1
|
Elias KM, Khan SR, Stadler E, Schlub TE, Cromer D, Polizzotto MN, Kent SJ, Turner T, Davenport MP, Khoury DS. Viral clearance as a surrogate of clinical efficacy for COVID-19 therapies in outpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe 2024; 5:e459-e467. [PMID: 38583464 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surrogates of antiviral efficacy are needed for COVID-19. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the virological effect of treatment and clinical efficacy as measured by progression to severe disease in outpatients treated for mild-to-moderate COVID-19. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and medRxiv from database inception to Aug 16, 2023, for randomised placebo-controlled trials that tested virus-directed treatments (ie, any monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, or antivirals) in non-hospitalised individuals with COVID-19. We only included studies that reported both clinical outcomes (ie, rate of disease progression to hospitalisation or death) and virological outcomes (ie, viral load within the first 7 days of treatment). We extracted summary data from eligible reports, with discrepancies resolved through discussion. We used an established meta-regression model with random effects to assess the association between clinical efficacy and virological treatment effect, and calculated I2 to quantify residual study heterogeneity. FINDINGS We identified 1718 unique studies, of which 22 (with a total of 16 684 participants) met the inclusion criteria, and were in primarily unvaccinated individuals. Risk of bias was assessed as low in 19 of 22 studies for clinical outcomes, whereas for virological outcomes, a high risk of bias was assessed in 11 studies, some risk in ten studies, and a low risk in one study. The unadjusted relative risk of disease progression for each extra log10 copies per mL reduction in viral load in treated compared with placebo groups was 0·12 (95% CI 0·04-0·34; p<0·0001) on day 3, 0·20 (0·08-0·50; p=0·0006) on day 5, and 0·53 (0·30-0·94; p=0·030) on day 7. The residual heterogeneity in our meta-regression was estimated as low (I2=0% [0-53] on day 3, 0% [0-71] on day 5, and 0% [0-43] on day 7). INTERPRETATION Despite the aggregation of studies with differing designs, and evidence of risk of bias in some virological outcomes, this review provides evidence that treatment-induced acceleration of viral clearance within the first 5 days after treatment is a potential surrogate of clinical efficacy to prevent hospitalisation with COVID-19. This work supports the use of viral clearance as an early phase clinical trial endpoint of therapeutic efficacy. FUNDING Australian Government Department of Health, Medical Research Future Fund, and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Elias
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shanchita R Khan
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eva Stadler
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy E Schlub
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark N Polizzotto
- Clinical Hub for Interventional Research and John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Canberra Regional Cancer Centre, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tari Turner
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David S Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abuter R, Allouche F, Amorim A, Bailet C, Berdeu A, Berger JP, Berio P, Bigioli A, Boebion O, Bolzer ML, Bonnet H, Bourdarot G, Bourget P, Brandner W, Cao Y, Conzelmann R, Comin M, Clénet Y, Courtney-Barrer B, Davies R, Defrère D, Delboulbé A, Delplancke-Ströbele F, Dembet R, Dexter J, de Zeeuw PT, Drescher A, Eckart A, Édouard C, Eisenhauer F, Fabricius M, Feuchtgruber H, Finger G, Förster Schreiber NM, Garcia P, Garcia Lopez R, Gao F, Gendron E, Genzel R, Gil JP, Gillessen S, Gomes T, Gonté F, Gouvret C, Guajardo P, Guieu S, Hackenberg W, Haddad N, Hartl M, Haubois X, Haußmann F, Heißel G, Henning T, Hippler S, Hönig SF, Horrobin M, Hubin N, Jacqmart E, Jocou L, Kaufer A, Kervella P, Kolb J, Korhonen H, Lacour S, Lagarde S, Lai O, Lapeyrère V, Laugier R, Le Bouquin JB, Leftley J, Léna P, Lewis S, Liu D, Lopez B, Lutz D, Magnard Y, Mang F, Marcotto A, Maurel D, Mérand A, Millour F, More N, Netzer H, Nowacki H, Nowak M, Oberti S, Ott T, Pallanca L, Paumard T, Perraut K, Perrin G, Petrov R, Pfuhl O, Pourré N, Rabien S, Rau C, Riquelme M, Robbe-Dubois S, Rochat S, Salman M, Sanchez-Bermudez J, Santos DJD, Scheithauer S, Schöller M, Schubert J, Schuhler N, Shangguan J, Shchekaturov P, Shimizu TT, Sevin A, Soulez F, Spang A, Stadler E, Sternberg A, Straubmeier C, Sturm E, Sykes C, Tacconi LJ, Tristram KRW, Vincent F, von Fellenberg S, Uysal S, Widmann F, Wieprecht E, Wiezorrek E, Woillez J, Zins G. A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago. Nature 2024; 627:281-285. [PMID: 38286342 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)1-3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase4-6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8-12 billion years ago (redshifts 1-3)7. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-μas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 × 108 solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 × 1011 solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Abuter
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - F Allouche
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - A Amorim
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Bailet
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - A Berdeu
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - J-P Berger
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - P Berio
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - A Bigioli
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - O Boebion
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - M-L Bolzer
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - H Bonnet
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - G Bourdarot
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - P Bourget
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - W Brandner
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Y Cao
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - R Conzelmann
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - M Comin
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - Y Clénet
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - B Courtney-Barrer
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - R Davies
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - D Defrère
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Delboulbé
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | | | - R Dembet
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - J Dexter
- Department of Astrophysical & Planetary Sciences, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - A Drescher
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - A Eckart
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Bonn, Germany
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - C Édouard
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - F Eisenhauer
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - M Fabricius
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - H Feuchtgruber
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - G Finger
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - P Garcia
- CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Garcia Lopez
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F Gao
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Bonn, Germany
| | - E Gendron
