DBS has a beneficial effect on quality of life, mood and anxiety symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NTR5809.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozemarije A Holewijn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J C Zoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Verbaan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isidoor O Bergfeld
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J Geurtsen
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geeske van Rooijen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pepijn van den Munckhof
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Bot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Damiaan A J P Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M A De Bie
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Rick Schuurman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sisodia V, Swinnen BEKS, Dijk JM, Verwijk E, van Rooijen G, Lemstra AW, Schuurman PR, de Bie RMA. Protocol of a randomized controlled trial investigating Deep Brain Stimulation for MOtor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease DEmentia (DBS-MODE). BMC Neurol 2023; 23:160. [PMID: 37085773 PMCID: PMC10120102 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an established treatment for disabling motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) that persist despite optimal pharmacological treatment. Currently, DBS is not performed if there is concomitant significant cognitive impairment based on concerns of cognitive deterioration, higher complication rate and less functional improvement. However, this has not been investigated so far. METHODS A single center, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end-point (PROBE design) pilot clinical trial is being performed. Patients are eligible for the trial if they have PD dementia (PDD), are able to provide informed consent, and experience disabling motor response fluctuations, bradykinesia, dyskinesia, or painful dystonia, despite optimal pharmacological treatment. In total 44 patients will be randomized to either STN-DBS accompanied by best medical treatment (DBS group) or to best medical treatment alone (BMT group). The primary outcome measure is the change from baseline to 30 weeks on the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III score in a standardized off-drug phase. The main secondary outcome measures consist of scales assessing cognitive aspects of daily living, neuropsychiatric symptoms and impulsive compulsive disorders. Additional secondary outcome measures include motor signs during on-drug phase, dyskinesia, motor fluctuations, cognitive performance, (severe) adverse events, treatment satisfaction, and caregiver burden. Patients will be followed during 52 weeks after randomization. DISCUSSION The Deep Brain Stimulation for MOtor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease DEmentia (DBS-MODE) trial directly compares the effectiveness and safety of DBS with BMT in patients with PDD. TRIAL REGISTRATION The DBS-MODE trial has been registered in the International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (NL9361) on the 24th of March 2021 ( https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NL9361 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sisodia
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Neurology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - B E K S Swinnen
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Neurology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J M Dijk
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Neurology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - E Verwijk
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Psychology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - G van Rooijen
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A W Lemstra
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P R Schuurman
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Neurosurgery, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R M A de Bie
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Neurology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Klinkhammer S, Horn J, Duits AA, Visser-Meily JMA, Verwijk E, Slooter AJC, Postma AA, van Heugten CM. Neurological and (neuro)psychological sequelae in intensive care and general ward COVID-19 survivors. Eur J Neurol 2023. [PMID: 37010152 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 affects the brain, leading to long-term complaints. Studies combining brain abnormalities with objective and subjective consequences are lacking. We investigated long-term structural brain abnormalities, neurological-, and (neuro)psychological consequences in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) or general ward. We aimed to create a multidisciplinary view on the impact of severe COVID-19 on functioning and to compare long-term consequences between ICU and general ward patients. METHODS This multicentre prospective cohort study assessed brain abnormalities (3T MRI), cognitive dysfunction (neuropsychological test battery), neurological symptoms, cognitive complaints, emotional distress, and wellbeing (self-report questionnaires) in ICU and general ward (non-ICU) survivors. RESULTS 101 ICU and 104 non-ICU patients participated 8-10 months post-hospital discharge. Significantly more ICU patients exhibited cerebral microbleeds (61% versus 32%,p<0.001) and had higher numbers of microbleeds (p<0.001). No group differences were found in cognitive dysfunction, neurological symptoms, cognitive complaints, emotional distress, or wellbeing. The number of microbleeds did not predict cognitive dysfunction. In the complete sample, cognitive screening suggested cognitive dysfunction in 41%, standard neuropsychological testing showed cognitive dysfunction in 12%. Sixty-two% reported ≥3 cognitive complaints. Clinically relevant scores of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress were found in 15%, 19%, and 12%, respectively. Twenty-eight% experienced insomnia and 51% severe fatigue. CONCLUSION COVID-19 ICU survivors had a higher prevalence for microbleeds but not for cognitive dysfunction compared to general ward survivors. Self-reported symptoms exceeded cognitive dysfunction. Cognitive complaints, neurological symptoms, and severe fatigue were frequently reported in both groups, fitting the post-COVID-19 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Klinkhammer
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Limburg Brain Injury Center, Maastricht University, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke Horn
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100, DD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100, DD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annelien A Duits
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna M A Visser-Meily
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508, GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508, GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508, GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100, DD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1100, DD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, 1100, DD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen J C Slooter
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508, GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508, GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, UZ Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Health Campus, 1090, Jette, Belgium
| | - Alida A Postma
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline M van Heugten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Limburg Brain Injury Center, Maastricht University, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Hebbrecht K, Dejaeger M, Giltay EJ, Birkenhäger T, Sabbe B, Verwijk E, Obbels J, Schrijvers D, Van Diermen L. Corrigendum to "Cognitive trajectories during and after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with MDE: Taking different perspectives" [J. Psychiatr. Res. 152 (2022) 132-140]. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 158:41. [PMID: 36565543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Hebbrecht
- University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium; University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Department of Psychiatry, Leuven, Belgium; Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marijke Dejaeger
- University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Erik J Giltay
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Birkenhäger
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Department of Medical Psychology (EV), Neuropsychology Department, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology (EV), Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ECT Department Haaglanden (EV), Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Jasmien Obbels
- University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Department of Psychiatry, Leuven, Belgium; Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT) University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Didier Schrijvers
- University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium; Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Linda Van Diermen
- University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium; Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Psychiatric Hospital Bethanië, Andreas Vesaliuslaan 39, 2980, Zoersel, Belgium
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Lambrichts S, Wagenmakers MJ, Vansteelandt K, Obbels J, Schouws SNTM, Verwijk E, van Exel E, Bouckaert F, Vandenbulcke M, Schrijvers D, Veltman DJ, Beekman ATF, Oudega ML, Sienaert P, Dols A. Long-term Outcome Following Electroconvulsive Therapy for Late-Life Depression: Five-Year Follow-up Data From the MODECT Study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 30:1283-1294. [PMID: 35667960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for late-life depression (LLD). Research addressing long-term outcome following an acute course of ECT for LLD is limited. We aimed to describe relapse, cognitive impairment and survival 5 years after a treatment with ECT for severe LLD, and assess the association of clinical characteristics with all three outcome measures. METHODS This cohort study was part of the Mood Disorders in Elderly treated with ECT (MODECT) study, which included patients aged 55 years and older with major depressive disorder. Data regarding clinical course, cognitive impairment and mortality were collected 5 years after the index ECT course. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and logistic regression models to assess the association of clinical characteristics with relapse and survival, and cognitive impairment, respectively. RESULTS We studied 110 patients with a mean age of 72.9 years. 67.1% of patients who showed response at the end of the index ECT course relapsed, and the included clinical characteristics were not significantly associated with the risk of relapse. 38.8% of patients with available data showed cognitive impairment at five-year follow-up. 27.5% were deceased; higher age and a higher number of previous psychiatric admissions were significantly associated with increased risk of mortality. CONCLUSIONS Five-year outcome after a course of ECT for severe LLD seems to be in line with long-term outcome following other acute treatments for severe LLD in terms of relapse, cognitive impairment and survival. Additional studies aimed at improving long-term outcome in severe LLD are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lambrichts
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (UPC KU Leuven), Kortenberg, Belgium.
