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Martinez FE, Tee R, Poulter AL, Jordan L, Bell L, Balogh ZJ. Delirium Screening and Pharmacotherapy in the ICU: The Patients Are Not the Only Ones Confused. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5671. [PMID: 37685738 PMCID: PMC10488395 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Delirium is difficult to measure in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). It is possible that by considering the rate of screening, incidence, and rate of treatment with antipsychotic medications (APMs) for suspected delirium, a clearer picture can emerge. Methods: A retrospective, observational study was conducted at two ICUs in Australia, between April and June of 2020. All adult ICU patients were screened; those who spoke English and did not have previous neurocognitive pathology or intracranial pathology were included in the analysis. Data were collected from the hospitals' electronic medical records. The primary outcome was incidence of delirium based on the use of the Confusion Assessment Method for ICU (CAM-ICU). Secondary outcomes included measures of screening for delirium, treatment of suspected delirium with APMs, and identifying clinical factors associated with both delirium and the use of APMs. Results: From 736 patients that were screened, 665 were included in the analysis. The incidence of delirium was 11.3% (75/665); on average, the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) was performed every 2.9 h and CAM-ICU every 40 h. RASS was not performed in 8.4% (56/665) of patients and CAM-ICU was not performed in 40.6% (270/665) of patients. A total of 17% (113/665) of patients were prescribed an APM, with quetiapine being the most used. ICU length of stay (LOS), APACHE-III score, and the use of alpha-2 agonists were associated with the presence of delirium, while ICU LOS, the use of alpha-2 agonists, and the presence of delirium were associated with patients receiving APMs. Conclusions: The incidence of delirium was lower than previously reported, at 11.3%. The rate of screening for delirium was low, while the use of APMs for delirium was higher than the incidence of delirium. It is possible that the true incidence is higher than what was measured. Critical prospective assessment is required to optimize APM indications in the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Eduardo Martinez
- Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia; (F.E.M.); (R.T.); (A.-L.P.); (L.J.); (L.B.)
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rebecca Tee
- Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia; (F.E.M.); (R.T.); (A.-L.P.); (L.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Amber-Louise Poulter
- Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia; (F.E.M.); (R.T.); (A.-L.P.); (L.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Leah Jordan
- Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia; (F.E.M.); (R.T.); (A.-L.P.); (L.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Liam Bell
- Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia; (F.E.M.); (R.T.); (A.-L.P.); (L.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Zsolt J. Balogh
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
- Injury and Trauma Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
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Wibrow B, Martinez FE, Myers E, Chapman A, Litton E, Ho KM, Regli A, Hawkins D, Ford A, van Haren FMP, Wyer S, McCaffrey J, Rashid A, Kelty E, Murray K, Anstey M. Prophylactic melatonin for delirium in intensive care (Pro-MEDIC): a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 2022; 48:414-425. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-022-06638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tamblyn R, Brieva JL, Cain M, Martinez FE. The Effects of Introducing a Mobile Application-Based Procedural Logbook on Trainee Compliance to a Central Venous Catheter Insertion Accreditation Program: Before-and-After Study. JMIR Hum Factors 2022; 9:e35199. [PMID: 35051900 PMCID: PMC8938840 DOI: 10.2196/35199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To reduce complications associated with central venous catheter (CVC) insertions, local accreditation programs using a supervised procedural logbook are essential. To increase compliance with such a logbook, a mobile app could provide the ideal platform for training doctors in an adult intensive care unit (ICU). Objective The aim of this paper was to compare trainee compliance with the completion of a logbook as part of a CVC insertion accreditation program, before and after the introduction of an app-based logbook. Methods This is a retrospective observational study of logbook data, before and after the introduction of a purpose-built, app-based, electronic logbook to complement an existing paper-based logbook. Carried out over a 2-year period in the adult ICU of the John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia, the participants were ICU trainee medical officers completing a CVC insertion accreditation program. The primary outcome was the proportion of all CVC insertions documented in the patients’ electronic medical records appearing as logbook entries. To assess logbook entry quality, we measured and compared the proportion of logbook entries that were approved by a supervisor and contained a supervisor’s signature for the before and after periods. We also analyzed trainee participation before and after the intervention by comparing the total number of active logbook users, and the proportion of first-time users who logged 3 or more CVC insertions. Results Of the 2987 CVC insertions documented in the electronic medical records between April 7, 2019, and April 6, 2021, 2161 (72%) were included and separated into cohorts before and after the app’s introduction. Following the introduction of the app-based logbook, the percentage of CVC insertions appearing as logbook entries increased from 3.6% (38/1059) to 20.5% (226/1102; P<.001). There was no difference in the proportion of supervisor-approved entries containing a supervisor’s signature before and after the introduction of the app, with 76.3% (29/38) and 83.2% (188/226), respectively (P=.31). After the introduction of the app, there was an increase in the percentage of active logbook users from 15.3% (13/85) to 62.8% (54/86; P<.001). Adherence to one’s logbook was similar in both groups with 60% (6/10) of first-time users in the before group and 79.5% (31/39) in the after group going on to log at least 3 or more CVCs during their time working in ICU. Conclusions The addition of an electronic app-based logbook to a preexisting paper-based logbook was associated with a higher rate of logbook compliance in trainee doctors undertaking an accreditation program for CVC insertion in an adult ICU. There was a large increase in logbook use observed without a reduction in the quality of logbook entries. The overall trainee participation also improved with an observed increase in active logbook users and no reduction in the average number of entries per user following the introduction of the app. Further studies on app-based logbooks for ICU procedural accreditation programs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tamblyn
- John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Rd, New Lambton Heights NSW 2305, Newcastle, AU
| | - Jorge L Brieva
- John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Rd, New Lambton Heights NSW 2305, Newcastle, AU
| | - Madeleine Cain
- John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Rd, New Lambton Heights NSW 2305, Newcastle, AU
| | - F Eduardo Martinez
- John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Rd, New Lambton Heights NSW 2305, Newcastle, AU
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Wibrow B, Martinez FE, Ford A, Kelty E, Murray K, Ho KM, Litton E, Myers E, Anstey M. Statistical analysis plan for the Prophylactic Melatonin for Delirium in Intensive Care (ProMEDIC): a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:7. [PMID: 33402209 PMCID: PMC7783704 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Delirium is defined as acute organic brain dysfunction characterised by inattention and disturbance of cognition. It is common in the intensive care unit and is associated with poorer outcomes. Good quality sleep is important in the prevention and management of delirium. Melatonin is a natural hormone secreted by the pineal gland which helps in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. It is possible that melatonin supplementation in intensive care improves sleep and prevents delirium. Methods and design The ‘Prophylactic Melatonin for Delirium in Intensive Care’ study is a multi-centre, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether melatonin given prophylactically decreases delirium in critically ill patients. A total of 850 ICU patients have been randomised (1:1) to receive either melatonin or a placebo. Participants were monitored twice daily for symptoms of delirium. Results This paper and the attached additional files describe the statistical analysis plan (SAP) for the trial. The SAP has been developed and submitted for publication before the database has been locked and before the treatment allocation has been unblinded. The SAP contains details of analyses to be undertaken, which will be reported in the primary and secondary publications. Discussion The SAP details the analyses that will be done to avoid bias coming from knowledge of the results in advance. This trial will determine whether prophylactic melatonin administered to intensive care unit patients helps decrease the rate and the severity of delirium. Trial registration Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN1261600043647, registration date: 06 April 2016. WHO Trial Number – U1111-1175-1814
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Wibrow
- Intensive Care Unit, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of WA, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - F Eduardo Martinez
- Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Ford
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Erin Kelty
- Centre for Applied Statistics, University of WA, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin Murray
- Centre for Applied Statistics, University of WA, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kwok M Ho
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Perth Hospital, Medical School, University of Western Australia & Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Edward Litton
- St. John of God Hospital Subiaco, Intensive Care Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Erina Myers
- Intensive Care Unit, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Matthew Anstey