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - R Genzel
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
- Departments of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J P Gil
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Gillessen
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - T Gomes
- CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Gonté
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - C Gouvret
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - P Guajardo
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Guieu
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - W Hackenberg
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - N Haddad
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Hartl
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - X Haubois
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Haußmann
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - G Heißel
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
- Advanced Concepts Team, European Space Agency, TEC-SF, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Th Henning
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Hippler
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S F Hönig
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M Horrobin
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - N Hubin
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - E Jacqmart
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - L Jocou
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - A Kaufer
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Kervella
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - J Kolb
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - H Korhonen
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Lacour
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - S Lagarde
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - O Lai
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - V Lapeyrère
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - R Laugier
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - J Leftley
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - P Léna
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - S Lewis
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - D Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - B Lopez
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - D Lutz
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - Y Magnard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - F Mang
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - A Marcotto
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - D Maurel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - A Mérand
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - F Millour
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - N More
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - H Netzer
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - H Nowacki
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - M Nowak
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Oberti
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - T Ott
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - L Pallanca
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - T Paumard
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - K Perraut
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - G Perrin
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - R Petrov
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - O Pfuhl
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - N Pourré
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - S Rabien
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - C Rau
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - M Riquelme
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - S Robbe-Dubois
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - S Rochat
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - M Salman
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Sanchez-Bermudez
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - D J D Santos
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - S Scheithauer
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schöller
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - J Schubert
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - N Schuhler
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Shangguan
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - T T Shimizu
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany.
| | - A Sevin
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - F Soulez
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - A Spang
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - E Stadler
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - A Sternberg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Straubmeier
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - E Sturm
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - C Sykes
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - L J Tacconi
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - F Vincent
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | | | - S Uysal
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - F Widmann
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - E Wieprecht
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - E Wiezorrek
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - J Woillez
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - G Zins
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stadler E, Chai KL, Schlub TE, Cromer D, Khan SR, Polizzotto MN, Kent SJ, Beecher C, White H, Turner T, Skoetz N, Estcourt L, McQuilten ZK, Wood EM, Khoury DS, Davenport MP. Determinants of passive antibody efficacy in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe 2023; 4:e883-e892. [PMID: 37924835 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomised controlled trials of passive antibodies as treatment and prophylaxis for COVID-19 have reported variable efficacy. However, the determinants of efficacy have not been identified. We aimed to assess how the dose and timing of administration affect treatment outcome. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we extracted data from published studies of passive antibody treatment from Jan 1, 2019, to Jan 31, 2023, that were identified by searching multiple databases, including MEDLINE, PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We included only randomised controlled trials of passive antibody administration for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19. To compare administered antibody dose between different treatments, we used data on in-vitro neutralisation titres to normalise dose by antibody potency. We used mixed-effects regression and model fitting to analyse the relationship between timing, dose and efficacy. FINDINGS We found 58 randomised controlled trials that investigated passive antibody therapies for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. Earlier clinical stage at treatment initiation was highly predictive of the efficacy of both monoclonal antibodies (p<0·0001) and convalescent plasma therapy (p=0·030) in preventing progression to subsequent stages, with either prophylaxis or treatment in outpatients showing the greatest effects. For the treatment of outpatients with COVID-19, we found a significant association between the dose administered and efficacy in preventing hospitalisation (relative risk 0·77; p<0·0001). Using this relationship, we predicted that no approved monoclonal antibody was expected to provide more than 30% efficacy against some omicron (B.1.1.529) subvariants, such as BQ.1.1. INTERPRETATION Early administration before hospitalisation and sufficient doses of passive antibody therapy are crucial to achieving high efficacy in preventing clinical progression. The relationship between dose and efficacy provides a framework for the rational assessment of future passive antibody prophylaxis and treatment strategies for COVID-19. FUNDING The Australian Government Department of Health, Medical Research Future Fund, National Health and Medical Research Council, the University of New South Wales, Monash University, Haematology Society of Australia and New Zealand, Leukaemia Foundation, and the Victorian Government.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Stadler