| | - Margot J Wagenmakers
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Old Age Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristof Vansteelandt
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (UPC KU Leuven), Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Jasmien Obbels
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (UPC KU Leuven), Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Sigfried N T M Schouws
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Old Age Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van Exel
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Old Age Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Bouckaert
- Geriatric Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (UPC KU Leuven), and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven
| | - Mathieu Vandenbulcke
- Geriatric Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (UPC KU Leuven), and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven
| | - Didier Schrijvers
- UAntwerp, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aartjan T F Beekman
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mardien L Oudega
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Old Age Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Sienaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (UPC KU Leuven), Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Annemiek Dols
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Old Age Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Obbels J, Gijsbregts E, Verwijk E, Verspecht S, Lambrichts S, Vansteelandt K, Sienaert P. ECT-related anxiety during maintenance ECT: A prospective study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2022; 146:604-612. [PMID: 36081255 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the established safety of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), ECT-related anxiety (ERA) remains one of the most distressing complications of ECT. ERA is reported to diminish during an acute course of ECT, but it was never studied during maintenance ECT (M-ECT). Our aim was to study the trajectories of ERA during M-ECT and how they differ from trajectories during the acute course. METHODS Thirty-nine patients with unipolar or bipolar depression, retained for M-ECT after an acute ECT course, were included. ERA was assessed the morning before each ECT session using the ECT-related Anxiety Questionnaire (ERAQ). RESULTS ERA remained stable during M-ECT (RC = -0.05 (SE = 0.06), t(8.35) = -0.86, p = 0.42), while ERA declined significantly during the acute course (RC = -0.85 (SE = 0.30), t(33.6) = -2.81, p = 0.0082). During the acute course, patients with a psychotic depression were more anxious at baseline (t(32)= -2.42, p = 0.02), and showed a significant decline in ERAQ scores (RC = -1.65 (SE = 0.46), t(31.6) = -3.56, p = 0.0012), whereas patients with a non-psychotic depression were less anxious at baseline and retained stable ERAQ scores during the acute course (RC = -0.06 (SE = 0.41), t(32.1) = -0.14, p = 0.89). Whereas a correlation (r = 0.48) was noticed between the decline of depression severity and ERA during the acute course, this was not the case during M-ECT. CONCLUSION ERA runs a stable course during M-ECT, after having decreased during the acute course. During the acute course, ERA trajectories differed significantly between patients with a psychotic and non-psychotic depression. Decline of depression severity and ERA are significantly connected during the acute course of ECT. Both depression severity and ERA remain stable during M-ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien Obbels
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Els Gijsbregts
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Department of Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology Department, Amsterdam UMC location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,ECT Department, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Shauni Verspecht
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Simon Lambrichts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Kristof Vansteelandt
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Pascal Sienaert
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), Kortenberg, Belgium
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11
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Lambrichts S, Vansteelandt K, Hebbrecht K, Wagenmakers MJ, Oudega ML, Obbels J, van Exel E, Dols A, Bouckaert F, Schrijvers D, Verwijk E, Sienaert P. Which residual symptoms predict relapse after successful electroconvulsive therapy for late-life depression? J Psychiatr Res 2022; 154:111-116. [PMID: 35933854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The risk of relapse following successful acute-phase treatment of late-life depression (LLD), including electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), is substantial. In order to improve reliable prediction of individuals' risk of relapse, we assessed the association between individual residual symptoms following a successful acute course of ECT for LLD and relapse at six-month follow-up. This prospective cohort study was part of the MODECT study, which included 110 patients aged 55 years and older with major depressive disorder. Participants who showed response to the index ECT course were monitored for relapse for six months. We used multivariable stepwise logistic regression models to assess the association between the scores on the 10 individual Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) items at the end of the acute ECT course and relapse at six-month follow-up. Of the 80 responders with available six-month follow-up data (58.75% of which had psychotic features at baseline), 36.25% had relapsed. Higher scores on the MADRS items 'reduced sleep' (odds ratio (OR) = 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11-3.69, p = 0.0214) and 'lassitude' (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.00-2.62, p = 0.0497) at the end of the acute ECT course were significantly associated with increased risk of relapse at six-month follow-up. In conclusion, some residual depressive symptoms, including sleep disturbance and lassitude, may help better identify patients vulnerable to relapse following a successful acute course of ECT for LLD. If these findings can be replicated, studies assessing interventions that target specific residual symptoms may further reduce post-ECT depressive relapse rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lambrichts
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (UPC KU Leuven), Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070, Kortenberg, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Vansteelandt
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (UPC KU Leuven), Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Kaat Hebbrecht
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (UPC KU Leuven), Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Margot J Wagenmakers
- GGZ in Geest Specialized Mental Health Care, Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mardien L Oudega
- GGZ in Geest Specialized Mental Health Care, Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jasmien Obbels
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (UPC KU Leuven), Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Eric van Exel
- GGZ in Geest Specialized Mental Health Care, Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek Dols
- GGZ in Geest Specialized Mental Health Care, Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Filip Bouckaert
- KU Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (UPC KU Leuven), Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Didier Schrijvers
- UAntwerp, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, Stationsstraat 22c, 2570 Duffel, Belgium
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Medical Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Sienaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (UPC KU Leuven), Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070, Kortenberg, Belgium
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12
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Verdijk JPAJ, Pottkämper JCM, Verwijk E, van Wingen GA, van Putten MJAM, Hofmeijer J, van Waarde JA. Study of effect of nimodipine and acetaminophen on postictal symptoms in depressed patients after electroconvulsive therapy (SYNAPSE). Trials 2022; 23:324. [PMID: 35436940 PMCID: PMC9014277 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postictal phenomena as delirium, headache, nausea, myalgia, and anterograde and retrograde amnesia are common manifestations after seizures induced by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Comparable postictal phenomena also contribute to the burden of patients with epilepsy. The pathophysiology of postictal phenomena is poorly understood and effective treatments are not available. Recently, seizure-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated postictal vasoconstriction, accompanied by cerebral hypoperfusion and hypoxia, has been identified as a candidate mechanism in experimentally induced seizures in rats. Vasodilatory treatment with acetaminophen or calcium antagonists reduced postictal hypoxia and postictal symptoms. The aim of this clinical trial is to study the effects of acetaminophen and nimodipine on postictal phenomena after ECT-induced seizures in patients suffering major depressive disorder. We hypothesize that (1) acetaminophen and nimodipine will reduce postictal electroencephalographic (EEG) phenomena, (2) acetaminophen and nimodipine will reduce magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of postictal cerebral hypoperfusion, (3) acetaminophen and nimodipine will reduce clinical postictal phenomena, and (4) postictal phenomena will correlate with measures of postictal hypoperfusion. Methods We propose a prospective, three-condition cross-over design trial with randomized condition allocation, open-label treatment, and blinded end-point evaluation (PROBE design). Thirty-three patients (age > 17 years) suffering from a depressive episode treated with ECT will be included. Randomly and alternately, single doses of nimodipine (60 mg), acetaminophen (1000 mg), or water will be given two hours prior to each ECT session with a maximum of twelve sessions per patient. The primary outcome measure is ‘postictal EEG recovery time’, expressed and quantified as an adapted version of the temporal brain symmetry index, yielding a time constant for the duration of the postictal state on EEG. Secondary outcome measures include postictal cerebral perfusion, measured by arterial spin labelling MRI, and the postictal clinical ‘time to orientation’. Discussion With this clinical trial, we will systematically study postictal EEG, MRI and clinical phenomena after ECT-induced seizures and will test the effects of vasodilatory treatment intending to reduce postictal symptoms. If an effect is established, this will provide a novel treatment of postictal symptoms in ECT patients. Ultimately, these findings may be generalized to patients with epilepsy. Trial registration Inclusion in SYNAPSE started in December 2019. Prospective trial registration number is NCT04028596 on the international clinical trial register on July 22, 2019.