- Intensive Care Unit, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Martinez FE, Ho VW, Brogan G, Pickering C, Leung G, Parrey J, Charlton A. Period-Prevalence and Risk Factors for Delirium in a Tertiary Referral ICU: A prospective cohort study. Acute Med 2021; 20:168-173. [PMID: 34679133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delirium is common in intensive care and leads to increases in morbidity, mortality, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) length of stay, and hospital length of stay. Certain risk factors predict the appearance of delirium. STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine the rates of delirium, the rate of risk factors, and their relationship to the occurrence of delirium in an adult ICU. METHODS Single-centre, prospective, observational study. Demographic and treatment data were collected. The Confusion Assessment Method for ICU (CAM-ICU) was performed twice daily to assess for delirium continuously during a 3-week period. Statistical analysis was used to determine the relationship between risk factors and the occurrence of delirium. RESULTS 86 patients were screened, 44 patients were included, and 260 patient-days were analyzed. The incidence of delirium was 42.9%, the prevalence of delirium in ICU was 50%. Urinary catheters and use of opioids were the most common factors with a positive association for occurrence of delirium. Exposure to daylight and sleeping for more than 4 hours at night were the factors most commonly associated with a lack of delirium. CONCLUSION The rates of delirium in ICU were high and risk factors occurred frequently. Addressing modifiable risk factors, including the promotion of adequate sleep, could improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Martinez
- MD, FCICM, Staff Specialist, Intensive Care Unit
| | - V W Ho
- MBBS, FANZCA, Senior Registrar, Anaesthetics Department
| | - G Brogan
- BMedSci, MBBS, Senior Registrar, Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW
| | - C Pickering
- MBBS, FCICM, Senior Registrar, Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW
| | - G Leung
- MBBS, FANZCA, Senior Registrar, Anaesthetics Department
| | - J Parrey
- MBBS, FANZCA, Senior Registrar, Anaesthetics Department
| | - A Charlton
- MBBS, FCICM, Senior Registrar, Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW
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Martinez M, Rossetto IMU, Arantes RMS, Lizarte FSN, Tirapelli LF, Tirapelli DPC, Chuffa LGA, Martinez FE. Serum miRNAs are differentially altered by ethanol and caffeine consumption in rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:842-849. [PMID: 32055392 PMCID: PMC7003974 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00069k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism is a multifactorial disease with high risk for dependence determined by genetic background, environmental factors and neuroadaptations. The excessive consumption of this substance is related to psychiatric problems, epilepsy, cardiovascular disease, cirrhosis and cancers. Caffeine is one of the most popular psychostimulants currently consumed in the world. The combination of ethanol and caffeine ingested by consuming "energy drinks" is becoming increasingly popular among young people. We analyzed the effect of simultaneous consumption of ethanol and caffeine on the serum profile of miRNAs differentially expressed in the ethanol-drinking rat model (UChB strain). Adult rats were divided into three groups (n = 5 per group): UChB group (rats fed with 1 : 10 (v/v) ethanol ad libitum); UChB + caffeine group (rats fed with 1 : 10 (v/v) ethanol ad libitum + 3 g L-1 of caffeine); control group (rats drinking water used as the control for UChB). The treatment with caffeine occurred from day 95 to 150 days old, totalizing 55 days of ethanol + caffeine ingestion. The expressions of microRNAs (miR) -9-3p, -15b-5p, -16-5p, -21-5p, -200a-3p and -222-3p were detected by Real Time-PCR (RT-PCR). The expressions of miR-9-3p, -15b-5p, -16-5p and -222-3p were upregulated in the UChB group. Conversely, simultaneous ingestion of ethanol and caffeine significantly reversed these expressions to similar levels to control animals, thus emphasizing that caffeine had a protective effect in the presence of ethanol. In addition, miR-21-5p was downregulated with ethanol consumption whereas miR-222-3p was unchanged. Ethanol and caffeine consumption was capable of altering serum miRNAs, which are potential biomarkers for the systemic effects of these addictive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez
- Department of Morphology and Pathology , Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - I M U Rossetto
- Department Structural and Functional Biology , University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - R M S Arantes
- Department of Morphology and Pathology , Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - F S N Lizarte
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy , University of São Paulo (USP) , Ribeirão Preto , SP , Brazil
| | - L F Tirapelli
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy , University of São Paulo (USP) , Ribeirão Preto , SP , Brazil
| | - D P C Tirapelli
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy , University of São Paulo (USP) , Ribeirão Preto , SP , Brazil
| | - L G A Chuffa
- Department of Anatomy , State University of São Paulo (UNESP) , Botucatu , SP , Brazil . ; ; Tel: +55 (14) 3880-0024
| | - F E Martinez
- Department of Anatomy , State University of São Paulo (UNESP) , Botucatu , SP , Brazil . ; ; Tel: +55 (14) 3880-0024
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Coleman T, Taylor A, Crothall H, Martinez FE. Respiratory Support during Bronchiolitis Due to One Virus versus More Than One Virus: An Observational Study. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2019; 8:204-209. [PMID: 31673454 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1691839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis is common during infancy and frequently leads to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission. This study aimed to determine if there is a difference in the duration of respiratory support when bronchiolitis is due to one virus or more than one virus. This is a retrospective, observational study of cases admitted to PICU with confirmed bronchiolitis. There were 306 cases analyzed, 70% (215/306) were infected by a single virus and 30% (91/306) were infected with more than one virus. Both groups had similar duration of respiratory support and PICU length of stay (LOS). Hospital LOS was longer for the group with more than one virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Coleman
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Division of Critical Care Services, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison Taylor
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Division of Critical Care Services, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Crothall
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Division of Critical Care Services, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - F Eduardo Martinez
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Division of Critical Care Services, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Martinez FE, Kelty E, Barr S, McLeod M, Smalley N. Medical Emergency Team Event Characteristics from an Australian Pediatric Hospital: A Single-Center, Retrospective Study. Hosp Pediatr 2018; 8:232-235. [PMID: 29545469 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2017-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the characteristics of medical emergency team (MET) events at an Australian pediatric, tertiary-care center in a way that would allow for comparison with other MET systems. METHODS A retrospective, single-center, observational study. Consecutive MET events that occurred between January 2013 and July 2014 at Princess Margaret Hospital for Children in Perth, Western Australia, were included. RESULTS There were 46 445 hospital admissions during the study period and 197 MET events in children. This gives a rate of 4.2 MET events per 1000 admissions. Out of 197 pediatric MET events analyzed, there were 2 deaths (1.0%) that occurred during the MET events. All 197 patients were actively treated, with none receiving "do not attempt resuscitation" orders. Of pediatric MET events, 24% (48 of 197) were admitted to the PICU, and 75% (149 of 197) stayed in the ward where the call was made. CONCLUSIONS In this tertiary-care, pediatric hospital in Australia, the MET event rate and the rate of admission to the PICU because of MET events are lower than those reported for US pediatric hospitals. Despite these differences, Australian data suggest that outcomes are similar to US pediatric hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Kelty
- The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and
| | - Samantha Barr
- Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Nathan Smalley
- Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia
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Martins-Celini FP, Gonçalves-Ferri WA, Aragon DC, Bernichi JP, Calixto C, Sacramento EMF, Santos MA, Martinez FE. Association between type of feeding at discharge from the hospital and nutritional status of very low birth weight preterm infants. Braz J Med Biol Res 2018. [PMID: 29513880 PMCID: PMC5912099 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ideal feeding for premature babies has been the source of extensive debate. The aim of this study was to assess the association between type of feeding at discharge and the nutritional status of very low birth weight infants. This was a retrospective cohort of preterm babies with birth weight ≤1500 g, born between January 2006 and December 2013. The infants were divided into 3 groups according to type of feeding at discharge: exclusive breast milk (group 1), mixed feeding (group 2) and exclusive artificial formula (group 3). Frequencies of each group were calculated, as well as mean Z-score differences in weight, length and head circumference. Six hundred and forty-nine newborns were included. The mean weight of groups 1, 2, and 3 was 1338.7, 1104.0, and 1254.7 g, respectively, and their mean gestational age was 31.9, 30, and 31.2 weeks, respectively. The Z-score differences (means±SD) for groups 1, 2, and 3 were: −0.84±0.68, −1.02±0.75, and −0.86±0.71 for weight, −0.21±1.23, −0.52±1.64 and −0.08±1.34 for head circumference, and −1.10±1.18, −1.54±1.37, and −0.97±1.21 for length. A significant difference was observed between groups 2 and 3 in the adjusted Z-score model for length, with no significant differences in anthropometric measurements for the other comparative analyses. Because of its many advantages, breastfeeding should be stimulated within neonatal units since nutritional status was not influenced by the different types of feeding.
