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Sorensen E, Oleson J, Kutlu E, McMurray B. A Bayesian hierarchical model for the analysis of visual analogue scaling tasks. Stat Methods Med Res 2024:9622802241242319. [PMID: 38573790 DOI: 10.1177/09622802241242319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In psychophysics and psychometrics, an integral method to the discipline involves charting how a person's response pattern changes according to a continuum of stimuli. For instance, in hearing science, Visual Analog Scaling tasks are experiments in which listeners hear sounds across a speech continuum and give a numeric rating between 0 and 100 conveying whether the sound they heard was more like word "a" or more like word "b" (i.e. each participant is giving a continuous categorization response). By taking all the continuous categorization responses across the speech continuum, a parametric curve model can be fit to the data and used to analyze any individual's response pattern by speech continuum. Standard statistical modeling techniques are not able to accommodate all of the specific requirements needed to analyze these data. Thus, Bayesian hierarchical modeling techniques are employed to accommodate group-level non-linear curves, individual-specific non-linear curves, continuum-level random effects, and a subject-specific variance that is predicted by other model parameters. In this paper, a Bayesian hierarchical model is constructed to model the data from a Visual Analog Scaling task study of mono-lingual and bi-lingual participants. Any nonlinear curve function could be used and we demonstrate the technique using the 4-parameter logistic function. Overall, the model was found to fit particularly well to the data from the study and results suggested that the magnitude of the slope was what most defined the differences in response patterns between continua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldon Sorensen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jacob Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ethan Kutlu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Linguistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bob McMurray
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Linguistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Kutlu E, Barry-Anwar R, Pestana Z, Keil A, Scott LS. A label isn't just a label: Brief training leads to label-dependent visuo-cortical processing in adults. Neuropsychologia 2023; 178:108443. [PMID: 36481257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines the extent to which hearing individual-level names (e.g., Jimmy) and category-level labels (e.g., Hitchel) paired with novel objects impacts neural responses across a brief (6 min) learning period. Event-related Potentials (ERPs) were recorded while adult participants (n = 44) viewed and heard exemplars of two different species of named novel objects. ERPs were examined for each labeling condition and compared across the first and second half of the learning trials (∼3 min/half). Mean amplitude decreased for the P1 and increased for the N170 from the first to the second half of trials. The decrease in P1 was right lateralized. In addition, the P1 amplitude recorded over right occipitotemporal regions was greater than left occipitotemporal areas, but only for objects paired with individual-level labels. Category-level labels did not show regional P1 differences. The N250 component was greatest over the right occipitotemporal region and was enhanced for objects labeled with individual-level relative to category-level names during the second half of trials. Overall, these findings highlight the unfolding of label-dependent visual processing across a short training period in adults. The results suggest that linguistic labels have an important, top-down impact, on visual processing and that label specificity shapes visuo-cortical responses within a 6-min learning period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Kutlu
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, USA
| | | | | | - Andreas Keil
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, USA
| | - Lisa S Scott
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, USA.