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13
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Verdijk JP, van Kessel MA, Oud M, Kellner CH, Hofmeijer J, Verwijk E, van Waarde JA. Pharmacological interventions to diminish cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2022; 145:343-356. [PMID: 35075641 PMCID: PMC9305858 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological interventions to diminish cognitive side effects of ECT. METHODS Electronic databases of Pubmed, PsycInfo, Embase and Scopus were searched from inception through 1 April, 2021, using terms for ECT (e.g. electroconvulsive therapy), cognitive outcome (e.g. cogni*) and pharmacological intervention (e.g. calcium channel blocker and general terms, like protein). Original studies with humans receiving ECT were included, which applied pharmacological interventions in comparison with placebo or no additive intervention to diminish cognitive side effects. Data quality was assessed using Risk of Bias and GRADE. Random-effects models were used. PROSPERO registration number was CRD42021212773. RESULTS Qualitative synthesis (systematic review) showed 52 studies reporting sixteen pharmacological intervention-types. Quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) included 26 studies (1387 patients) describing twelve pharmacological intervention-types. Low-quality evidence of efficacy was established for memantine (large effect size) and liothyronine (medium effect size). Very low-quality evidence shows effect of acetylcholine inhibitors, piracetam and melatonin in some cognitive domains. Evidence of no efficacy was revealed for ketamine (very low-quality), herbal preparations with anti-inflammatory properties (very low to low-quality) and opioid receptor agonists (low-quality). CONCLUSION Memantine and liothyronine are promising for further research and future application. Quality of evidence was low because of differences in ECT techniques, study populations and cognitive measurements. These findings provide a guide for rational choices of potential pharmacological intervention research targets to decrease the burden of cognitive side effects of ECT. Future research should be more uniform in design and attempt to clarify pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive side effects of ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey P.A.J. Verdijk
- Department of PsychiatryRijnstate HospitalArnhemThe Netherlands,Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Mike A. van Kessel
- Department of Psychology, Brain & CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Antes PG (Parnassia Group)Mental Health ServicesRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Charles H. Kellner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jeannette Hofmeijer
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands,Department of NeurologyRijnstate HospitalThe Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Department of Psychology, Brain & CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Medical Psychology, NeuropsychologyAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands,ECT Department HaaglandenParnassia Psychiatric InstituteThe HagueThe Netherlands
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14
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Luykx JJ, Loef D, Lin B, van Diermen L, Nuninga JO, van Exel E, Oudega ML, Rhebergen D, Schouws SNTM, van Eijndhoven P, Verwijk E, Schrijvers D, Birkenhager TK, Ryan KM, Arts B, van Bronswijk SC, Kenis G, Schurgers G, Baune BT, Arns M, van Dellen EE, Somers M, Sommer IEC, Boks MP, Gülöksüz S, McLoughlin DM, Dols A, Rutten BPF. Interrogating Associations Between Polygenic Liabilities and Electroconvulsive Therapy Effectiveness. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:531-539. [PMID: 34955169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for severe major depressive episodes (MDEs). Nonetheless, firmly established associations between ECT outcomes and biological variables are currently lacking. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) carry clinical potential, but associations with treatment response in psychiatry are seldom reported. Here, we examined whether PRSs for major depressive disorder, schizophrenia (SCZ), cross-disorder, and pharmacological antidepressant response are associated with ECT effectiveness. METHODS A total of 288 patients with MDE from 3 countries were included. The main outcome was a change in the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores from before to after ECT treatment. Secondary outcomes were response and remission. Regression analyses with PRSs as independent variables and several covariates were performed. Explained variance (R2) at the optimal p-value threshold is reported. RESULTS In the 266 subjects passing quality control, the PRS-SCZ was positively associated with a larger Hamilton Depression Rating Scale decrease in linear regression (optimal p-value threshold = .05, R2 = 6.94%, p < .0001), which was consistent across countries: Ireland (R2 = 8.18%, p = .0013), Belgium (R2 = 6.83%, p = .016), and the Netherlands (R2 = 7.92%, p = .0077). The PRS-SCZ was also positively associated with remission (R2 = 4.63%, p = .0018). Sensitivity and subgroup analyses, including in MDE without psychotic features (R2 = 4.42%, p = .0024) and unipolar MDE only (R2 = 9.08%, p < .0001), confirmed the results. The other PRSs were not associated with a change in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score at the predefined Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold. CONCLUSIONS A linear association between PRS-SCZ and ECT outcome was uncovered. Although it is too early to adopt PRSs in ECT clinical decision making, these findings strengthen the positioning of PRS-SCZ as relevant to treatment response in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Outpatient second opinion clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Warnsveld, the Netherlands.
| | - Dore Loef
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bochao Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Research Institute Brainclinics, Brainclinics Foundation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Linda van Diermen
- University Psychiatric Center Duffel, Duffel, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Psychiatric Center Bethanië, Zoersel, Belgium
| | - Jasper O Nuninga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric van Exel
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mardien L Oudega
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Didi Rhebergen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Mental Health Care Institute GGZ Centraal, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Sigfried N T M Schouws
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Esmée Verwijk
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Didier Schrijvers
- University Psychiatric Center Duffel, Duffel, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom K Birkenhager
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karen M Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Baer Arts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C van Bronswijk
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert Schurgers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martijn Arns
- Research Institute Brainclinics, Brainclinics Foundation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin E van Dellen
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Metten Somers
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Iris E C Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sinan Gülöksüz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; SG Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Declan M McLoughlin
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek Dols
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Klinkhammer S, Horn J, Visser-Meilij JMA, Verwijk E, Duits A, Slooter AJC, van Heugten CM. Dutch multicentre, prospective follow-up, cohort study comparing the neurological and neuropsychological sequelae of hospitalised non-ICU- and ICU-treated COVID-19 survivors: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e054901. [PMID: 34620676 PMCID: PMC8507410 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Owing to the novelty of COVID-19, there are still large knowledge gaps concerning its effect on the brain and the resulting impact on peoples' lives. This large-scale prospective follow-up study investigates COVID-19-associated brain damage, neuropsychological dysfunction and long-term impact on the well-being of patients and their close ones. It is hypothesised that structural brain damage and cognitive dysfunction primarily occur in severely ill patients, as compared with moderately ill patients. Cognitive complaints, emotional distress and impact on well-being are hypothesised to be less dependent on illness severity. METHODS AND ANALYSIS For this multicentre study, 200 patients with COVID-19 (100 intensive care unit (ICU) patients and 100 non-ICU patients) formerly hospitalised in one of the six recruiting hospitals during the first European infection wave (ie, March to June 2020) and their close ones will be recruited. At minimally 6 months posthospital discharge, patients will perform a set of neuropsychological tests and are subjected to a 3T MRI scan. Patients and close ones will fill out a set of questionnaires, also at minimally 6 months posthospital discharge and again another 6 months thereafter. Data related to COVID-19 hospitalisation will be extracted from the patients' medical records. MRI abnormalities will ultimately be related to neuropsychological test performance and questionnaire outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval was granted by the medical research ethics committee of Maastricht University Medical Centre and Maastricht University (NL75102.068.20). The project is sponsored by The Brain Foundation Netherlands. Findings will be presented at national and international conferences, as well as published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04745611.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Klinkhammer
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Horn
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M A Visser-Meilij
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science and Sports, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelien Duits
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen J C Slooter
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline M van Heugten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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16
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Verwijk E. Managing ECT related cognitive side effects: An individual approach. Eur Psychiatry 2021. [PMCID: PMC9471529 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive brain stimulation may represent the strongest manipulation available to study brain plasticity in humans. Brain plasticity induced by electroconvulsive brain stimulation, profoundly improves disturbed emotion and motivation in patients with depression. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective and safe treatment for psychiatric disorders like severe depression. However, there is ongoing concern about the negative impact of ECT on brain function and cognition that is, surprisingly, only seen in a part of the treated patients. After 80 years of research on ECT, virtually nothing is known about the mechanisms underlying these strong individual differences in cognitive changes induced by ECT. A first step would be to better quantify the pattern and severity of the adverse cognitive outcomes in order to better distinguish patients that suffer from adverse cognitive outcomes from those that do not or even improve. By better distinguishing of these subgroups, a second step towards understanding can be taken: to identify the factors that predict adverse cognitive outcomes. Our research aims to advance understanding of the mechanisms of cognitive plasticity and reveal the pre-treatment profiles that render a patient cognitive vulnerable or resilient.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Obbels J, Vansteelandt K, Bouckaert F, Dols A, Stek M, Verwijk E, Sienaert P. Neurocognitive functioning after electroconvulsive therapy in late-life depression: A 4-year prospective study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2021; 143:141-150. [PMID: 33150605 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the proven efficacy and safety of ECT, there is still concern about the possible cognitive side effects of ECT in older patients. In this study, we aimed to characterize the long-term cognitive effects of ECT in patients with late-life depression (LLD) from before the start until 4 years after the index ECT course. METHODS Fourty one patients aged 55 years and older with a unipolar depression, referred for ECT, were included. The neuropsychological test battery was assessed prior to ECT, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, and 4 years after the last ECT session. RESULTS We did not find any statistically significant cognitive changes from before the start to 4 years after ending the ECT course. Although we could not detect cognitive changes at group level, we found clinically important differences on an individual level. CONCLUSION Cognitive performance in patients with LLD runs a stable course from before the start of ECT until 4 years after the index course. At an individual level, however, both cognitive decline and improvement can be witnessed. Older patients can tolerate ECT and most of them will not experience long-term cognitive side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien Obbels