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Martinez FE, Cassettari LL, Nicolau NC, Pinheiro PFF, Chuffa LGA, Padovani CR, Martinez M. PO4-5WOUND HEALING ON AGED SKIN OF ALCOHOLICS. Alcohol Alcohol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx074.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Martinez FE, Ryden L, Leaver R, Mendoza J, Havill K. Fungal coronary embolus while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Anaesth Intensive Care 2017; 45:634-635. [PMID: 28911297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Martinez FE, Anstey M, Ford A, Roberts B, Hardie M, Palmer R, Choo L, Hillman D, Hensley M, Kelty E, Murray K, Singh B, Wibrow B. Prophylactic Melatonin for Delirium in Intensive Care (Pro-MEDIC): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:4. [PMID: 28061873 PMCID: PMC5219661 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delirium is an acute state of brain dysfunction characterised by fluctuating inattention and cognitive disturbances, usually due to illness. It occurs commonly in the intensive care unit (ICU), and it is associated with greater morbidity and mortality. It is likely that disturbances of sleep and of the day-night cycle play a significant role. Melatonin is a naturally occurring, safe and cheap hormone that can be administered to improve sleep. The main aim of this trial will be to determine whether prophylactic melatonin administered to critically ill adults, when compared with placebo, decreases the rate of delirium. METHODS This trial will be a multi-centre, randomised, placebo-controlled study conducted in closed ICUs in Australia. Our aim is to enrol 850 adult patients with an expected ICU length of stay (LOS) of 72 h or more. Eligible patients for whom there is consent will be randomised to receive melatonin 4 mg enterally or placebo in a 1:1 ratio according to a computer-generated randomisation list, stratified by site. The study drug will be indistinguishable from placebo. Patients, doctors, nurses, investigators and statisticians will be blinded. Melatonin or placebo will be administered once per day at 21:00 until ICU discharge or 14 days after enrolment, whichever occurs first. Trained staff will assess patients twice daily to determine the presence or absence of delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU score. Data will also be collected on demographics, the overall prevalence of delirium, duration and severity of delirium, sleep quality, participation in physiotherapy sessions, ICU and hospital LOS, morbidity and mortality, and healthcare costs. A subgroup of 100 patients will undergo polysomnographic testing to further evaluate the quality of sleep. DISCUSSION Delirium is a significant issue in ICU because of its frequency and associated poorer outcomes. This trial will be the largest evaluation of melatonin as a prophylactic agent to prevent delirium in the critically ill population. This study will also provide one of the largest series of polysomnographic testing done in ICU. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR) number: ACTRN12616000436471 . Registered on 20 December 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Eduardo Martinez
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
| | - Matthew Anstey
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Perth Hospital, GPO Box X2213, Perth, WA, 6847, Australia
| | | | - Miranda Hardie
- John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | | | - Lynn Choo
- John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - David Hillman
- Sleep Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Hensley
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Department, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Erin Kelty
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Kevin Murray
- Centre for Applied Statistics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bhajan Singh
- Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, Perth, 6009, WA, Australia.,West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Internal Mailbox 201, , Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bradley Wibrow
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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Abstract
In the absence of a clearly identifiable cause, the prognosis of patients with interstitial lung disease is grim. This study describes our institutional experience in management of patients who are admitted to an ICU with respiratory insufficiency secondary to idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). This study was performed to obtain Australian data on patients admitted to an ICU with respiratory insufficiency secondary to IIP. This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with IIP who were admitted to the ICU between December 2007 and December 2013 at one of two university-affiliated academic hospitals in Newcastle, New South Wales. Thirty-six patients (69% male) were admitted to the ICU in respiratory insufficiency from IIP. The median age of the cohort was 71 (66 to 77) years. The median APACHE III score was 68 (56 to 97). Sixty-nine percent (25/36) of patients died in hospital. The median ICU and hospital lengths of stay were 6 (2 to 13.5) and 12 (4.8 to 18.3) days respectively. No significant difference was observed between admission characteristics and mortality. Patients admitted to ICU with respiratory failure secondary to IIP are aggressively investigated and treated, but still have a high mortality rate. Accurate predictors of mortality would be useful in offering aggressive treatment to patients who would benefit from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Martinez
- Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales
| | - R Panwar
- Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales
| | - E Kelty
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - N Smalley
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
| | - C Williams
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales
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Martinez FE, Desai ID. Human milk and premature infants. World Rev Nutr Diet 2015; 78:55-73. [PMID: 7495145 DOI: 10.1159/000424475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F E Martinez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
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Martinez FE, Kelty E. Attitudes toward reciprocity, preferred status and other organ donation policies: a survey of the Australian and New Zealand intensive care community. Anaesth Intensive Care 2015; 43:132-133. [PMID: 25579302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Linhares MBM, Gaspardo CM, Souza LO, Valeri BO, Martinez FE. Examining the side effects of sucrose for pain relief in preterm infants: a case-control study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:527-32. [PMID: 24820067 PMCID: PMC4086181 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose solution is recommended as relevant pain relief management in neonates during
acute painful procedures; however, only a few studies have analyzed the potentially
adverse effects of sucrose administration to preterm neonates. The goal of this study
was to examine the potential side effects of sucrose for pain relief in preterm
infants, assessing feeding and weight gain during hospitalization and their feeding
patterns postdischarge. The study sample consisted of 43 preterm neonates divided
into two groups: a sucrose group (SG, n=18) and a control group (CG, n=25) in which
no sucrose was administered. The SG received 0.5 mL/kg 25% oral sucrose for 2 min
prior to all acute painful procedures during three consecutive days. A prospective
review of medical charts was performed for all samples. The study was done prior to
implementation of the institutional sucrose guidelines as a routine service, and
followed all ethical requirements. There were no statistically significant
differences between groups in terms of weight gain, length of stay with orogastric
tubes, and parenteral feeding. Postdischarge, infant nutritional intake included
feeding human milk to 67% of the SG and 74% of the CG. There were no statistically
significant differences between groups regarding human milk feeding patterns
postdischarge. Neonate feeding patterns and weight gain were unaffected following the
short-term use of sucrose for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B M Linhares
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - C M Gaspardo
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - L O Souza
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - B O Valeri
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - F E Martinez
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Gonçalves-Ferri WA, Martinez FE, Caldas JPS, Marba STM, Fekete S, Rugolo L, Tanuri C, Leone C, Sancho GA, Almeida MFB, Guinsburg R. Application of continuous positive airway pressure in the delivery room: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:259-64. [PMID: 24554040 PMCID: PMC3982948 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20133278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the delivery room alters the need for mechanical ventilation and surfactant during the first 5 days of life and modifies the incidence of respiratory morbidity and mortality during the hospital stay. The study was a multicenter randomized clinical trial conducted in five public university hospitals in Brazil, from June 2008 to December 2009. Participants were 197 infants with birth weight of 1000-1500 g and without major birth defects. They were treated according to the guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics (APP). Infants not intubated or extubated less than 15 min after birth were randomized for two treatments, routine or CPAP, and were followed until hospital discharge. The routine (n=99) and CPAP (n=98) infants studied presented no statistically significant differences regarding birth characteristics, complications during the prenatal period, the need for mechanical ventilation during the first 5 days of life (19.2 vs 23.4%, P=0.50), use of surfactant (18.2 vs 17.3% P=0.92), or respiratory morbidity and mortality until discharge. The CPAP group required a greater number of doses of surfactant (1.5 vs 1.0, P=0.02). When CPAP was applied to the routine group, it was installed within a median time of 30 min. We found that CPAP applied less than 15 min after birth was not able to reduce the need for ventilator support and was associated with a higher number of doses of surfactant when compared to CPAP applied as clinically indicated within a median time of 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Gonçalves-Ferri