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Apfelbaum KS, Kutlu E, McMurray B, Kapnoula EC. Don't force it! Gradient speech categorization calls for continuous categorization tasks. J Acoust Soc Am 2022; 152:3728. [PMID: 36586841 PMCID: PMC9894657 DOI: 10.1121/10.0015201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Research on speech categorization and phoneme recognition has relied heavily on tasks in which participants listen to stimuli from a speech continuum and are asked to either classify each stimulus (identification) or discriminate between them (discrimination). Such tasks rest on assumptions about how perception maps onto discrete responses that have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we identify critical challenges in the link between these tasks and theories of speech categorization. In particular, we show that patterns that have traditionally been linked to categorical perception could arise despite continuous underlying perception and that patterns that run counter to categorical perception could arise despite underlying categorical perception. We describe an alternative measure of speech perception using a visual analog scale that better differentiates between processes at play in speech categorization, and we review some recent findings that show how this task can be used to better inform our theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith S Apfelbaum
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, G60 Psychological and Brain Sciences Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1407, USA
| | - Ethan Kutlu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, G60 Psychological and Brain Sciences Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1407, USA
| | - Bob McMurray
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, G60 Psychological and Brain Sciences Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1407, USA
| | - Efthymia C Kapnoula
- BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Mikeletegi 69, 20009 Donostia, Spain
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Kutlu E, Chiu S, McMurray B. Moving away from deficiency models: Gradiency in bilingual speech categorization. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1033825. [PMID: 36507048 PMCID: PMC9730410 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1033825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For much of its history, categorical perception was treated as a foundational theory of speech perception, which suggested that quasi-discrete categorization was a goal of speech perception. This had a profound impact on bilingualism research which adopted similar tasks to use as measures of nativeness or native-like processing, implicitly assuming that any deviation from discreteness was a deficit. This is particularly problematic for listeners like heritage speakers whose language proficiency, both in their heritage language and their majority language, is questioned. However, we now know that in the monolingual listener, speech perception is gradient and listeners use this gradiency to adjust subphonetic details, recover from ambiguity, and aid learning and adaptation. This calls for new theoretical and methodological approaches to bilingualism. We present the Visual Analogue Scaling task which avoids the discrete and binary assumptions of categorical perception and can capture gradiency more precisely than other measures. Our goal is to provide bilingualism researchers new conceptual and empirical tools that can help examine speech categorization in different bilingual communities without the necessity of forcing their speech categorization into discrete units and without assuming a deficit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Kutlu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,Department of Linguistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Ethan Kutlu,
| | - Samantha Chiu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Bob McMurray
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,Department of Linguistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Tiv M, Kutlu E, O'Regan E, Titone D. Bridging people and perspectives: General and language-specific social network structure predict mentalizing across diverse sociolinguistic contexts. Can J Exp Psychol 2022; 76:235-250. [PMID: 35191715 DOI: 10.1037/cep0000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mentalizing, or reasoning about others' mental states, is a dynamic social cognitive process that aids in communication and navigating complex social interactions. We examined whether exposure to diverse perspectives, afforded by occupying influential social network positions, predicted bilingual adults' performances on a behavioral mentalizing rating task in regions of high and low linguistic diversity. We calculated the degree to which respondents' social network position generally bridged unconnected others (i.e., general betweenness) and specifically bridged language communities (i.e., language betweenness). General betweenness predicted mentalizing performance regardless of region, whereas language betweenness only predicted mentalizing in a high linguistic diversity region, where bilingualism is ubiquitous and mentalizing to resolve perspective differences on the basis of language may be an adaptive cognitive strategy. These results indicate that human cognition is sensitive to social context and adaptive to the sociolinguistic demands of the broader environment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ethan Kutlu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