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Kristof Vansteelandt
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Filip Bouckaert
- Old-age Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Annemiek Dols
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Neuroscience, GGZ inGeest/Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Stek
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Neuroscience, GGZ inGeest/Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Department of Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology Department, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,ECT Department, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Sienaert
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
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18
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Hebbrecht K, Giltay EJ, Birkenhäger TK, Sabbe B, Verwijk E, Obbels J, Roelant E, Schrijvers D, Van Diermen L. Cognitive change after electroconvulsive therapy in mood disorders measured with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2020; 142:413-422. [PMID: 32895922 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a sensitive and clinically practical test but its usefulness in measuring long-term cognitive effects of ECT is unclear. Using the MoCA, we investigated short- and long-term global cognitive change in ECT-treated patients with a Major Depressive Episode (MDE). METHOD We included 65 consecutive ECT-treated patients with MDE, in whom global cognitive functioning was assessed at baseline (T0); during ECT (before the third session; T1); and 1 week (T2), 3 months (T3), and 6 months (T4) after completion of the index course. Changes in MoCA (sub)scores were analyzed using linear mixed models and reliable change indices were computed to investigate individual changes in MoCA total scores. RESULTS There was a significant effect of time on MoCA scores (F(4, 230.5) = 4.14, P = 0.003), with an improvement in global cognitive functioning from T3 compared to T1 and T2. At the individual level, 26% (n = 17) of patients showed a significantly worse cognitive functioning at T2 and 12% (n = 8) an improved cognitive functioning compared to T0. For T4, these percentages ameliorated to 8% and 18% respectively. CONCLUSION No persistent global cognitive impairment induced by ECT was found at the group level using the MoCA. At the individual level, however, there was clear heterogeneity in the effects of ECT on cognitive functioning. The MoCA is a suitable tool to monitor short- and long-term global cognitive functioning in ECT-treated patients with MDE but in younger patients, potential ceiling effects must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hebbrecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,VZW Emmaüs, University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
| | - E J Giltay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T K Birkenhäger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Sabbe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - E Verwijk
- Department of Medical Psychology (EV), Neuropsychology Department, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology (EV), Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,ECT Department Haaglanden (EV), Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - J Obbels
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT) University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - E Roelant
- StatUa, Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - D Schrijvers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,VZW Emmaüs, University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
| | - L Van Diermen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,VZW Emmaüs, University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, Duffel, Belgium.,Psychiatric Hospital Bethanië, Zoersel, Belgium
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19
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Wagenmakers MJ, Oudega ML, Vansteelandt K, Spaans HP, Verwijk E, Obbels J, Rhebergen D, van Exel E, Bouckaert F, Stek ML, Sienaert P, Dols A. Psychotic late-life depression less likely to relapse after electroconvulsive therapy. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:984-990. [PMID: 32745834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial number of patients with late-life depression (LLD) that remitted after ECT experience relapse. Identifying risk factors for relapse may guide clinical management to devote attention to those at increased risk. Therefore the current study aims to evaluate which baseline clinical characteristics are related to relapse within six months after successful ECT in patients with severe LLD. METHODS 110 patients with LLD from the prospective naturalistic follow-up Mood Disorders in Elderly treated with Electro-Convulsive Therapy (MODECT) study were included. A total of 73 patients (66.4%) remitted after ECT, six patients had missing information on relapse, rendering to a total sample size of 67 patients. Relapse within six months after ECT was defined as a Montgomery Åsberg Depression Scale (MADRS)-score > 15, readmission or restart of ECT. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between baseline clinical characteristics and relapse. RESULTS A total of 22 patients (32.8%) experienced a relapse. Patients with psychotic depression were less likely to relapse (odds ratio = 0.32, p = .047), corrected for prior admissions; 76.9% of patients with psychotic depression remained remitted. LIMITATIONS Due to its naturalistic design, no firm conclusions can be drawn on the effect of post-ECT treatment. CONCLUSIONS Patients with psychotic depression had a lower risk to experience relapse after successful ECT. This result strengthens the hypothesis that psychotic depression might be a specific depression subtype with a favorable ECT outcome up to six months after ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot J Wagenmakers
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, the Netherlands.
| | - Mardien L Oudega
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands
| | - Kristof Vansteelandt
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (Catholic University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harm-Pieter Spaans
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute the Hague, Clinical Center for the Elderly-ECT Department, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute the Hague, Clinical Center for the Elderly-ECT Department, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology Department, Amsterdam UMC Academic Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jasmien Obbels
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (Catholic University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Didi Rhebergen
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands
| | - Eric van Exel
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands
| | - Filip Bouckaert
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (Catholic University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Max L Stek
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Sienaert
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven (Catholic University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Dols
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands
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20
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Obbels J, Vansteelandt K, Verwijk E, Lambrichts S, Bouckaert F, Sienaert P. Understanding electroconvulsive therapy-related anxiety: a prospective study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2020; 142:132-140. [PMID: 32474903 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS OF STUDY Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-related anxiety is experienced by a significant proportion of patients, it remains understudied. Our aim was to study the course of ECT-related anxiety during ECT. METHODS Seventy-four patients with unipolar or bipolar depression, referred for ECT, were included. ECT-related anxiety was assessed the morning before each ECT session using the ECT-related Anxiety Questionnaire (ERAQ). RESULTS Female patients reported more anxiety than men (F(1,64.6) = 3.95, P = 0.05). Patients with a psychotic depression were more anxious before the start of ECT (F(64.8) = 4.57, P = 0.04), but experienced a significant decrease in ECT-related anxiety (t(63.9) = -3.63, P = 0.0006), whereas patients with a non-psychotic depression remained stable on anxiety during their ECT course (t(63,9) = 0.76, P = 0.45). In addition, we found a significant correlation between the decrease of ECT-related anxiety and the decrease of depression-severity (r = 0.35; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION There are individual differences in ECT-related anxiety trajectories during ECT. Both female patients and patients with psychotic depression experienced more ECT-related anxiety before the start of ECT. The severity of ECT-related anxiety decreased significantly in patients with a psychotic depression, but remained stable in patients without a psychotic depression during ECT. In addition, patients who showed a stronger decrease in depression-severity also showed a stronger decrease in ECT-related anxiety. A better understanding of ECT-related anxiety trajectories can help in designing anxiety-reducing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Obbels
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - K Vansteelandt
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - E Verwijk
- Department of Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology Department, Amsterdam UMC location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,ECT Department, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - S Lambrichts
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - F Bouckaert
- Old-age Psychiatry, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - P Sienaert
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
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21
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van Duist M, Spaans HP, Verwijk E, Kok RM. ECT non-remitters: prognosis and treatment after 12 unilateral electroconvulsive therapy sessions for major depression. J Affect Disord 2020; 272:501-507. [PMID: 32553394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive disorder causes significant suffering in patients and caregivers worldwide. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective antidepressant treatment, but little is known about the prognosis and treatment of patients who do not achieve remission with ECT. We investigated prognosis and treatment of patients with major depression who did not achieve remission after 12 unilateral electroconvulsive therapy sessions. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, naturalistic follow-up study. Patients who had previously participated in a double-blind randomized controlled trial that compared brief pulse with ultra-brief pulse ECT and who had not achieved remission after 12 right unilateral (RUL) ECT sessions were selected for this study. We analysed the type of treatments received during the 6-month follow-up and studied the occurrence of remission and response. The primary outcome was remission, defined as a Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score <10. RESULTS Eighty-one patients were randomized, of which 18 patients did not remit. Eight of these non-remitters achieved remission during follow-up (44.4%) while 7 did not achieve remission (38.9%). Remission data could not be retrieved for 3 patients (16.7%). Remission was achieved in 6 patients by a combination of continuing unilateral ECT with antidepressants or switching to bilateral ECT. LIMITATIONS This is a retrospective study with only a small number of patients. Treatment after RUL ECT non-remission was not standardized. CONCLUSION When patients with major depression do not achieve remission after 12 RUL ECT sessions, they have still a reasonable chance of remission within 6 months. Continuing ECT has the best chance of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Duist
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - H P Spaans
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - E Verwijk
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam Unversity Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R M Kok
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands.