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - F E Martinez
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - J P S Caldas
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - S T M Marba
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - S Fekete
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Estadual de Sao Paulo, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - L Rugolo
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Estadual de Sao Paulo, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - C Tanuri
- Maternidade Hospital Cachoeirinha, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C Leone
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - G A Sancho
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M F B Almeida
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R Guinsburg
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Gonçalves-Ferri WA, Martinez FE. Nasal CPAP in the delivery room for newborns with extremely low birth weight in a hospital in a developing country. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:892-6. [PMID: 24141616 PMCID: PMC3854313 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20132849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of the use of
continuous positive airway pressure installed prophylactically in the delivery
room (DR-CPAP), for infants with a birth weight between 500 and 1000 g in
settings with limited resources. During 23 months, infants with a birth weight
between 500 and 1000 g consecutively received DR-CPAP. A total of 33 infants
with low birth weight were enrolled, 16 (48.5%) were females. Only 14 (42.4%)
received antenatal corticosteroids and only 2 of those 14 (14.3%) infants
weighing 500-750 g were not intubated in the delivery room, and apnea was given
as the reason for intubation of these patients. Of the 19 infants in the
751-1000 g weight range, 9 (47.4%) were intubated in the delivery room, 6 due to
apnea and 3 due to respiratory discomfort. For DR-CPAP to be successful, it is
probably necessary for preterm babies to be more prepared at birth to withstand
the respiratory effort without the need for intubation. Antenatal
corticosteroids and better prenatal monitoring are fundamental for success of
DR-CPAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Gonçalves-Ferri
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto,SP, Brasil
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Guinsburg R, Branco de Almeida MF, Dos Santos Rodrigues Sadeck L, Marba STM, Suppo de Souza Rugolo LM, Luz JH, de Andrade Lopes JM, Martinez FE, Procianoy RS. Proactive management of extreme prematurity: disagreement between obstetricians and neonatologists. J Perinatol 2012; 32:913-9. [PMID: 22460546 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2012.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify, in extremely preterm infants, if disagreement between obstetricians and neonatologists regarding proactive management is associated with early death. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort of 484 infants with 23(0/7) to 26(6/7) weeks, without malformations, born from January 2006 to December 2009 in eight Brazilian hospitals. Pro-active management was defined as indication of ≥1 dose of antenatal steroid or cesarean section (obstetrician) and resuscitation at birth according to the international guidelines (neonatologist). Main outcome was neonatal death in the first 24 h of life. RESULT Obstetricians and neonatologists disagreed in 115 (24%) patients: only neonatologists were proactive in 107 of them. Disagreement between professionals increased 2.39 times the chance of death in the first day (95% confidence interval 1.40 to 4.09), adjusted for center and maternal/neonatal clinical conditions. CONCLUSION In infants with 23 to 26 weeks of gestation, disagreement between obstetricians and neonatologists, translated as lack of antenatal steroids and/or vaginal delivery, despite resuscitation procedures, increases the odds of death in the first day.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Guinsburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Linhares MBM, Doca FNP, Martinez FE, Carlotti APP, Cassiano RGM, Pfeifer LI, Funayama CA, Rossi LRG, Finley GA. Pediatric pain: prevalence, assessment, and management in a teaching hospital. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:1287-94. [PMID: 22983181 PMCID: PMC3854228 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine the prevalence, assessment and management of pediatric pain in a public teaching hospital. The study sample consisted of 121 inpatients (70 infants, 36 children, and 15 adolescents), their families, 40 physicians, and 43 nurses. All participants were interviewed except infants and children who could not communicate due to their clinical status. The interview included open-ended questions concerning the inpatients' pain symptoms during the 24 h preceding data collection, as well as pain assessment and pharmacological/non-pharmacological management of pain. The data were obtained from 100% of the eligible inpatients. Thirty-four children/adolescents (28%) answered the questionnaire and for the other 72% (unable to communicate), the family/health professional caregivers reported pain. Among these 34 persons, 20 children/adolescents reported pain, 68% of whom reported that they received pharmacological intervention for pain relief. Eighty-two family caregivers were available on the day of data collection. Of these, 40 family caregivers (49%) had observed their child's pain response. In addition, 74% reported that the inpatients received pharmacological management. Physicians reported that only 38% of the inpatients exhibited pain signs, which were predominantly acute pain detected during clinical procedures. They reported that 66% of patients received pharmacological intervention. The nurses reported pain signs in 50% of the inpatients, which were detected during clinical procedures. The nurses reported that pain was managed in 78% of inpatients by using pharmacological and/or non-pharmacological interventions. The findings provide evidence of the high prevalence of pain in pediatric inpatients and the under-recognition of pain by health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B M Linhares
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
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22
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Martinez M, De Oliveira SA, Pinheiro PFF, Almeida-Francia C, Pereira S, Martins OA, Mello-Júnior W, Mendes LO, Chuffa LGA, Tirapelli LF, Fávaro WJ, Cagnon VHA, Martinez FE. IGFR-I expression and structural analysis of the hard palatine mucosa in an ethanol-drinking rat strain (UChA and UChB). Tissue Cell 2011; 43:101-7. [PMID: 21324499 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The study analyzed the effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on the ultrastructure of the lining epithelium of the hard palatine mucosa of rats UChA and UChB (lines with voluntary alcohol consumption) in order to contribute to the understanding of the consequences of alcohol abuse for the morphology of the digestive system. Thirty female adult animals aged 120 days were divided into three experimental groups. (1) Ten UChA rats (genetically low ethanol consumer) with voluntary intake of 10% v/v (5.45 g/kg/day) ethanol solution and water. (2) Ten UChB (genetically high ethanol consumer) rats with voluntary intake of 10% v/v (7.16 g/kg/day) ethanol solution and water. (3) Ten Wistar rats with voluntary ad libitum water intake (control group). Both groups received Nuvital pellets ad libitum. The IGFR-I expression was intense in both experimental groups. The epithelial cells of the alcoholic rats UChA and UChB showed many alterations such as the presence of lipid droplets, altered nuclei, nuclei in corneum layer and disrupted mitochondria. It was concluded that ethanol intake induces ultrastructural lesions in the hard palatine mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Federal University of São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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23