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Haematology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy E Schlub
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shanchita R Khan
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark N Polizzotto
- Clinical Hub for Interventional Research and John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Canberra Regional Cancer Centre, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire Beecher
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Heath White
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tari Turner
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Evidence-based Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lise Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zoe K McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Haematology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Haematology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David S Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stadler E, Maiga M, Friedrich L, Thathy V, Demarta-Gatsi C, Dara A, Sogore F, Striepen J, Oeuvray C, Djimdé AA, Lee MCS, Dembélé L, Fidock DA, Khoury DS, Spangenberg T. Author Correction: Propensity of selecting mutant parasites for the antimalarial drug cabamiquine. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5447. [PMID: 37673924 PMCID: PMC10482846 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Stadler
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohamed Maiga
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Faculté de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Point G, PB1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Lukas Friedrich
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Global Research & Development, Discovery Technologies, Merck Healthcare, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vandana Thathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Claudia Demarta-Gatsi
- Global Health Institute of Merck, Ares Trading S.A., (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), 1262, Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Dara
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Faculté de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Point G, PB1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Fanta Sogore
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Faculté de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Point G, PB1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Josefine Striepen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Claude Oeuvray
- Global Health Institute of Merck, Ares Trading S.A., (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), 1262, Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Abdoulaye A Djimdé
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Faculté de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Point G, PB1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Marcus C S Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, UK
- Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK
| | - Laurent Dembélé
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Faculté de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Point G, PB1805, Bamako, Mali.
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - David S Khoury
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Thomas Spangenberg
- Global Health Institute of Merck, Ares Trading S.A., (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), 1262, Eysins, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stadler E, Maiga M, Friedrich L, Thathy V, Demarta-Gatsi C, Dara A, Sogore F, Striepen J, Oeuvray C, Djimdé AA, Lee MCS, Dembélé L, Fidock DA, Khoury DS, Spangenberg T. Propensity of selecting mutant parasites for the antimalarial drug cabamiquine. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5205. [PMID: 37626093 PMCID: PMC10457284 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40974-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an analysis of the propensity of the antimalarial agent cabamiquine, a Plasmodium-specific eukaryotic elongation factor 2 inhibitor, to select for resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Through in vitro studies of laboratory strains and clinical isolates, a humanized mouse model, and volunteer infection studies, we identified resistance-associated mutations at 11 amino acid positions. Of these, six (55%) were present in more than one infection model, indicating translatability across models. Mathematical modelling suggested that resistant mutants were likely pre-existent at the time of drug exposure across studies. Here, we estimated a wide range of frequencies of resistant mutants across the different infection models, much of which can be attributed to stochastic differences resulting from experimental design choices. Structural modelling implicates binding of cabamiquine to a shallow mRNA binding site adjacent to two of the most frequently identified resistance mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Stadler
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohamed Maiga
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Faculté de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Point G, PB1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Lukas Friedrich
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Global Research & Development, Discovery Technologies, Merck Healthcare, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vandana Thathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Claudia Demarta-Gatsi
- Global Health Institute of Merck, Ares Trading S.A., (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), 1262, Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Dara
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Faculté de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Point G, PB1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Fanta Sogore
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Faculté de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Point G, PB1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Josefine Striepen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Claude Oeuvray
- Global Health Institute of Merck, Ares Trading S.A., (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), 1262, Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Abdoulaye A Djimdé
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Faculté de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Point G, PB1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Marcus C S Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, UK
- Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK
| | - Laurent Dembélé
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Faculté de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Point G, PB1805, Bamako, Mali.