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van Kessel MA, van der Vlugt JJB, Spaans HP, Murre JMJ, Verwijk E. Psychotic depressive subtype and white mater hyperintensities do not predict cognitive side effects in ECT: A systematic review of pretreatment predictors. J Affect Disord 2020; 272:340-347. [PMID: 32553376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies regarding cognitive side-effects following ECT for treating depression report transient forms of cognitive disturbances. However, a growing number of studies also report considerable differences among individual patients. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to identify pretreatment patient characteristics for predicting the risk of developing cognitive side-effects following ECT. METHODS Online databases PubMed/Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched for articles published from 2002 through May 2019, using the following relevant search terms: #cognitive deficits AND #Electro Convulsive Therapy. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied for full-text inclusion. PRISMA guidelines were used. RESULTS Our initial search yielded 2155 publications; 16 studies were included. A total of 16 possible predictive factors were identified. Two factors, psychotic features and white matter hyperintensities, were conclusively found to not predict cognitive side-effects following ECT; the remaining 14 factors were inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS There is robust evidence that psychotic features and white matter hyperintensities are not predictive of cognitive side-effects following ECT. None of the other 14 factors examined were predictive, however these levels of evidence were weak and therefore inconclusive. Additional studies focusing primarily on pretreatment patient characteristics for predicting cognitive side-effects following ECT are needed, including demographic, clinical, physiological, neurobiological, and genetic factors. Finally, we provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jaap M J Murre
- Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Parnassia PG, The Hague, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Dijk DM, van Rhenen W, Murre JMJ, Verwijk E. Cognitive functioning, sleep quality, and work performance in non-clinical burnout: The role of working memory. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231906. [PMID: 32325479 PMCID: PMC7180070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between cognitive functioning, work performance, and sleep in non-clinical burnout. In a working population, an online survey was conducted with additional online neuropsychological tests of varying complexity, measuring attention and different components of working memory, of which the coordinating subcomponent the ‘Central Executive’ is thought to be the most vulnerable to stress. Results indicate that non-clinical burnout is associated with more—though not severe—sleep problems, more depressive complaints, impaired work performance, and with both subjective and objective cognitive impairments. Compared with healthy respondents (N = 107), people with non-clinical burnout (N = 17) had a significantly poorer performance on the tests of the visuospatial sketchpad and the Central Executive of the working memory. Our study also indicates that more complex tests may be more sensitive in detecting cognitive dysfunction in non-clinical burnout. Furthermore, a relationship was found between dual-task performance and work performance. Regarding to sleep quality, in our sample of people with non-clinical burnout, there were no severe sleep problems. In the entire sample, however, insomnia was significantly related to subjective, but not objective, cognitive functioning, and also not to work performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dela M. van Dijk
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Arbo Unie, Occupational Health and Safety Service, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Willem van Rhenen
- Arbo Unie, Occupational Health and Safety Service, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M. J. Murre
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Meesters Y, Starreveld D, Verwijk E, Spaans HP, Gordijn MCM. Chronotherapy Network Netherlands (CNN). J Biol Rhythms 2019; 35:317-319. [PMID: 31884865 PMCID: PMC7268951 DOI: 10.1177/0748730419896503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Information is provided about the Chronotherapy Network Netherlands (CNN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ybe Meesters
- Department Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle Starreveld
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Harm-Pieter Spaans
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, ECT-center Haaglanden, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke C M Gordijn
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Chrono@Work, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Obbels J, Vansteelandt K, Verwijk E, Dols A, Bouckaert F, Oudega ML, Vandenbulcke M, Stek M, Sienaert P. MMSE Changes During and After ECT in Late-Life Depression: A Prospective Study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 27:934-944. [PMID: 31104967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is ongoing concern about the impact of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on cognition in patients with late-life depression (LLD), especially in patients for whom pretreatment Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) scores are low. Our aim was to examine the evolution of cognitive effects of ECT, using the MMSE in a large group of patients with LLD. METHODS One hundred nine patients aged 55 years and older with unipolar depression, referred for ECT, were included in our study. The MMSE was assessed before, during, immediately after, and 6 months after ECT. RESULTS MMSE scores improved significantly during the course of ECT and remained stable during the 6-month period after ending ECT for the total group. In the group of patients with a low MMSE score (<24) at baseline, the MMSE score improved significantly during ECT, whereas in the group of patients with a normal MMSE score (≥24) at baseline, the score did not change significantly during ECT. In both groups, MMSE scores still increased slightly after ECT was discontinued. CONCLUSION ECT does not cause deleterious cognitive effects, as measured with the MMSE, during and for 6 months after the ECT course in patients with LLD. In the event of a baseline cognitive impairment, MMSE scores tend to improve significantly during and for 6 months after the ECT course. The presence of pretreatment cognitive impairment should not lead clinicians to withhold ECT in older patients with severe depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien Obbels
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT) (JO, KV, FB, PS), University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Vansteelandt
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT) (JO, KV, FB, PS), University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Department of Medical Psychology (EV), Neuropsychology Department, Amsterdam UMC Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology (EV), Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ECT Department (EV), Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Dols
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (AD, MLO, MS), GGZ inGeest/Amsterdam University/VU Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Bouckaert
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT) (JO, KV, FB, PS), University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium; Old-Age Psychiatry (FB, MV), University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Mardien L Oudega
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (AD, MLO, MS), GGZ inGeest/Amsterdam University/VU Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Vandenbulcke
- Old-Age Psychiatry (FB, MV), University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Max Stek
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (AD, MLO, MS), GGZ inGeest/Amsterdam University/VU Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Sienaert
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT) (JO, KV, FB, PS), University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
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van Kessel M, van der Vlugt J, Spaans H, Murre J, Verwijk E. Pre-treatment predictors of cognitive side effects in depressed patients treated with ECT: A systematic review. Brain Stimul 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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27
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Obbels J, Vansteelandt K, Verwijk E, Bouckaert F, p Sienaert. MMSE during ECT in late-life depression: useful or useless? Brain Stimul 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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28
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Obbels J, Vanbrabant K, Verwijk E, Bouckaert F, Sienaert P. Monitoring ECT-related anxiety: the ECT-related Anxiety questionnaire (ERAQ). Brain Stimul 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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29
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Obbels J, Verwijk E, Vansteelandt K, Dols A, Bouckaert F, Schouws S, Vandenbulcke M, Emsell L, Stek M, Sienaert P. Long-term neurocognitive functioning after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with late-life depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 138:223-231. [PMID: 30003550 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is ongoing concern about the possible negative impact of ECT on neurocognitive functioning in older patients. In this study, we aimed to characterize the long-term cognitive effects of ECT in patients with late-life depression, using an extensive neuropsychological battery. METHODS A total of 110 patients aged 55 years and older with unipolar depression, referred for ECT were included. The neuropsychological test battery was assessed prior to ECT and 6 months after the last ECT session. RESULTS There were no statistically significant group-level changes from baseline to 6 months post-ECT in any of the neuropsychological measurements. Individual differences in cognitive performance were detected using the Reliable Change Index. CONCLUSION Patients with late-life depression do not show deleterious cognitive effects 6 months following an ECT index course, although there are considerable differences at an individual level. Clinicians should not hesitate to prescribe ECT in older patients, as most of these patients will tolerate the treatment course and a small group will even experience a cognitive enhancement. However, clinicians should be aware that a small group of patients can experience cognitive side-effects. Further study is needed to predict which patients have a higher risk of developing cognitive side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Obbels
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - E Verwijk
- Department of Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology Department, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,ECT Department, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - K Vansteelandt
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - A Dols
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest/VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Bouckaert
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), Kortenberg, Belgium.,Old Age Psychiatry, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - S Schouws
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest/VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Vandenbulcke