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Chuffa LGA, Amorim JPA, Teixeira GR, Mendes LO, Fioruci BA, Pinheiro PFF, Seiva FRF, Novelli ELB, Mello Júnior W, Martinez M, Martinez FE. Long-term melatonin treatment reduces ovarian mass and enhances tissue antioxidant defenses during ovulation in the rat. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:217-23. [PMID: 21344135 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin regulates the reproductive cycle, energy metabolism and may also act as a potential antioxidant indoleamine. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether long-term melatonin treatment can induce reproductive alterations and if it can protect ovarian tissue against lipid peroxidation during ovulation. Twenty-four adult female Wistar rats, 60 days old (± 250-260 g), were randomly divided into two equal groups. The control group received 0.3 mL 0.9% NaCl + 0.04 mL 95% ethanol as vehicle, and the melatonin-treated group received vehicle + melatonin (100 µg·100 g body weight(-1)·day(-1)) both intraperitoneally daily for 60 days. All animals were killed by decapitation during the morning estrus at 4:00 am. Body weight gain and body mass index were reduced by melatonin after 10 days of treatment (P < 0.05). Also, a marked loss of appetite was observed with a fall in food intake, energy intake (melatonin 51.41 ± 1.28 vs control 57.35 ± 1.34 kcal/day) and glucose levels (melatonin 80.3 ± 4.49 vs control 103.5 ± 5.47 mg/dL) towards the end of treatment. Melatonin itself and changes in energy balance promoted reductions in ovarian mass (20.2%) and estrous cycle remained extensive (26.7%), arresting at diestrus. Regarding the oxidative profile, lipid hydroperoxide levels decreased after melatonin treatment (6.9%) and total antioxidant substances were enhanced within the ovaries (23.9%). Additionally, melatonin increased superoxide dismutase (21.3%), catalase (23.6%) and glutathione-reductase (14.8%) activities and the reducing power (10.2% GSH/GSSG ratio). We suggest that melatonin alters ovarian mass and estrous cyclicity and protects the ovaries by increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-reductase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G A Chuffa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Camelo JS, Martinez FE, Gonçalves AL, Monteiro JP, Jorge SM. Plasma amino acids in pregnancy, placental intervillous space and preterm newborn infants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 40:971-7. [PMID: 17653451 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006005000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasma amino acid levels have never been studied in the placental intervillous space of preterm gestations. Our objective was to determine the possible relationship between plasma amino acids of maternal venous blood (M), of the placental intervillous space (PIVS) and of the umbilical vein (UV) of preterm newborn infants. Plasma amino acid levels were analyzed by ion-exchange chromatography in M from 14 parturients and in the PIVS and UV of their preterm newborn infants. Mean gestational age was 34 +/- 2 weeks, weight = 1827 +/- 510 g, and all newborns were considered adequate for gestational age. The mean Apgar score was 8 and 9 at the first and fifth minutes. Plasma amino acid values were significantly lower in M than in PIVS (166%), except for aminobutyric acid. On average, plasma amino acid levels were significantly higher in UV than in M (107%) and were closer to PIVS than to M values, except for cystine and aminobutyric acid (P < 0.05). Comparison of the mean plasma amino acid concentrations in the UV of preterm to those of term newborn infants previously studied by our group showed no significant difference, except for proline (P < 0.05), preterm > term. These data suggest that the mechanisms of active amino acid transport are centralized in the syncytiotrophoblast, with their passage to the fetus being an active bidirectional process with asymmetric efflux. PIVS could be a reserve amino acid space for the protection of the fetal compartment from inadequate maternal amino acid variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Camelo
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São PauloRibeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
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Pinheiro PFF, Segatelli TM, Francia CCDA, Martinez M, Padovani CR, Franchi MR, Martinez FE. Morphologic changes in the urethral epithelium in an ethanol-drinking rat strain (UChA and UChB). Micron 2007; 38:734-46. [PMID: 17624793 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The extreme use of ethanol causes metabolic and pathologic changes in testes and urogenital system in different animal species. The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) catalyses the conversion of ethanol into carcinogenic metabolite acetaldehyde which is partly excreted into the urine. However, papers relating the chronic ethanol consumption to the urethral morphology are unknown. This work evaluates the toxic effect of the chronic ethanol ingestion on the urethral epithelium of UChA and UChB rats. Conventional techniques of histology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural analysis were used. The analysis showed the presence of lipid drops and intercellular spaces in the epithelial cells in the urethra of UChA and UChB rats compared to control rats. Urethral neuroendocrine cell were observed and characterized for presenting vesicles containing electron-dense granules associated with nervous fibers. We conclude that the chronic consumption of ethanol induces the presence lipid drops in the epithelial cells of the urethra of UChA and UChB rats. The NE cells of the urethra of UChA and UChB rats did not show alterations under chronic effect of the ethanol.
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26
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Martinez M, Reis GS, Pinheiro PFF, Almeida CCD, Cagnon VHA, Mello-Júnior W, Pereira S, Padovani CR, Martinez FE. Evaluation of the ethanol intake on the Calomys callosus seminal vesicle structure. Micron 2007; 39:587-92. [PMID: 17693093 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on the structure of the glandular epithelium of the seminal vesicle of the rodent Calomys callosus were analyzed in 24 adult animals aged 3 months divided into three experimental groups. The control group received a solid diet and tap water, the alcoholic group received the same solid diet and ethanol P.A. diluted 20% in water (v/v) for 4 months. The abstinent group received the same liquid diet of the alcoholic one for the same period and after that the alcoholic diet was changed by water for a period of 3 months. After treatment, all animals were anesthetized, weighed and sacrificed. At the end of treatment, mean body weight did not differ between animal groups. The glandular epithelial cells of the alcoholic and abstinent groups showed atrophy and ultrastructural alterations such as the presence of altered nuclei, intense dilatation of the cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, intense digestive vacuoles and lipid droplets. Ethanol ingestion provokes marked lesions on the epithelium of the seminal vesicle probably interfering on the glandular secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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27
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Martinez M, Milton FA, de Oliveira SA, Reis GS, Pereira S, Segatelli TM, Pinheiro PFF, Almeida CCD, Cagnon VHA, Mello W, Padovani CR, Martinez FE. Morphological alterations on the prostate of Calomys callosus submitted to chronic ethanol ingestion. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 2006; 38:117-23. [PMID: 17784639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess the possible toxic effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on the ultrastructure of the glandular epithelium of the prostate of the rodent Calomys callosus, in order to contribute to the understanding of the consequences of alcohol abuse for the morphology of the male reproductive apparatus. Sixteen adult animals aged three months were divided into two experimental groups. The control group received a solid diet and tap water, and the alcoholic group received the same solid diet and ethanol P.A. diluted 20% in water (v/v). After 120 days of treatment, all animals were anesthetized, weighed and sacrificed. At the end of treatment, mean body weight did not differ between control and alcoholic animals. The prostate epithelial cells of the alcoholic group showed intense atrophy and ultrastructural alterations such as the presence of lipid droplets, altered nuclei, ruptured mitochondrial cristae, and intense dilatation of the cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. It was concluded that 20% ethanol provokes marked lesions on the epithelium of the prostate probably interfering on the glandular secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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28
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Pereira S, Martinez M, Martinez FE, Júnior WM. Repercussions of castration and vasectomy on the ductal system of the rat ventral prostate. Cell Biol Int 2006; 30:169-74. [PMID: 16360325 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2005.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diseases, such as cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia, are related to disruption of the mechanism regulating the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis in prostatic cells. Since castration and vasectomy might alter that balance, this study evaluates the cell proliferation, apoptosis and height of the secretory epithelium of the ventral-prostate ductal system post-castration and vasectomy. Immunohistochemical (PCNA and Ki67), cytochemical (Fuelgen reaction) and morphometric investigation have been carried out. Cell proliferation indices decreased significantly in both regions of the ventral-prostate ductal system after castration compared to the sham-operated group. The apoptotic index increased significantly after 48 h, declining 7 days post-castration. The cell proliferation indices did not differ after 48 h significantly; however, they increased 7 days post-vasectomy in both regions. The apoptotic index did not differ significantly in either time post-vasectomy. Castration caused an imbalance in favor of apoptosis, whereas vasectomy caused an imbalance in favor of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pereira
- Department of Cell Biology, Biology Institute, Campinas State University, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.