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - David S Khoury
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Thomas Spangenberg
- Global Health Institute of Merck, Ares Trading S.A., (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), 1262, Eysins, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stadler E, Burgess MT, Schlub TE, Khan SR, Chai KL, McQuilten ZK, Wood EM, Polizzotto MN, Kent SJ, Cromer D, Davenport MP, Khoury DS. Monoclonal antibody levels and protection from COVID-19. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4545. [PMID: 37507368 PMCID: PMC10382502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple monoclonal antibodies have been shown to be effective for both prophylaxis and therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here we aggregate data from randomized controlled trials assessing the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in preventing symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. We use data on the in vivo concentration of mAb and the associated protection from COVID-19 over time to model the dose-response relationship of mAb for prophylaxis. We estimate that 50% protection from COVID-19 is achieved with a mAb concentration of 96-fold of the in vitro IC50 (95% CI: 32-285). This relationship provides a tool for predicting the prophylactic efficacy of new mAb and against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Finally, we compare the relationship between neutralization titer and protection from COVID-19 after either mAb treatment or vaccination. We find no significant difference between the 50% protective titer for mAb and vaccination, although sample sizes limited the power to detect a difference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Stadler
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin T Burgess
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy E Schlub
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shanchita R Khan
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zoe K McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark N Polizzotto
- Clinical Hub for Interventional Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Canberra Region Cancer Centre, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - David S Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stadler E, Cromer D, Ogunlade S, Ongoiba A, Doumbo S, Kayentao K, Traore B, Crompton PD, Portugal S, Davenport MP, Khoury DS. Evidence for exposure dependent carriage of malaria parasites across the dry season: modelling analysis of longitudinal data. Malar J 2023; 22:42. [PMID: 36737743 PMCID: PMC9898990 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In malaria endemic regions, transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasites is often seasonal with very low transmission during the dry season and high transmission in the wet season. Parasites survive the dry season within some individuals who experience prolonged carriage of parasites and are thought to 'seed' infection in the next transmission season. METHODS Dry season carriers and their role in the subsequent transmission season are characterized using a combination of mathematical simulations and data analysis of previously described data from a longitudinal study in Mali of individuals aged 3 months-12 years (n = 579). RESULTS Simulating the life-history of individuals experiencing repeated exposure to infection predicts that dry season carriage is more likely in the oldest, most exposed and most immune individuals. This hypothesis is supported by the data from Mali, which shows that carriers are significantly older, experience a higher biting rate at the beginning of the transmission season and develop clinical malaria later than non-carriers. Further, since the most exposed individuals in a community are most likely to be dry season carriers, this is predicted to enable a more than twofold faster spread of parasites into the mosquito population at the start of the subsequent wet season. CONCLUSIONS Carriage of malaria parasites over the months-long dry season in Mali is most likely in the older, more exposed and more immune children. These children may act as super-spreaders facilitating the fast spread of parasites at the beginning of the next transmission season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Stadler
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Samson Ogunlade
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Aissata Ongoiba
- grid.461088.30000 0004 0567 336XMalaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique, and Technology of Bamako, 91094 Bamako, Mali
| | - Safiatou Doumbo
- grid.461088.30000 0004 0567 336XMalaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique, and Technology of Bamako, 91094 Bamako, Mali
| | - Kassoum Kayentao
- grid.461088.30000 0004 0567 336XMalaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique, and Technology of Bamako, 91094 Bamako, Mali
| | - Boubacar Traore
- grid.461088.30000 0004 0567 336XMalaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique, and Technology of Bamako, 91094 Bamako, Mali
| | - Peter D. Crompton
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, USA
| | - Silvia Portugal
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, USA
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - David S. Khoury
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stadler E, Cromer D, Mehra S, Adekunle AI, Flegg JA, Anstey NM, Watson JA, Chu CS, Mueller I, Robinson LJ, Schlub TE, Davenport MP, Khoury DS. Population heterogeneity in Plasmodium vivax relapse risk. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010990. [PMID: 36534705 PMCID: PMC9810152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A key characteristic of Plasmodium vivax parasites is their ability to adopt a latent liver-stage form called hypnozoites, able to cause relapse of infection months or years after a primary infection. Relapses of infection through hypnozoite activation are a major contributor to blood-stage infections in P vivax endemic regions and are thought to be influenced by factors such as febrile infections which may cause temporary changes in hypnozoite activation leading to 'temporal heterogeneity' in reactivation risk. In addition, immunity and variation in exposure to infection may be longer-term characteristics of individuals that lead to 'population heterogeneity' in hypnozoite activation. We analyze data on risk of P vivax in two previously published data sets from Papua New Guinea and the Thailand-Myanmar border region. Modeling different mechanisms of reactivation risk, we find strong evidence for population heterogeneity, with 30% of patients having almost 70% of all P vivax infections. Model fitting and data analysis indicates that individual variation in relapse risk is a primary source of heterogeneity of P vivax risk of recurrences. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01640574, NCT01074905, NCT02143934.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Stadler