- Old Age Psychiatry, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - L Emsell
- Old Age Psychiatry, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - M Stek
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest/VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Sienaert
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), Kortenberg, Belgium
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van den Berg JF, Kruithof HC, Kok RM, Verwijk E, Spaans HP. Electroconvulsive Therapy for Agitation and Aggression in Dementia: A Systematic Review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 26:419-434. [PMID: 29107460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many patients with dementia develop agitation or aggression in the course of their disease. In some severe cases, behavioral, environmental, and pharmacological interventions are not sufficient to alleviate these potentially life-threatening symptoms. It has been suggested that in those cases, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) could be an option. This review summarizes the scientific literature on ECT for agitation and aggression in dementia. METHODS We performed a systematic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. Two reviewers extracted the following data from the retrieved articles: number of patients and their age, gender, diagnoses, types of problem behavior, treatments tried before ECT, specifications of the ECT treatment, use of rating scales, treatment results, follow-up data, and adverse effects. RESULTS The initial search yielded 264 articles, 17 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these studies, one was a prospective cohort study, one was a case-control study, and the others were retrospective chart reviews, case series, or case reports. Clinically significant improvement was observed in the majority (88%) of the 122 patients described, often early in the treatment course. Adverse effects were most commonly mild, transient, or not reported. CONCLUSIONS The reviewed articles suggest that ECT could be an effective treatment for severe and treatment-refractory agitation and aggression in dementia, with few adverse consequences. Nevertheless, because of the substantial risk of selection bias, the designs of the studies reviewed, and their small number, further prospective studies are needed to substantiate these preliminary positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F van den Berg
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob M Kok
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Spaans HP, Kok RM, Bouckaert F, Van Den Berg JF, Tunney OC, Sienaert P, Verwijk E, Kho KH, Stek ML. Vascular risk factors in older patients with depression: outcome of electroconvulsive therapy versus medication. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:371-378. [PMID: 28657697 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research suggests that in depression, vascular burden predicts a lower efficacy for medication (MED) and a more favourable outcome for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Therefore, we investigated the influence of the following vascular risk factors (VRF): hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cerebral vascular accident/transient ischemic attack, on remission from major depression after ECT versus MED. METHODS The study sample consisted of 81 inpatients with a DSM-IV unipolar major depression diagnosis (mean age 72.2 years, SD = 7.6, mean Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score 32.9, SD = 6.2) participating in a randomized controlled trial comparing nortriptyline versus venlafaxine and 43 inpatients (mean age 73.7 years, SD = 7.5, mean Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score 30.6, SD = 7.1) from an randomized controlled trial comparing brief pulse versus ultrabrief pulse ECT. The presence of VRF was established from the medical records. The remission rate of patients with VRF was compared with those of patients without VRF. RESULTS The remission rate was 58% (19/33) in the ECT group with ≥1 VRF and 32% (23/73) in the MED group with ≥1 VRF (χ2 = 6.456, p = 0.011). Comparing patients with no VRF versus ≥1 VRF, the remission rate decreased from 80 to 58% (χ2 = 1.652, p = 0.276) in ECT patients and from 38 to 32% (χ2 = 0.119, p = 0.707) in MED patients. Applying different cut-offs for the number of VRFs yielded the same trends. Logistic regression revealed no interaction between VRF and treatment condition. CONCLUSION The superior efficacy of ECT over pharmacotherapy in major depression in older age was independent of the presence of VRF. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rob M Kok
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Bouckaert
- AcCENT - Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation, University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven (Catholic University of Leuven), Campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Julia F Van Den Berg
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pascal Sienaert
- AcCENT - Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation, University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven (Catholic University of Leuven), Campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - King H Kho
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Max L Stek
- VU University Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Vijverberg EGB, Schouws S, Meesters PD, Verwijk E, Comijs H, Koene T, Schreuder C, Beekman A, Scheltens P, Stek M, Pijnenburg Y, Dols A. Cognitive Deficits in Patients With Neuropsychiatric Symptoms: A Comparative Study Between Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia and Primary Psychiatric Disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2017; 78:e940-e946. [PMID: 28749089 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.16m11019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare neuropsychological profiles in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) with its most common primary psychiatric differential diagnoses, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia, in older patients with active symptoms. METHODS We included patients from different cohorts with MDD (DSM-IV-TR: 296.20-296.23, 296.30-296.33; n = 42; mean ± SD age, 72.0 ± 8.0 years; female = 57.1%) included from 2002 to 2007, noneuthymic BD (DSM-IV-TR: 296.00-296.06, 296.40-296.46, 296.50-296.56, 296.60-296.66, 296.7; DSM-IV-TR: 296.89; DSM-IV-TR: 296.80; n = 41; age, 71.7 ± 8.8 years; female = 53.7%) included from 2011 to 2015, nonremitted schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR: 295.10, 295.20, 295.30, 295.60, 295.90; n = 47; age, 67.5 ± 7.1 years; female = 66%) included from 2006 to 2008, or probable/definite bvFTD (n = 173; age, 62.6 ± 8.0 years; female = 39.9%) (Frontotemporal Dementia Consensus criteria) included from 2000 to 2015 and healthy controls (n = 78; age, 71.9 ± 8.0 years; female = 71.8%) included from 2005 to 2007. Neuropsychological tests concerned the domains of attention and working memory, verbal memory, verbal fluency, and executive functioning. Analyses of variance were performed with age, gender, and education level as covariates. Post hoc Bonferroni tests were used to detail group differences. RESULTS Compared to the healthy controls, both the bvFTD and primary psychiatric disorder groups showed significant impairment on all cognitive domains. Executive function was more disturbed in all primary psychiatric disorders compared to bvFTD (P < .001). Attention and working memory were significantly better in the bvFTD and schizophrenia groups compared to the MDD and BD groups (P < .001). For verbal memory, the bvFTD group scored significantly higher compared to patients with schizophrenia, BD, or MDD (P < .001). Patients with bvFTD had significantly lower scores on verbal fluency, especially due to Animal Naming, in comparison with the BD group (P < .001); however, these scores were not significantly different from those of MDD or schizophrenia patients. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive deficits in bvFTD are less severe than in primary psychiatric disorders with active symptoms. This indicates that in the differential diagnosis of bvFTD, disturbances on tests for cognitive performance do not rule out primary psychiatric diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everard G B Vijverberg
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Haga Ziekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Sigfried Schouws
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Esmée Verwijk
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Hannie Comijs
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ted Koene
- Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Schreuder
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aartjan Beekman
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Stek
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Dols
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Spaans H, Verwijk E, Stek M, Kho K, Boeckaert F, Kok R, Sienaert P. Early complete remitters after electroconvulsive therapy: profile and prognosis. Brain Stimul 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Obbels J, Verwijk E, Bouckaert F, Sienaert P. ECT-related anxiety: what have we (not) learned? Brain Stimul 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Verwijk E, Obbels J, Spaans HP, Sienaert P. [Doctor, will I get my memory back? Electroconvulsive therapy and cognitive side-effects in daily practice]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2017; 59:632-637. [PMID: 29077139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients undergoing or about to undergo electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are often afraid they will experience negative cognitive side-effects. AIM To answer questions that patients and referring clinicians often ask about cognitive problems that can result from ECT. METHOD To discuss, on the basis of clinical perception and literature, the cognitive problems resulting from ECT. RESULTS The cognitive problems resulting from ect are threefold: short-term postictal confusion (immediately after the treatment), anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia. A patient affected by anterograde amnesia, is temporarily less able to remember what he or she has experienced over a period of three months after treatment. The brain of a patient with retrograde amnesia is unable to retrieve or remember information or procedures 'saved' before the treatment took place. More specifically the patient with retrograde amnesia has three main types of problems: semantic memory problems (relating to facts), episodic memory problems (no longer able to retrieve memories concerning non-personal events), and procedural memory problems (no longer able to operate various devices). It is difficult to predict which patients will experience cognitive problems as a result from ect and to what extent. However, the problems are not intensified by maintenance treatment. Factual and autobiographical memory problems following ect-induced retrograde amnesia seems to have a more permanent character. According to the Dutch guidelines for ECT, cognitive side-effects need to be monitored. If patients are monitored before and after ect, they can be given a more targeted psycho-education and eventually a more targeted training course. CONCLUSION We conclude that in clinical practice increasing attention is being given to ECT-related cognitive side-effects. Clearly, however, more consideration needs to be given to inter-individual variability. Cognitive monitoring is advisable because the course of the side-effects of ect must be followed and evaluated.