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Tiv M, Kutlu E, Gullifer JW, Feng RY, Doucerain MM, Titone DA. Bridging interpersonal and ecological dynamics of cognition through a systems framework of bilingualism. J Exp Psychol Gen 2022; 151:2128-2143. [PMID: 35113642 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human cognition occurs within social contexts, and nowhere is this more evident than language behavior. Regularly using multiple languages is a globally ubiquitous individual experience that is shaped by social environmental forces, ranging from interpersonal interactions to ambient language exposure. Here, we develop a Systems Framework of Bilingualism, where embedded layers of individual, interpersonal, and ecological sociolinguistic factors jointly predict people's language behavior. Of note, we quantify interpersonal and ecological language dynamics through the novel applications of language-tagged social network analysis and geospatial demographic analysis among 106 English-French bilingual adults in Montréal, Canada. Consistent with a Systems view, we found that people's individual language behavior, on a global level (i.e., overall language use), was jointly predicted by the language characteristics of their interpersonal social networks and the ambient linguistic patterns of their residential neighborhood environments, whereas more granular aspects of language behavior (i.e., word-level proficiency) was mainly driven by local, interpersonal social networks. Together, this work offers a novel theoretical framework, bolstered by innovative analytic techniques to quantify complex social information and empower more holistic assessments of multifaceted human behaviors and cognition, like language. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Figueira JSB, Kutlu E, Scott LS, Keil A. The FreqTag toolbox: A principled approach to analyzing electrophysiological time series in frequency tagging paradigms. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 54:101066. [PMID: 35184025 PMCID: PMC8861396 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Steady-state visual evoked potential (ssVEP) frequency tagging is an increasingly used method in electrophysiological studies of visual attention and perception. Frequency tagging is suitable for studies examining a wide range of populations, including infants and children. Frequency tagging involves the presentation of different elements of a visual array at different temporal rates, thus using stimulus timing to “tag” the brain response to a given element by means of a unique time signature. Leveraging the strength of the ssVEP frequency tagging method to isolate brain responses to concurrently presented and spatially overlapping visual objects requires specific signal processing methods. Here, we introduce the FreqTag suite of functions, an open source MATLAB toolbox. The purpose of the FreqTag toolbox is three-fold. First, it will equip users with a set of transparent and reproducible analytical tools for the analysis of ssVEP data. Second, the toolbox is designed to illustrate fundamental features of frequency domain and time-frequency domain approaches. Finally, decision criteria for the application of different functions and analyses are described. To promote reproducibility, raw algorithms are provided in a modular fashion, without additional hidden functions or transformations. This approach is intended to facilitate a fundamental understanding of the transformations and algorithmic steps in FreqTag, and to allow users to visualize and test each step in the toolbox.
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Kutlu E, Tiv M, Wulff S, Titone D. Does race impact speech perception? An account of accented speech in two different multilingual locales. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:7. [PMID: 35089448 PMCID: PMC8799814 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon hearing someone's speech, a listener can access information such as the speaker's age, gender identity, socioeconomic status, and their linguistic background. However, an open question is whether living in different locales modulates how listeners use these factors to assess speakers' speech. Here, an audio-visual test was used to measure whether listeners' accentedness judgments and intelligibility (i.e., speech perception) can be modulated depending on racial information in faces that they see. American, British, and Indian English were used as three different English varieties of speech. These speech samples were presented with either a white female face or a South Asian female face. Two experiments were completed in two locales: Gainesville, Florida (USA) and Montreal, Quebec (Canada). Overall, Montreal listeners were more accurate in their transcription of sentences (i.e., intelligibility) compared to Gainesville listeners. Moreover, Gainesville listeners' ability to transcribe the same spoken sentences decreased for all varieties when listening to speech paired with South Asian faces. However, seeing a white or a South Asian face did not impact speech intelligibility for the same spoken sentences for Montreal listeners. Finally, listeners' accentedness judgments increased for American English and Indian English when the visual information changed from a white face to a South Asian face in Gainesville, but not in Montreal. These findings suggest that visual cues for race impact speech perception to a greater degree in locales with greater ecological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Kutlu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
- Department of Linguistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Mehrgol Tiv
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stefanie Wulff
- Department of Linguistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
- Department of Language and Culture, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Debra Titone
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Doktur H, Tanidir C, Güneş H, Aytemiz T, Durcan G, Önal H, Kutlu E. Gender Dsyphoria and Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar) 2021; 17:365-371. [PMID: 35342462 PMCID: PMC8919481 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2021.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gender identity, psychosexual function, psychiatric adjustment and quality of life have been investigated in congenital adrenal hyperplasia(CAH) patients. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate gender identity problems and the psychiatric disorders and associated factors in children and adolescents with CAH patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-five children and adolescents with CAH were included in the study. Psychiatric comorbidity was assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children - Present and Lifetime Version. Gender identity problems were investigated using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria. RESULTS The mean age of the sample was 11.02 years (SD: 3.25, range: 6-18). 