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Somya Mehra
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adeshina I. Adekunle
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Flegg
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - James A. Watson
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Cindy S. Chu
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leanne J. Robinson
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Timothy E. Schlub
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - David S. Khoury
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kent SJ, Khoury DS, Reynaldi A, Juno JA, Wheatley AK, Stadler E, John Wherry E, Triccas J, Sasson SC, Cromer D, Davenport MP. Disentangling the relative importance of T cell responses in COVID-19: leading actors or supporting cast? Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:387-397. [PMID: 35484322 PMCID: PMC9047577 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of multiple vaccines providing strong protection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been a major achievement. There is now compelling evidence for the role of neutralizing antibodies in protective immunity. T cells may play a role in resolution of primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, and there is a widely expressed view that T cell-mediated immunity also plays an important role in vaccine-mediated protection. Here we discuss the role of vaccine-induced T cells in two distinct stages of infection: firstly, in protection from acquisition of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection following exposure; secondly, if infection does occur, the potential for T cells to reduce the risk of developing severe COVID-19. We describe several lines of evidence that argue against a direct impact of vaccine-induced memory T cells in preventing symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the contribution of T cell immunity in reducing the severity of infection, particularly in infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants, remains to be determined. A detailed understanding of the role of T cells in COVID-19 is critical for next-generation vaccine design and development. Here we discuss the challenges in determining a causal relationship between vaccine-induced T cell immunity and protection from COVID-19 and propose an approach to gather the necessary evidence to clarify any role for vaccine-induced T cell memory in protection from severe COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - David S Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eva Stadler
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah C Sasson
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Koutsakos M, Lee WS, Reynaldi A, Tan HX, Gare G, Kinsella P, Liew KC, Taiaroa G, Williamson DA, Kent HE, Stadler E, Cromer D, Khoury DS, Wheatley AK, Juno JA, Davenport MP, Kent SJ. The magnitude and timing of recalled immunity after breakthrough infection is shaped by SARS-CoV-2 variants. Immunity 2022; 55:1316-1326.e4. [PMID: 35690062 PMCID: PMC9135796 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 protects from infection and improves clinical outcomes in breakthrough infections, likely reflecting residual vaccine-elicited immunity and recall of immunological memory. Here, we define the early kinetics of spike-specific humoral and cellular immunity after vaccination of seropositive individuals and after Delta or Omicron breakthrough infection in vaccinated individuals. Early longitudinal sampling revealed the timing and magnitude of recall, with the phenotypic activation of B cells preceding an increase in neutralizing antibody titers. While vaccination of seropositive individuals resulted in robust recall of humoral and T cell immunity, recall of vaccine-elicited responses was delayed and variable in magnitude during breakthrough infections and depended on the infecting variant of concern. While the delayed kinetics of immune recall provides a potential mechanism for the lack of early control of viral replication, the recall of antibodies coincided with viral clearance and likely underpins the protective effects of vaccination against severe COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Grace Gare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Kinsella
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kwee Chin Liew
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George Taiaroa
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Helen E Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eva Stadler
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - David S Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Müller J, Spriewald S, Stecher B, Stadler E, Fuchs TM. Evolutionary Stability of Salmonella Competition with the Gut Microbiota: How the Environment Fosters Heterogeneity in Exploitative and Interference Competition. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4732-4748. [PMID: 31260689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Following ingestion, gastrointestinal pathogens compete against the gastrointestinal microbiota and overcome host immune defenses in order to cause infections. Besides employing direct killing mechanisms, the commensal microbiota occupies metabolic niches to outcompete invading pathogens. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) uses several strategies to successfully colonize the gut and establish infection, of which an increasing number is based on phenotypic heterogeneity within the S. Typhimurium population. The utilization of myo-inositol (MI) and the production of colicin confer a selective advantage over the microbiota in terms of exploitative and interference competition, respectively. In this review, we summarize the genetic basis underlying bistability of MI catabolism and colicin production. As demonstrated by single-cell analyses, a stochastic switch in the expression of the genes responsible for colicin production and MI degradation constitutes the heterogeneity of the two phenotypes. Both genetic systems are tightly regulated to avoid their expression under non-appropriate conditions and possible detrimental effects on bacterial fitness. Moreover, evolutionary mechanisms underlying formation and stability of these phenotypes in S. Typhimurium are discussed. We propose that both MI catabolism and colicin production create a bet-hedging strategy, which provides an adaptive benefit for S. Typhimurium in the fluctuating environment of the mammalian gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Müller