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Sienaert P, Stek ML, Comijs H, de Winter FL, Dols A, Eikelenboom P, Emsell L, Kho KH, Kok RM, Obbels J, Oudega ML, Rhebergen D, Vandenbulcke M, van den Heuvel OA, van Exel E, Vansteelandt K, Verwijk E, Bouckaert F, Spaans HP. [ResPECT - a decade of Flemish-Dutch ECT research]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2017; 59:626-631. [PMID: 29077138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing clinical and scientific interest in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). AIM To provide an overview of the main research findings of the Flemish-Dutch research consortium ResPECT. METHOD We report on our review of the relevant literature. RESULTS Our studies confirm that ECT is one of the most efficient treatments for depression in later life and for depression with psychotic features. Older people with age-related brain pathology can respond well to ECT. It is still preferable to apply a standard pulse-width because this increases the efficacy of the treatment and minimises the cognitive impact. Even vulnerable older people can react favourably to ECT. CONCLUSION Recent findings of the ResPECT consortium are providing new insights that are applicable in daily clinical practice. Research into mechanisms of action can also increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of severe depression.
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Verwijk E, Spaans HP, Comijs HC, Kho KH, Sienaert P, Bouckaert F, Obbels J, Scherder EJA, Stek ML, Kok RM. Relapse and long-term cognitive performance after brief pulse or ultrabrief pulse right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy: A multicenter naturalistic follow up. J Affect Disord 2015; 184:137-44. [PMID: 26093032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superior cognitive functioning for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with right unilateral (RUL) ultrabrief pulse (UBP) stimulation compared to RUL brief pulse (BP) stimulation is not clearly established and long-term data is needed. METHODS We conducted a prospective naturalistic follow-up of 87 inpatients from three tertiary psychiatric hospitals. Before these patients entered the follow up phase, they had participated in a RCT comparing twice weekly RUL BP (1.0 ms) with RUL UBP (0.3-0.4 ms) ECT eight times seizure threshold until remission (MADRS < 10), for a maximum of six weeks. Three and six months after the index ECT patients were monitored for relapse and cognitive performance (retrograde amnesia, semantic memory and lexical memory). We compared relapse rate and cognitive performance between RUL BP and RUL UBP stimulation. RESULTS Of the 50 patients who remitted after index ECT 44 (24 BP; 20 UBP) were monitored for follow up. Relapse occurred in 25% of the BP group and in 25% of the UBP group (χ(2) = 0.00, p = 1.0) at three-month follow-up; whereas 43.5% of the BP group and 35% of the UBP group relapsed (χ(2) = 0.322, p = 0.57) at six months follow-up. Cognitive assessments (17 BP; 16 UBP) showed no significant differences between BP and UBP groups, except for an advantage for the BP group in the autobiographical incident questions at three months follow-up only (p = 0.04; d = 0.77). LIMITATIONS This study may be limited since relapse in a naturalistic follow-up can be influenced by medication and other unknown factors, like social support, medical comorbidity, and psychotherapy. The small numbers of our subgroups hamper statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Patients that achieved remission after RUL BP or RUL UBP ECT showed similar relapse rates after three and six months. There was no cognitive advantage of UBP over BP ECT in follow up. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION Netherlands trial register www.trialregister.nl registration number NTR1304.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmée Verwijk
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hannie C Comijs
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - King H Kho
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Sienaert
- University Psychiatric Center-KU Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Filip Bouckaert
- University Psychiatric Center-KU Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Jasmien Obbels
- University Psychiatric Center-KU Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Erik J A Scherder
- VU University, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob M Kok
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Spaans HP, Verwijk E, Comijs HC, Kok RM, Sienaert P, Bouckaert F, Fannes K, Vandepoel K, Scherder EJ, Stek ML, Kho KH. Efficacy, Relaps And Cognitive Side Effects After Brief Pulse And Ultrabrief Pulse Right Unilateral Electroconvulsive The For Major Depression: A Randomised Double Blind Controlled Study. Brain Stimul 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Verwijk E, Spaans HP, Comijs HC, Kok RM, Sienaert P, Bouckaert F, Kho KH, Obbels J, Stek ML, Scherder EJ. Short And Long Term Effect Of Right Unilateral (RUL) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) In Depressed Patients On Retrograde Memory And Executive Function: A Prospective Study. Brain Stimul 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Spaans HP, Sienaert P, Bouckaert F, van den Berg JF, Verwijk E, Kho KH, Stek ML, Kok RM. Authors' reply. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 206:167-8. [PMID: 25644885 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.206.2.167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pascal Sienaert
- The ResPECT (Research in Psychiatry and ECT) group: Harm-Pieter Spaans, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands. . Pascal Sienaert, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Filip Bouckaert, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Julia F. van den Berg, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Esmée Verwijk, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, King H. Kho, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Max L. Stek, Professor, Department of Elderly Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ in Geest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Rob M. Kok, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Bouckaert
- The ResPECT (Research in Psychiatry and ECT) group: Harm-Pieter Spaans, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands. . Pascal Sienaert, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Filip Bouckaert, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Julia F. van den Berg, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Esmée Verwijk, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, King H. Kho, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Max L. Stek, Professor, Department of Elderly Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ in Geest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Rob M. Kok, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Julia F van den Berg
- The ResPECT (Research in Psychiatry and ECT) group: Harm-Pieter Spaans, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands. . Pascal Sienaert, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Filip Bouckaert, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Julia F. van den Berg, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Esmée Verwijk, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, King H. Kho, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Max L. Stek, Professor, Department of Elderly Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ in Geest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Rob M. Kok, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- The ResPECT (Research in Psychiatry and ECT) group: Harm-Pieter Spaans, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands. . Pascal Sienaert, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Filip Bouckaert, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Julia F. van den Berg, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Esmée Verwijk, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, King H. Kho, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Max L. Stek, Professor, Department of Elderly Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ in Geest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Rob M. Kok, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - King H Kho
- The ResPECT (Research in Psychiatry and ECT) group: Harm-Pieter Spaans, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands. . Pascal Sienaert, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Filip Bouckaert, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Julia F. van den Berg, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Esmée Verwijk, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, King H. Kho, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Max L. Stek, Professor, Department of Elderly Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ in Geest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Rob M. Kok, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Max L Stek
- The ResPECT (Research in Psychiatry and ECT) group: Harm-Pieter Spaans, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands. . Pascal Sienaert, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Filip Bouckaert, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Julia F. van den Berg, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Esmée Verwijk, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, King H. Kho, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Max L. Stek, Professor, Department of Elderly Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ in Geest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Rob M. Kok, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M Kok
- The ResPECT (Research in Psychiatry and ECT) group: Harm-Pieter Spaans, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands. . Pascal Sienaert, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Filip Bouckaert, University Psychiatric Centre - KU Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Belgium, Julia F. van den Berg, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Esmée Verwijk, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, King H. Kho, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands, Max L. Stek, Professor, Department of Elderly Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ in Geest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Rob M. Kok, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, The Netherlands
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Spaans HP, Sienaert P, Bouckaert F, van den Berg JF, Verwijk E, Kho KH, Stek ML, Kok RM. Speed of remission in elderly patients with depression: electroconvulsive therapy v. medication. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 206:67-71. [PMID: 25323140 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe depression can be a life-threatening disorder, especially in elderly patients. A fast-acting treatment is crucial for this group. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may work faster than medication. AIMS To compare the speed of remission using ECT v. medication in elderly in-patients. METHOD The speed of remission in in-patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depression (baseline MADRS score ≥20) was compared between 47 participants (mean age 74.0 years, s.d. = 7.4) from an ECT randomised controlled trial (RCT) and 81 participants (mean age 72.2 years, s.d. = 7.6) from a medication RCT (nortriptyline v. venlafaxine). RESULTS Mean time to remission was 3.1 weeks (s.d. = 1.1) for the ECT group and 4.0 weeks (s.d. = 1.0) for the medication group; the adjusted hazard ratio for remission within 5 weeks (ECT v. medication) was 3.4 (95% CI 1.9-6.2). CONCLUSIONS Considering the substantially higher speed of remission, ECT deserves a more prominent position in the treatment of elderly patients with severe depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm-Pieter Spaans