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Martinez M, Milton FA, de Oliveira SA, de Lima NF, Segatelli TM, Pinheiro PFF, Almeida CCD, Mello W, Quitete VHAC, Martinez FE. Ultrastructural changes on the hard palatine mucosa of Calomys callosus after 120 days of experimental chronic alcoholism. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 2005; 37:59-65. [PMID: 16144085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study analyzed the toxic effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on the ultrastructure of the lining epithelium of the hard palatine mucosa of the rodent Calomys callosus, in order to contribute to the understanding of the consequences of alcohol abuse for the morphology of the digestive system. Twenty-six adult animals aged three months were divided into two experimental groups. The control group received a solid diet and tap water, and the alcoholic group received the same solid diet and ethanol P.A. diluted 20% in water (v/v). After 120 days of treatment, all animals were anaesthetised, weighed and sacrificed. At the end of treatment, mean body weight did not differ between control and alcoholic animals. The epithelial cells of the alcoholic group showed many alterations such as the presence of lipid droplets, nuclei in corneum layer, nuclei with increase peripheral chromatin and greater electron density, altered mitochondria, and intense dilatation of the intercellular spaces. It was concluded that 20% ethanol provokes marked ultrastructural lesions in the hard palatine mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Camelo JS, Jorge SM, Martinez FE. Amino acid composition of parturient plasma, the intervillous space of the placenta and the umbilical vein of term newborn infants. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004; 37:711-7. [PMID: 15107934 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2004000500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the levels of amino acids in maternal plasma, placental intervillous space and fetal umbilical vein in order to identify the similarities and differences in amino acid levels in these compartments of 15 term newborns from normal pregnancies and deliveries. All amino acids, except tryptophan, were present in at least 186% higher concentrations in the intervillous space than in maternal venous blood, with the difference being statistically significant. This result contradicted the initial hypothesis of the study that the plasma amino acid levels in the placental intervillous space should be similar to those of maternal plasma. When the maternal venous compartment was compared with the umbilical vein, we observed values 103% higher on the fetal side which is compatible with currently accepted mechanisms of active amino acid transport. Amino acid levels of the placental intervillous space were similar to the values of the umbilical vein except for proline, glycine and aspartic acid, whose levels were significantly higher than fetal umbilical vein levels (average 107% higher). The elevated levels of the intervillous space are compatible with syncytiotrophoblast activity, which maintain high concentrations of free amino acids inside syncytiotrophoblast cells, permitting asymmetric efflux or active transport from the trophoblast cells to the blood in the intervillous space. The plasma amino acid levels in the umbilical vein of term newborns probably may be used as a standard of local normality for clinical studies of amino acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Camelo
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Rissato JH, Ietsugu MV, Almeida CCD, Pinheiro PFF, Segatelli TM, Martinez M, Padovani CR, Júnior WM, Quitete VHAC, Martinez FE. Morphology of the vas deferens in an ethanol-drinking strain of rats (UChA and UChB). J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 2003; 35:331-41. [PMID: 14690183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcoholism alters reproduction and therefore may be responsible for alterations of vas deferens, which are the subject of this analysis in UCh ethanol-drinking rats. The proximal and distal segments of the vas deferens of 20 animals were submitted to macroscopic, light microscopy, electron microscopy and morphometric analysis. The UCh rats showed atrophy of the epithelium of the vas deferens and alterations of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Ethanol induces changes in the epithelium of the vas deferens and hypothalamus-pituitary axis of UCh rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Rissato
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Pinheiro PFF, Almeida CCD, Segatelli TM, Martinez M, Padovani CR, Martinez FE. Ultrastructure of the urethra of the Mongolian gerbil. World J Urol 2003; 20:378-84. [PMID: 12811498 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-002-0311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2002] [Accepted: 11/21/2002] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The urethra is the main port of entry of sexually transmitted pathogens. However, papers on the morphology of the urethra are scarce. The Mongolian gerbil is a rodent native of the Mongolia and China and has been utilized as a laboratory animal since the 1960s. This work describes the ultrastructure of the urethra of the Mongolian gerbil to provide data for future experimental studies. METHODS The urethra of ten adult male gerbils was studied by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The epithelium of the pelvic urethra possesses two cell types: I and II, without the formation of cellular layers, while the penile urethra possesses cellular layers: basal, intermediate and superficial. The urethra presents neurosecretory cells belonging to the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system. CONCLUSIONS The urethral epithelium of the gerbil is a neurosecretory epithelium, part of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F F Pinheiro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Campus of Botucatu, UNESP, Rubião Júnior, Caixa Postal 510, CEP.: 18618-000 Botucatu SP, Brazil.
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Pinheiro PFF, Almeida CCD, Segatelli TM, Martinez M, Padovani CR, Martinez FE. Structure of the pelvic and penile urethra--relationship with the ducts of the sex accessory glands of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). J Anat 2003; 202:431-44. [PMID: 12739620 PMCID: PMC1571101 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The urethra is the main place of entry for sexually transmitted pathogens. However, there is little literature on the morphology of the urogenital system, principally the urethra and ducts of the sex accessory glands. The Mongolian gerbil is an insectivorous, herbivorous and monogamous rodent with nocturnal habits; it has been used successfully as a laboratory animal since the 1960s. Therefore, the objective of the present paper was to describe the structure and ultrastructure of the urethra and its relations to the ducts of the accessory sex glands of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), contributing to the understanding of the reproductive biology of the rodent and aiming to provide data for future experimental studies. Conventional techniques of light and scanning electron microscopy were utilized. The urethra and ducts of the accessory sex glands are similar to those of the albino rat and the mouse. However, there is variation in drainage type among accessory sex glands for the inner urethra. The ducts of the seminal vesicle, the ductus deferens, drain their contents independently into the ampullary duct that opens in the urethra. The ducts of the prostate, coagulating and bulbourethral glands drain their contents independently into the urethra.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F F Pinheiro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Laura IA, Martinez M, Padovani CR, Martinez FE. Ultrastructural and morphometric analysis on the ovary of Wistar rats after chronic ethanol ingestion. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 2003; 35:167-76. [PMID: 12974330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, seventy-two adult rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) aged three months were used. The animals were divided into two groups (control and alcoholic). The control group received a solid diet (Purina rat chow) and tap water ad libitum. The alcoholic group received the same solid diet and sugar-cane liquid (trade 51, 41% Gay Lussac--GL) diluted 30% GL. At the end of 90, 180 and 270 days of treatment, ten rats of each group were anaesthetized with ethyl ether and sacrificed. The ovaries were collected, fixed, included and submitted to analysis by both light and electron microscopy. The alcoholic group showed increase in the number of corpora lutea at both 180 and 270 days of treatment, atresic follicles at 270 days of treatment, decreased diameter of corpora lutea at 180 and 270 days of treatment, the granulosa layer of the antral follicles at 180 days of treatment, and gradual regression of the theca antral follicles. Furthermore, an increase in diameter and posterior regression of the antral follicle were observed, as well as vacuolation, increased lipid droplets in the granulosa cell at 90 days and in the theca at 180 and 270 days of treatment and gradually in the interstitial cell. The rats showed ovarian alterations after ingestion of alcohol. There was a correlation between exposure time to the drug and the injury observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Laura
- Department of Morphophysiology, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, SP, Brazil
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Segatelli TM, Almeida CCD, Pinheiro PFF, Martinez M, Padovani CR, Martinez FE. Kinetics of spermatogenesis in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Tissue Cell 2002; 34:7-13. [PMID: 11989971 DOI: 10.1054/tice.2002.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) is a small rodent native to the arid regions of Mongolia and Northeastern China. The present study provides descriptions of both the cellular associations of the seminiferous-epithelium cycle and relative frequencies of stages in the gerbil. Based on the development of the acrosomic system and the nuclear morphology changes using the PAS-H staining technique, the transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa was divided into 15 steps. The first 12 steps were used to identify 12 stages or cellular associations and the other three steps were spread among the first six stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. The relative frequencies found for stages I through XII were: 13.15; 8.06; 8.98; 6.48; 5.37; 6.71; 7.36; 7.45; 7.27; 5.83; 11.53 and 11.81, respectively. Stage I had the highest frequency while stage V proved the lowest frequency among the XII stages. The pattern of spermatogenesis is similar to those of rodents used as laboratory animals. The present description is the first for this rodent and provides the foundation for a variety of future studies of the testis in this animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Segatelli