- Technische Universität München, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany; Institute for Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Spriewald
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Stadler
- Technische Universität München, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thilo M Fuchs
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Molekulare Pathogenese, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stadler E. Eigensolutions and spectral analysis of a model for vertical gene transfer of plasmids. J Math Biol 2018; 78:1299-1330. [PMID: 30456651 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-018-1310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasmids are autonomously replicating genetic elements in bacteria. At cell division, plasmids are distributed among the two daughter cells. This gene transfer from one generation to the next is called vertical gene transfer. We study the dynamics of a bacterial population carrying plasmids and are in particular interested in the long-time distribution of plasmids. Starting with a model for a bacterial population structured by the discrete number of plasmids, we proceed to the continuum limit in order to derive a continuous model. The model incorporates plasmid reproduction, division and death of bacteria, and distribution of plasmids at cell division. It is a hyperbolic integro-differential equation and a so-called growth-fragmentation-death model. As we are interested in the long-time distribution of plasmids we study the associated eigenproblem and show existence of eigensolutions. The stability of this solution is studied by analyzing the spectrum of the integro-differential operator given by the eigenproblem. By relating the spectrum with the spectrum of an integral operator we find a simple real dominating eigenvalue with a non-negative corresponding eigenfunction. Moreover, we describe an iterative method for the numerical construction of the eigenfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Stadler
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85748, Garching, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schmitt J, Stadler E, Küster D, Wüstenberg EG. Medical care and treatment of allergic rhinitis: a population-based cohort study based on routine healthcare utilization data. Allergy 2016; 71:850-8. [PMID: 26749452 DOI: 10.1111/all.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health services research on medical care and treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) is scarce. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence, incidence, comorbidities, and treatment of AR in a realistic setting. METHODS A cohort of 1 811 094 German National Health Insurance beneficiaries in 2005 was followed until 2011. To avoid misclassification, the ICD-10 code for AR (J30) had to be documented at least twice to classify patients as having AR. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to describe the burden, comorbidities, and treatment of AR. RESULTS A total of 111 394 patients (6.2%) had prevalent AR in 2005/2006. In another 60 145 individuals (3.3%), AR was newly diagnosed in 2007 to 2011 (incident cases). Patients with prevalent AR were three times more likely to develop asthma compared to patients without AR (age and sex-adjusted risk ratio (RR) 3.04; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 2.98-3.10). Newly diagnosed recurrent depressive disorder (RR 1.61; 95%CI 1.55-1.68), anxiety disorder (RR 1.52; 95%CI 1.48-1.56), and ADHD (RR 1.21; 95%CI 1.13-1.29) were also related to prevalent AR. Approximately 20% of children and 36% of adults with AR were exclusively treated by general practitioners. Allergy immunotherapy (AIT) was prescribed for 16.4% of patients with AR. Subcutaneous immunotherapy was most frequently used (80% of AIT). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the significant burden of AR. Despite the established benefits of AIT to treat AR and prevent asthma, this study suggests significant undertreatment. Future research is necessary to develop and implement adequate measures to increase guideline adherence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Schmitt
- Center for Evidence-based Healthcare; Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
- University Allergy Center; University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus; Dresden Germany
| | - E. Stadler
- Center for Evidence-based Healthcare; Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - D. Küster
- Center for Evidence-based Healthcare; Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - E. G. Wüstenberg
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology; Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bublak P, Schwab M, Deppe R, Faiss J, Fischer M, Hoffmann F, Kunkel A, Redel P, Stadler E, Sailer M, Voigt K, Zettl U, Koehler W. Parametric Assessment of Information Processing Capacity at Different States of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (P04.100). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
15
|
Sailer M, Bublak P, Deppe R, Faiss J, Fischer M, Hoffmann F, Kunkel A, Stadler E, Schwab M, Voigt K, Zettl U, Kohler W. The Impact of Cerebral Atrophy on Information Processing Capacity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (P03.074). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
16
|
Eisenbach CD, Heinemann T, Ribbe A, Stadler E. Supramolecular structure and properties of specially designed two-phase macromolecular systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19940770116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