51.1% of the patients had at least one lifetime comorbid psychiatric disorder. The most common diagnoses were anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), tic disorders and enuresis nocturna. Tic disorders and ADHD were higher in males but they were not statistically significant. Two female patients were diagnosed with gender dysphoria and 18.5% of females showed variably masculinized behaviors. The girls with gender identity problems expressed lower satisfaction with their sex than other girls and boys. CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents with CAH had many psychiatric disorders, especially neurodevelopmental disorders. ADHD and tic disorders should be kept in mind during assessment especially in male patients. Gender dysphoria and masculine behaviors seem to be common in female patients with CAH so they should be carefully investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Doktur
- Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C. Tanidir
- Gelisim University, Department of Psychology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H. Güneş
- Gelisim University, Department of Psychology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - T. Aytemiz
- Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - G. Durcan
- Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H. Önal
- Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E. Kutlu
- Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Silva G, Rocha HA, Kutlu E, Boylan MR, Scott LS, Keil A. Single-session label training alters neural competition between objects and faces. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2021; 47:387-401. [PMID: 33475419 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which visuocortical processing is altered when observers learn to categorize novel visual stimuli via labeling is not well understood. The present investigation used steady state visual evoked potential (ssVEP) frequency tagging to test the hypothesis that learning to categorize novel objects via labeling prompts a competitive advantage over concurrently presented stimuli. In the learning (label-training) phase, participants (n = 24) categorized objects according to two different species labels and faces according to gender. A control group (n = 26) viewed the same stimuli without label learning. Before and after learning, faces and objects were superimposed and viewed concurrently while periodically turned on and off at unique temporal rates (5/s or 6/s). The spectral power of the ssVEP at each frequency was projected to an L2 (minimum) norm estimated source space, and competition between faces and objects was compared using permutation-controlled mass univariate t tests. Results showed that, only in the training group, learning to label novel objects led to a competitive advantage over faces across a network of occipito-temporal and fronto-parietal cortical regions. These changes were more pronounced in participants showing more improvement across the label learning phase. Together, the findings support the notion that learning to label novel object categories affects neural competition though recurrent neural interactions in regions commonly associated with visual perception and selective attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Kutlu E, Barry-Anwar R, Scott LS. Using Frequency Tagging to Understand the Impact of Bilingualism on Visual Attention. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Kutlu
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida
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Ozbek H, Ustunel S, Kutlu E, Cetinkaya M. A simple method to determine high-accuracy refractive indices of liquid crystals and the temperature behavior of the related optical parameters via high-resolution birefringence data. J Mol Liq 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
In 22 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), the effect of treatment on growth was evaluated retrospectively. The degree of control with treatment had generally been assessed by measurements of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and/or urinary pregnanetriol levels. In 20 patients, there were no significant differences in both height SDS for bone age (-2.05 +/- 1.89 vs -1.85 +/- 1.30) and height SDS for chronological age (CA) (0.23 +/- 1.94 vs -0.36 +/- 1.81) in a mean uninterrupted treatment period of 5.80 +/- 3.58 years. Further analysis in salt-losers and nonsalt-losers separately showed that height SDS for bone age had decreased in the salt-losers and had increased in the nonsalt-losers. Six patients had signs of early puberty. In 22 patients, there was a negative correlation between the prednisolone dose on one hand and height velocity SDS for CA and bone age velocity on the other. It was also found that the mean serum levels of 17-OHP did not always reflect the degree of long term control measured by auxological parameters. These findings indicate that our treatment in the patients did not result in a significant improvement in height prognosis. We can conclude that growth prognosis in CAH patients can be improved by relying on auxological parameters rather than serum 17-OHP and urinary pregnanetriol levels for monitoring control. Special attention should be paid to salt-losers in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ercan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
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Kutlu E, Can H, Aksoy U, Hepaksoy S. EVALUATION OF GAS EXCHANGE CAPACITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF SELECTED SARILOP (= CALIMYRNA) FIG CLONES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2000.517.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ercan O, Hatemi S, Kutlu E, Yüksel L, Koçer N. "Diabetes insipidus associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis: is it reversible? (Broadbent and Pritchard, Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 28:289-293)". Med Pediatr Oncol 1998; 30:197-8. [PMID: 9434835 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-911x(199803)30:3<197::aid-mpo18>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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