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Martinez M, Martinez FE, da Cunha MR, Segatelli TM, Pinheiro PFF, Almeida CCD. Morphological effects on the hard palatine mucosa of Calomys callosus submitted to experimental chronic alcoholism. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 2002; 34:77-83. [PMID: 11995638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The morphological effects of ethanol ingestion on the hard palatine mucosa of adult male Calomys callosus were observed. Twenty rodents were divided into two experimental groups: the control group received solid diet, Purina rat chow, and tap water ad libitum; the alcoholic group received the same solid diet and ethanol P.A. diluted 20% in water (v/v). After 270 days of treatment, all animals were sacrificed and the hard palatine mucosa were prepared for TEM and SEM methods. The epithelial cells of the alcoholic group showed some alterations like cytoplasmatic lipid droplets, pycnotic nucleus and increased mitochondrial size. The lamina propria also presented intense lipid droplets accumulation. The morphological changes suggested that chronic ethanol consumption was able to modify the integrity of the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Federal University of São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Martinez M, Mattos EC, Mello WJ, Cagnon VH, Martinez FE. Morphology of the seminal vesicle of Calomys callosus submitted to experimental chronic alcoholism. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 2001; 33:453-61. [PMID: 11989779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess the possible toxic effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on the ultrastructure of the lining epithelium of the seminal vesicle of the rodent Calomys callosus, in order to contribute to the understanding of the consequences of alcohol abuse for the morphology of the male reproductive apparatus. Twenty six adult animals aged three months were divided into two experimental groups. The control group received a solid diet (Purina chow) and tap water, and the alcoholic group received the same solid diet and ethanol P.A. diluted 20% in water (v/v). After 210 days of treatment, all animals were anaesthetised, weighed and sacrificed. At the end of treatment, mean body and seminal vesicle weight did not differ between control and alcoholic animals. The epithelial cells of the alcoholic group showed many alterations such as the presence of lipid droplets of different sizes, nuclei with increased peripheral chromatin and greater electrondensity, megamitochondria, and intense dilatation of the cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. It was concluded that 20% ethanol provokes marked ultrastructural lesions in the seminal vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Federal University of São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Cagnon VH, Tomazini FM, Garcia PJ, Martinez M, Padovani CR, Martinez FE. Structure and ultrastructure of the ventral prostate of isogenic mice (C57B1/6J) submitted to chronic alcohol ingestion. Tissue Cell 2001; 33:354-60. [PMID: 11521951 DOI: 10.1054/tice.2001.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and functional alterations caused by chronic alcohol ingestion in testes and accessory sex organs have been studied both in man and in laboratory animals. The aim of the present study was to examine the possible occurrence of deleterious effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on the secretory epithelium of the ventral prostate of mice. Twenty-four adult male C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups. The alcohol-treated group was allowed to drink only 6% (v/v) ethanol, the isocaloric group received a diet of water/sucrose with a calorie content equivalent to a 6% alcohol solution and the control group received water. Both groups were fed ad libitum with solid Purina rat chow. After 120 days, animals from each group were anesthetized with ethyl ether, weighed and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. The results demonstrated reduction in the glandular epithelium cell height and disorganization of the Golgi complex. Moreover, abundant membrane-bound structures, most likely representing cytoplasmic material, were observed, as well as accumulation of dense bodies. Statistical analysis showed that bodyweight gain was similar for both groups. In conclusion, chronic alcohol ingestion has harmful effects on the secretory epithelium cells of the ventral lobe of the prostate of mice after 120 days of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Cagnon
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brasil.
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Martinez FE, Reno C, Trevenen CL, Hart DA, Belik J. Age-dependent changes in the regulation of cyclooxygenases in the gastrointestinal tract after gram-negative endotoxemia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33:165-70. [PMID: 11568518 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200108000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenases (COXs) modulate prostaglandin synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract. Prostaglandins have been shown to have a cytoprotective effect on bowel mucosa in adults, but no similar data are available in neonates. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate age-dependent changes in gastrointestinal tract COX regulation after Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide exposure in rats. METHODS Stomach, small bowel, and large bowel COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA levels (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique) and protein content (Western blot) were obtained from neonates (younger than 3 days old) and adult rats 18 hours after exposure to E. coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide toxin. Untreated animals served as controls. RESULTS Stomach, small bowel, and large bowel tissue COX-1 mRNA levels in the newborn were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than in the adult. No age-dependent differences were found for COX-2 mRNA levels. After lipopolysaccharide exposure, no significant changes in COX-1 levels were seen at either age, whereas COX-2 mRNA levels were increased only in the stomach for both ages. Western blot analysis of small bowel tissue for COX-1 and COX-2 showed no lipopolysaccharide-induced changes in protein content, but the COX-1 content was significantly lower in the newborn (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In the rat, COX expression in the gastrointestinal tract is regulated in an age-dependent fashion. Lower COX-1 expression and a lack of observable increase in COX-2 mRNA levels in the newborn small bowel after endotoxemia may render the bowel more susceptible to bowel injury early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Martinez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Procianoy RS, Martinez FE. [Evidence-based Neonatology]. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2001; 77 Suppl 1:S1-2. [PMID: 14676887 DOI: 10.2223/jped.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R S Procianoy
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the recent medical literature on nutrition of preterm infants, focusing on practical aspects that are relevant to pediatricians and neonatologists. SOURCES: An extensive review of the related literature using Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Best Evidence was performed. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: There is compelling evidence that early nutritional practices may affect short-term growth and developmental outcome in preterm infants. In addition, these practices have a determinant role in adult health. We still have to learn a lot about the safety and effectiveness of nutrient administration in preterm infants; about techniques targeted at assessing the effect of different nutritional strategies; and about the long term effects of these regimens on developmental outcome, growth and disease. CONCLUSIONS: Despite recent advances in neonatal nutrition, basic and clinical research is still necessary so that the nutritional needs of preterm infants can be better defined and adequately provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Martinez
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Resener TD, Martinez FE, Reiter K, Nicolai T. [Home ventilation of pediatric patients - description of a program]. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2001; 77:84-8. [PMID: 14647596 DOI: 10.2223/jped.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe a German program for home ventilatory support, and to analyze the possibility of applying it in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed Dr. von Haunersches Kinderklinikacute;s Pediatric Intensive Care Unity - Ludwig-Maximilians - Universität - München (Munich, Germany) home ventilatory support program between April 1997 and June 1998. RESULTS: Patients aged between 1 and 21 years - 11 boys and 15 girls - participated in the study. Fifteen out of 26 children presented neuromuscular pathologies, 8 of them had ventilatory problems of central causes, and 3 children presented obstructive pulmonary diseases. Twelve (46.2%) were receiving noninvasive ventilatory assistance, and 19 (73.1%) only needed intermittent ventilatory support. CONCLUSION: The program relies on a permanent multidisciplinary staff to treat intercurrent diseases. Patients, at predetermined periods, are re-evaluated as to the evolution of respiratory insufficiency. The adequate system organization provides patients and their families with security, and accounts for the success of the home ventilatory support program. A great deal of organizational efforts should be consolidated before implementing similar programs in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Resener
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Martinez FE, Laura IA, Martinez M, Padovani CR, Bustos-Obregón E. Morphology of the ventral lobe of the prostate and seminal vesicles in an ethanol-drinking strain of rats (UChA and UChB). JOURNAL OF SUBMICROSCOPIC CYTOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY 2001; 33:99-106. [PMID: 11686415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcoholism alters reproduction and therefore may be responsible for alterations of prostate and seminal vesicles, which are the subject of this analysis in UCh ethanol-drinking rats. The prostate and seminal vesicles of 20 animals were submitted to macroscopic, light microscopy, electron microscopy and morphometric analysis. The UCh rats showed atrophy of the epithelium and reduction of the weight of the prostate and seminal vesicle, liver hypertrophy and fat infiltration and alterations of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Ethanol induces changes in the weight and in the epithelium of prostate and seminal vesicles and hypothalamus-pituitary axis of UCh rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Martinez