Rodrigues CA, Reynaud F, Stadler E, Drago V. PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CHROMATOGRAPHY PROPERTIES OF CHITIN MODIFIED WITH FeCl3. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Rodrigues
- a Universidade do Vale do Itajaí , NIQFAR- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas-FAQFAR, CEP 88.302-202, Itajai , SC , U.S.A
| | - F. Reynaud
- a Universidade do Vale do Itajaí , NIQFAR- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas-FAQFAR, CEP 88.302-202, Itajai , SC , U.S.A
| | - E. Stadler
- b Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Cx. P. 476, CEP 88.040-900, Florianópolis , SC , U.S.A
| | - V. Drago
- b Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Cx. P. 476, CEP 88.040-900, Florianópolis , SC , U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lazner F, Kola I, Stadler E, Elefanty AG. Embryonic stem cells in the study of hematopoiesis. Methods Mol Biol 2001; 158:287-300. [PMID: 11236663 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-220-1:287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Lazner
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Human Disease, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stadler E, Stadler CC, Peixoto CRDM, Vencato I. Sodium hydrogen bis[dichloro(dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetato- O, N, N', O')ruthenium(III)] nonahydrate. Acta Crystallogr C 1999. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108270199099503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
20
|
Stadler E, Dziadek M. Extracellular matrix penetration by epithelial cells is influenced by quantitative changes in basement membrane components and growth factors. Exp Cell Res 1996; 229:360-9. [PMID: 8986619 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1996.0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that isolated mouse fetal choroid plexus epithelial (CPE) cells penetrate a basement membrane matrix (Matrigel) substrate in vitro to form single-layered epithelial vesicles embedded within the matrix. To determine which properties of the matrix are important for inducing or permitting cells to penetrate the substrate and organize into multicellular vesicles we have made quantitative changes to the basement membrane components and growth factors in cell cultures. Matrigel diluted to 33 or 10% with a collagen I gel was not permissive to cell invasion, and CPE cells formed a polarized epithelial monolayer on the substrate surface which had ultrastructural characteristics similar to those of CPE vesicles. Cells in these monolayers proliferated more rapidly than cells in epithelial vesicles. When deliberately embedded within a 33 or 10% Matrigel matrix, CPE cells were able to form vesicles, indicating that a dilute matrix is nonpermissive to cell invasion but promotes epithelial polarization and organization into vesicles. Cells embedded within a 100% collagen I matrix did not proliferate or form epithelial vesicles and the majority of cells did not remain viable. Addition of laminin to the collagen I gel promoted cell adhesion and cell survival, but did not promote the formation of extensive monolayers on the substrate nor the formation of epithelial vesicles within the matrix. Cell invasion into the 33% Matrigel matrix was induced by addition of laminin, nidogen, or a laminin-nidogen complex to the substrate or by addition of TGFbeta2 to the culture medium, but not TGFbeta1 or PDGF. These studies show that CPE cells are sensitive to quantitative changes in matrix composition, which influences their survival and proliferation and also their ability to penetrate the matrix and organize into multicellular epithelial vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Stadler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
[Ru(edta)(H2O)]- is strongly adsorbed on a zirconium(IV) oxide-coated silica gel surface. The immobilized complex showed an electrochemical response due to the Ru(II)/Ru(III) redox couple. By substituting the coordinated water molecule in the adsorbed complex, the midpoint potentials shifted in the order (in mV) water, -290; thiocyanate, -200; pyridine, -180; 4-cyanopyridine, -80; and pyrazine, -50 vs SCE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Gushikem
- Instituto de Quimica, UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gsell O, Stadler E, Wiesmann E. [Scientific raisins from 125 years SMW (Swiss Medical Weekly). Myalgia epidemica in Switzerland 1940 (Bornholm disease in Gais and Teufen). 1941]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1995; 125:1793-8. [PMID: 7481636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
23
|
Eisenbach CD, Stadler E. Dynamic mechanical properties of poly-ether-urethane elastomers with chain-extended or chain-folded molecularly uniform poly (N-alkylurethane) hard segment domains. Colloid Polym Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00652349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
24
|
Stadler C, Mangrich A, Szpoganicz B, Stadler E. An Electrochemical, Spectroscopic, and Potentiometric Study of the Reactions of the Complex [Ru (III/II)(HEDTA)(H 2O)] 0/-with the Ligand Diacetyl β-Piridyl(2) Methylimin (DPMH). J BRAZIL CHEM SOC 1995. [DOI: 10.5935/0103-5053.19950018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
25
|