- Harm-Pieter Spaans, MD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Pascal Sienaert, MD, PhD, Filip Bouckaert, MD, University Psychiatric Centre - Catholic University of Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium; Julia F. van den Berg, PhD, Esmée Verwijk, MSc, King H. Kho, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Max L. Stek, MD, PhD, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Rob M. Kok, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Sienaert
- Harm-Pieter Spaans, MD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Pascal Sienaert, MD, PhD, Filip Bouckaert, MD, University Psychiatric Centre - Catholic University of Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium; Julia F. van den Berg, PhD, Esmée Verwijk, MSc, King H. Kho, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Max L. Stek, MD, PhD, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Rob M. Kok, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Bouckaert
- Harm-Pieter Spaans, MD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Pascal Sienaert, MD, PhD, Filip Bouckaert, MD, University Psychiatric Centre - Catholic University of Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium; Julia F. van den Berg, PhD, Esmée Verwijk, MSc, King H. Kho, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Max L. Stek, MD, PhD, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Rob M. Kok, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Julia F van den Berg
- Harm-Pieter Spaans, MD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Pascal Sienaert, MD, PhD, Filip Bouckaert, MD, University Psychiatric Centre - Catholic University of Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium; Julia F. van den Berg, PhD, Esmée Verwijk, MSc, King H. Kho, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Max L. Stek, MD, PhD, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Rob M. Kok, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée Verwijk
- Harm-Pieter Spaans, MD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Pascal Sienaert, MD, PhD, Filip Bouckaert, MD, University Psychiatric Centre - Catholic University of Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium; Julia F. van den Berg, PhD, Esmée Verwijk, MSc, King H. Kho, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Max L. Stek, MD, PhD, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Rob M. Kok, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - King H Kho
- Harm-Pieter Spaans, MD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Pascal Sienaert, MD, PhD, Filip Bouckaert, MD, University Psychiatric Centre - Catholic University of Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium; Julia F. van den Berg, PhD, Esmée Verwijk, MSc, King H. Kho, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Max L. Stek, MD, PhD, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Rob M. Kok, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Max L Stek
- Harm-Pieter Spaans, MD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Pascal Sienaert, MD, PhD, Filip Bouckaert, MD, University Psychiatric Centre - Catholic University of Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium; Julia F. van den Berg, PhD, Esmée Verwijk, MSc, King H. Kho, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Max L. Stek, MD, PhD, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Rob M. Kok, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M Kok
- Harm-Pieter Spaans, MD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Pascal Sienaert, MD, PhD, Filip Bouckaert, MD, University Psychiatric Centre - Catholic University of Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium; Julia F. van den Berg, PhD, Esmée Verwijk, MSc, King H. Kho, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Max L. Stek, MD, PhD, VU University Medical Centre and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Rob M. Kok, MD, PhD, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Spaans HP, Verwijk E, Sienaert P, Stek ML, Bouckaert F, Comijs HC, Kok RM, Scherder EJA, Kho KH. Dr. Spaans and colleagues reply. J Clin Psychiatry 2014; 75:777-8. [PMID: 25093476 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.14lr08997a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Spaans HP, Verwijk E, Comijs HC, Kok RM, Sienaert P, Bouckaert F, Fannes K, Vandepoel K, Scherder EJA, Stek ML, Kho KH. Efficacy and cognitive side effects after brief pulse and ultrabrief pulse right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2013; 74:e1029-36. [PMID: 24330903 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.13m08538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and cognitive side effects of high-dose unilateral brief pulse electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with those of high-dose unilateral ultrabrief pulse ECT in the treatment of major depression. METHOD From April 2007 until March 2011, we conducted a prospective, double-blind, randomized multicenter trial in 3 tertiary psychiatric hospitals. All patients with a depressive disorder according to DSM-IV criteria were eligible. Depression severity was assessed with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; primary efficacy outcomes were response, defined as a score decrease ≥ 60% from baseline, and remission, defined as a score < 10 at 2 consecutive weekly assessments. Total scores on the Autobiographical Memory Interview and Amsterdam Media Questionnaire were the primary outcome measures for retrograde amnesia. Other cognitive domains included category fluency (semantic memory) and letter fluency (lexical memory). Patients received twice-weekly unilateral brief pulse (1.0 millisecond) or ultrabrief pulse (0.3-0.4 millisecond) ECT 8 times seizure threshold until remission, for a maximum of 6 weeks. RESULTS Of the 116 patients, 75% (n = 87) completed the study. Among completers, 68.4% (26/58) of those in the brief pulse group achieved remission versus 49.0% (24/49) of those in the ultrabrief pulse group (P = .019), and the brief pulse group needed fewer treatment sessions to achieve remission: mean (SD) of 7.1 (2.6) versus 9.2 (2.3) sessions (P = .008). No significant group differences were found in the evaluation of the cognitive assessments. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy and speed of remission seen with high-dose brief pulse right unilateral ECT twice weekly were superior to those seen with high-dose ultrabrief pulse right unilateral ECT, with equal cognitive side effects as defined by retrograde amnesia, semantic memory, and lexical memory. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands National Trial Register number: NTR1304.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm-Pieter Spaans
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
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Verwijk E, Comijs HC, Kok RM, Spaans HP, Stek ML, Scherder EJA. Neurocognitive effects after brief pulse and ultrabrief pulse unilateral electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: a review. J Affect Disord 2012; 140:233-43. [PMID: 22595374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive functioning is well known to be affected after ECT. However quantified data about the severity of the cognitive impairment after ultrabrief pulse and brief pulse ECT are limited, which makes it hard to judge its clinical relevance. METHODS To review all prospective studies using right unilateral (ultra) brief pulse index electroconvulsive therapy published up until February 2011 which used at least one instrument for cognitive assessment before and after ECT. The severity and persistence of neurocognitive side effects immediately (one to seven days post ECT), between one and six months and after six months post ECT were assessed by calculating effect sizes using Cohen's d. RESULTS Ten studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and provided detailed information to compute effect sizes. The results indicate loss of autobiographical memory and impairment of verbal fluency, anterograde verbal and non-verbal memory immediately after brief pulse RUL ECT. To a lesser extent impairment of working memory and reduced speed of processing is found. Autobiographical memory is the only domain still being impaired between one and six months post ECT, but improved in this period. Verbal fluency normalized to baseline performance between one and six months post ECT whereas anterograde verbal and non-verbal memory normalized or even improved. Speed of processing improved within six months after ECT. Long-term data on these cognitive domains were not available. Based on two of the ten included studies the results suggest that ultrabrief pulse RUL ECT causes less decline in autobiographical and anterograde memory after ECT than brief pulse RUL ECT. LIMITATIONS This review may be limited because of the small number of included studies and due to unreliable effect sizes. Furthermore, few data were available for non-memory domains and cognitive functioning after six months. CONCLUSIONS Loss of autobiographical memory is still present between one and six months after unilateral brief pulse ECT. Ultrabrief pulse RUL ECT shows less decline in autobiographical memory. Other neurocognitive impairments after brief pulse RUL ECT seem to be transient.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as a single course or in maintenance form (M-ECT) is an effective treatment in depressed elderly. However, ECT may have adverse effects on cognition. OBJECTIVE To review all studies from 1980-2006 on ECT and cognition in the elderly with a minimum age of 55 years or a mean age of 55 years, and with valid measurements of cognition before and after ECT. RESULTS Nine out of the 15 eligible studies were focused exclusively on the elderly. Three studies reported verbal learning- and recall problems post ECT, while three studies found positive effects of ECT on memory, speed of processing and concentration. Global cognitive functioning in patients with cognitive impairment improved in all studies. At follow up, most studies reported improvement of cognitive functions. Learning verbal information and executive functioning were impaired in M-ECT patients whereas global cognition remained stable after M-ECT over a year. CONCLUSIONS To date research of ECT on cognitive functioning in the elderly is very limited. Small sample size, lack of controls, use of a single screening instrument and a short follow up period may explain the conflicting results. Given the clinical importance, more extensive research on cognition in elderly treated with ECT is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E M Tielkes
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Stichting Buitenamstel Geestgronden, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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