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Martinez M, Garcia PJ, Cagnon VH, Mello-Júnior W, Padovani CR, Martinez FE. Effects of chronic experimental alcoholism on the epithelium of the uterine horn of rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus). J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 2001; 33:107-15. [PMID: 11686391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Sixty adult rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) of the same age (3 months) and with a mean body weight of 228 g were divided into two experimental groups. The control group received solid diet (Purina rat chow) and tap water ad libitum. The other (alcoholic group), received the same solid diet and was allowed to drink only sugar cane brandy dissolved in 30 degrees Gay Lussac (v/v). At the end of periods of 90, 180 and 270 days of treatment, the animals were anaesthetized with ethyl ether during estrus, weighed and sacrificed. The final mean body weights were similar in the control and alcoholic groups. The results showed intense atrophy on the lining epithelium of the endometrium of uterine horns in the alcoholic group. Important ultrastructural epithelial alterations were also observed in the female alcoholic group, such as: intense lipid droplet accumulation, increased rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and mitochondrial size and presence of intraepithelial neutrophils. The secretory activity of these rats was reduced. Therefore, we concluded that alcohol acts as a toxin on the epithelial layer of the rat endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Federal University of São Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Segatelli TM, Almedia CC, Pinheiro PF, Martinez M, Padovani CR, Martinez FE. Ultrastructural study of acrosome formation in mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Tissue Cell 2000; 32:508-17. [PMID: 11197233 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(00)80007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a complex and very well organized process lasting from 30 to 75 days in mammals. The spermatogenic process has been described mainly in laboratory mammals, such as the rat, while correspondent studies in wild animals are scarce. The gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) is a small rodent native of the arid regions of Mongolia and China. Few reports are available on reproduction in the male Mongolian gerbil. The present study provides the first description of the ultrastructural alterations in spermatid cytoplasm and nucleus, with particular reference to acrosome formation in gerbils. The testes were processed by conventional transmission electron microscopy technique. Based on the development of the acrosomal system and changes in nuclear morphology, the transformation of spermatids in spermatozoon was divided into 15 steps. There were four phases in the spermiogenesis process in the gerbil: Golgi, cap, acrosomal and maturation phases. This provides the foundation for a variety of future studies of the spermiogenesis of this animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Segatelli
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, University of the State of São Paulo (UNESP), Rubião Júnior S/N, 18618-000 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Martinez FE, Harabor A, Amankwah EK, Hart DA, Belik J. Urethane suppresses rat lung inducible cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels. Inflamm Res 2000; 49:727-31. [PMID: 11211925 DOI: 10.1007/s000110050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of urethane, pentobarbital sodium and ketamine-xylazine anesthesia upon constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-1; COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (eNOS; iNOS) mRNA levels in the lung. METHODS mRNA levels were determined by the semiquantitative RT-PCR technique. TREATMENT Urethane (1.1 g/kg ip), Pentobarbital Sodium (40 mg/kg ip), and ketamine (85 mg/kg) - xylazine (15 mg/kg, im). Non-anesthetized animals served as controls. MATERIAL Sprague-Dawley rat lungs RESULTS Urethane significantly decreased COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA levels to 30% of control values. This agent had no effect upon eNOS, but completely suppressed iNOS mRNA levels. Pentobarbital sodium and ketamine had no effect on the mRNA levels for COX-1 and COX-2 the lung. CONCLUSIONS Urethane has a suppressive effect on COX and iNOS RNA message in the lung and for this reason it should be avoided as an anesthetic when lung inflammatory processes are experimentally evaluated in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Martinez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The cutaneous application of vegetable oil as a therapeutic practice and dietary coadjuvant has been described mainly in adult patients at risk for essential fatty acid deficiency. In the current study, the effects of cutaneous soybean oil application on somatic growth and plasma linoleic and arachidonic acid levels were examined in enterally fed preterm newborns. METHODS Sixty consecutive preterm infants were chosen from patients admitted to the nursery. Infants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the oil group, which was treated cutaneously with soybean oil, or the control group, which received no cutaneous treatment. RESULTS After 30 days, a significant increase in anthropometric parameters was observed in infants who received cutaneous oil, mainly in infants small for gestational age. An increase in linoleic acid level and a decrease in arachidonic acid level were seen in both groups but do not justify the difference found in growth rates in the control and oil groups. CONCLUSIONS Preterm infants treated cutaneously with soy oil showed better somatic growth than the control group. The factors leading to the present results, especially the response of the infants who were small for gestational age merit further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Soriano
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy and problems associated with nasal CPAP use. METHODS: 96 preterm newborns needing nasal CPAP either as initial ventilatory support or as weaning from the ventilator were studied prospectively. RESULTS: Nasal CPAP was used in children weighing 480g to 2,450g and corrected gestational age of 24 to 39 weeks. It was indicated in cases of apnea (12.5%), hyaline membrane disease (32.3%), pneumonia (4.2%), transient tachypnea (22%), and weaning from the ventilator (29%). The last indication was more frequent in children with lower weight (p<0.01). The median time in nasal CPAP was 60.3h. After CPAP installation, there was a significant improvement in the respiratory distress that was not shown in the blood gases analysis. The percentage of children with nasal hyperemia, nasal bleeding, abdominal distention and children that could be fed was directly proportional to how long they had been in nasal CPAP. Children weighting </= 1,000g had higher incidence of abdominal distention (p<0.01) and those with weight between 1,500 to 2,500g faced higher difficulty to be maintained on nasal CPAP (p=0.04). Therapeutic success was of 37% for children weighing </=1,000g, 59% for the ones weighing 1,000 to 1,500g, and 83% for those weighing 1,500 to 2,500g. CONCLUSIONS: Nasal CPAP is a good option for ventilatory assistance in preterm babies. It is a safe therapy which in general has only topic complications; it does not prevent patients from being fed during its use. Furthermore, it was successful in 59% of the studied patients. do CPAP nasal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rego
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
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49
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Cagnon VH, Camargo AM, Rosa RM, Fabiani R, Padovani CR, Martinez FE. Ultrastructural study of the ventral lobe of the prostate of mice with streptozotocin induced diabetes (C57BL/6J). Tissue Cell 2000; 32:275-83. [PMID: 11145010 DOI: 10.1054/tice.2000.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and functional changes caused by diabetes in the accessory sex organs and especially the prostate have been reported by several investigators. The aim of the present study was to examine the possible deleterious effects of experimentally induced diabetes on the secretory epithelium of the ventral prostate of mice. Sixteen adult male C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups. The diabetic group received a streptozotocin injection of 75 mg/kg, while the control group received only 0.1 ml citrate buffer, i.p. After 30 days, the diabetic state was ascertained, the animals were sacrificed and the ventral lobe of the prostate was collected for histological and ultrastructural examination. The results showed reduction in glandular epithelium cell height, increased numbers of cytoplasmic vacuoles and thickening of the extracellular matrix. In conclusion, experimental diabetes has harmful effects on the secretory epithelial cells of the ventral lobe of the prostate of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Cagnon
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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50
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Martinez FE, Martinez M, Padovani CR, Bustos-Obregón E. Morphology of testis and epididymis in an ethanol-drinking rat strain (UChA and UChB). J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 2000; 32:175-84. [PMID: 11085206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to analyze the prospective alterations of the testis and epididymis in a defined strain of alcoholic rats in order to contribute to our understanding of the effects of chronic alcoholism on reproduction. The testis and epididymis of the animals were submitted to morphological analysis by macroscopy, light microscopy and electron microscopy and to morphometric analysis. The UCh rats showed atrophy of the epithelium and reduction of testis and epididymis weight, liver hypertrophy and fat infiltration and alterations of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Ethanol induces changes in the weight and in the epithelium of the testis and epididymis and in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis of the UCh rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Martinez
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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