Thomas T, Stadler E, Dziadek M. Effects of the extracellular matrix on fetal choroid plexus epithelial cells: changes in morphology and multicellular organization do not affect gene expression. Exp Cell Res 1992; 203:198-213. [PMID: 1385188 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90056-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a primary culture system for fetal mouse choroid plexus epithelial cells which maintains their differentiated phenotype. When grown on a reconstituted basement membrane substrate (Matrigel) epithelial cells formed aggregates which became embedded in the matrix and developed into characteristic and highly reproducible multicellular vesicular structures. These vesicles consisted of a squamous layer of epithelial cells with extensive attachment to the matrix substrate, surrounding a fluid-filled lumen. Electron microscopy showed that cells comprising these vesicles had a high degree of membrane specialization and polarized morphology which in many respects mimicked the in vivo morphology. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that under these culture conditions the tissue-specific pattern of gene expression of fetal choroid plexus epithelium was maintained. After 6 days in culture these cells contained approximately the same amount of transthyretin mRNA as the 12.5-day choroid plexus in vivo, and the level of total RNA per cell, which is proportional to the protein synthetic capability of the cells, was also maintained. The pattern of protein secretion was also very similar to that generated by fetal mouse choroid plexus cells in vivo. In contrast choroid plexus epithelial cells attached poorly to collagen I gels. Heterogeneous aggregates were formed in which cell-cell interactions were more extensive than cell-substrate interactions, and in no cases was a central lumen observed. Cells on the surface of large aggregates showed some evidence of membrane polarization, while the majority of cells in the cultures exhibited little evidence of polarized morphology. Despite the striking difference in morphology and multicellular organization these cells still expressed high levels of transthyretin mRNA and maintained the same pattern of protein synthesis as cells cultured on Matrigel. These results indicate that the basement membrane is important for the organization of choroid plexus epithelial cells into a functional epithelium in vitro and thus presumably the maintenance of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in vivo. In contrast to several other epithelial systems which have been studied, the type of extracellular matrix does not appear to directly influence tissue-specific gene expression by choroid plexus epithelial cells. Thus the level of gene expression is not dependent on the cytoarchitecture and multicellular organization of this cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Thomas
- Centre for Early Human Development, Monash Medical Centre, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tormo J, Stadler E, Skern T, Auer H, Kanzler O, Betzel C, Blaas D, Fita I. Three-dimensional structure of the Fab fragment of a neutralizing antibody to human rhinovirus serotype 2. Protein Sci 1992; 1:1154-61. [PMID: 1338980 PMCID: PMC2142184 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560010909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the antigen-binding fragment of a monoclonal antibody (8F5) that neutralizes human rhinovirus serotype 2 has been determined by X-ray diffraction studies. Antibody 8F5, obtained by immunization with native HRV2 virions, cross-reacts with peptides of the viral capsid protein VP2, which contribute to the neutralizing immunogenic site B in this serotype. The structure was solved by the molecular replacement method and has been refined to an R-factor of 18.9% at 2.8 A resolution. The elbow angle, relating the variable and constant modules of the molecule is 127 degrees, representing the smallest elbow angle observed so far in an Fab fragment. Furthermore, the charged residues of the epitope can be well accommodated in the antigen-binding site. This is the first crystal structure reported for an antibody directed against an icosahedral virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tormo
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyers Industrials, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stadler C, Mangrich A, Stadler E. Electrochemical and Spectrophotometric Study of Equilibrium Between [Fe(II)EDTA] 2-and the Tridentad Ligand Diacetil Monooxim-β-Piridyl-Ethylimin in Aqueous Solution. J BRAZIL CHEM SOC 1992. [DOI: 10.5935/0103-5053.19920017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
28
|
|
29
|
Kreutzer M, Schmidt M, Stadler E, Zeitler HJ. Purification and characterization of animal porphobilinogen synthases. I. Bovine liver porphobilinogen synthase. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 1977; 358:1081-91. [PMID: 924383 DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1977.358.2.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Porphobilinogen synthase was purified from ox liver by ammonium sulfate fractionation, heat denaturation and column chromatography (purification: 400-fold; specific activity 4.72 nkat). The molecular weight of the native enzyme obtained by thin-layer gel filtration is about 280 000. Using 8M urea in the presence of dithiothreitol as reducing agent, the molecule breaks down into 8 subunits of molecular weight 36 000 (dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis); the preparation of aminoethylated subunit is described. According to the above-mentioned molecular weight and to the above-mentioned molecular weight and to the quantitative amino acid analysis after total hydrolysis, the following compositon of the enzymes subunit was calculated ASX23-25 Thr7 Ser23-24 Glx29-31 Pro22-23 Gly22-24 Ala36-37 Val23-26 Met7 Ile9 Leu34-35 Tyr10 Phe11-12 Lys11-12 Cys6-7 His6-8 Arg22 Trp1-2. The subunits, having two free sulfhydryl groups, therefore consists of a chain of about 306 amino acids. The Dansyl-Edman procedure did not enable identification of any free N-terminal amino acid. The acyl group blocking the N-terminus is an acetyl group. It was identified, after hydrazinolysis of the enzyme, by means of chromatographic comparison with 1-formyl-2-dansyl-hydrazine and 1-acetyl-2-dansylhydrazine, whose syntheses and UV spectra are described.
Collapse
|
30
|
Stadler E. The consumer pays. N Engl J Med 1969; 281:220. [PMID: 5790509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
31
|
Molnár I, Stadler E. [Loading degree and adaptation in weavers at various difficult looms. 3. The energy turnover of weavers at easy and moderately difficult looms]. Int Z Angew Physiol 1966; 23:18-23. [PMID: 5995115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
32
|
Molnár IM, Stadler E. [Loading degree and adaptation of female weavers at various weight looms. II. Loading of female weavers at light and moderately heavy looms]. Int Z Angew Physiol 1966; 22:95-102. [PMID: 5985473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
33
|
Stadler E, Szende O. [Violin playing and respiration. 3. Oxygen consumption and respiratory function during violin playing]. Int Z Angew Physiol 1965; 21:195-211. [PMID: 5885421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|