1
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Maib H, Adarska P, Hunton R, Vines JH, Strutt D, Bottanelli F, Murray DH. Recombinant biosensors for multiplex and super-resolution imaging of phosphoinositides. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202310095. [PMID: 38578646 PMCID: PMC10996583 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202310095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are a small family of phospholipids that act as signaling hubs and key regulators of cellular function. Detecting their subcellular distribution is crucial to gain insights into membrane organization and is commonly done by the overexpression of biosensors. However, this leads to cellular perturbations and is challenging in systems that cannot be transfected. Here, we present a toolkit for the reliable, fast, multiplex, and super-resolution detection of phosphoinositides in fixed cells and tissue, based on recombinant biosensors with self-labeling SNAP tags. These are highly specific and reliably visualize the subcellular distributions of phosphoinositides across scales, from 2D or 3D cell culture to Drosophila tissue. Further, these probes enable super-resolution approaches, and using STED microscopy, we reveal the nanoscale organization of PI(3)P on endosomes and PI(4)P on the Golgi. Finally, multiplex staining reveals an unexpected presence of PI(3,5)P2-positive membranes in swollen lysosomes following PIKfyve inhibition. This approach enables the versatile, high-resolution visualization of multiple phosphoinositide species in an unprecedented manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Maib
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Petia Adarska
- Institut für Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Hunton
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - James H. Vines
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David Strutt
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - David H. Murray
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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2
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Rentsch J, Bandstra S, Sezen B, Sigrist P, Bottanelli F, Schmerl B, Shoichet S, Noé F, Sadeghi M, Ewers H. Sub-membrane actin rings compartmentalize the plasma membrane. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202310138. [PMID: 38252080 PMCID: PMC10807028 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202310138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The compartmentalization of the plasma membrane (PM) is a fundamental feature of cells. The diffusivity of membrane proteins is significantly lower in biological than in artificial membranes. This is likely due to actin filaments, but assays to prove a direct dependence remain elusive. We recently showed that periodic actin rings in the neuronal axon initial segment (AIS) confine membrane protein motion between them. Still, the local enrichment of ion channels offers an alternative explanation. Here we show, using computational modeling, that in contrast to actin rings, ion channels in the AIS cannot mediate confinement. Furthermore, we show, employing a combinatorial approach of single particle tracking and super-resolution microscopy, that actin rings are close to the PM and that they confine membrane proteins in several neuronal cell types. Finally, we show that actin disruption leads to loss of compartmentalization. Taken together, we here develop a system for the investigation of membrane compartmentalization and show that actin rings compartmentalize the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Rentsch
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Selle Bandstra
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Batuhan Sezen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Sigrist
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Bottanelli
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Schmerl
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Frank Noé
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohsen Sadeghi
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helge Ewers
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Wong-Dilworth L, Rodilla-Ramirez C, Fox E, Restel SD, Stockhammer A, Adarska P, Bottanelli F. STED imaging of endogenously tagged ARF GTPases reveals their distinct nanoscale localizations. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202205107. [PMID: 37102998 PMCID: PMC10140647 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPases are major regulators of cellular membrane homeostasis. High sequence similarity and multiple, possibly redundant functions of the five human ARFs make investigating their function a challenging task. To shed light on the roles of the different Golgi-localized ARF members in membrane trafficking, we generated CRISPR-Cas9 knockins (KIs) of type I (ARF1 and ARF3) and type II ARFs (ARF4 and ARF5) and mapped their nanoscale localization with stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution microscopy. We find ARF1, ARF4, and ARF5 on segregated nanodomains on the cis-Golgi and ER-Golgi intermediate compartments (ERGIC), revealing distinct roles in COPI recruitment on early secretory membranes. Interestingly, ARF4 and ARF5 define Golgi-tethered ERGIC elements decorated by COPI and devoid of ARF1. Differential localization of ARF1 and ARF4 on peripheral ERGICs suggests the presence of functionally different classes of intermediate compartments that could regulate bi-directional transport between the ER and the Golgi. Furthermore, ARF1 and ARF3 localize to segregated nanodomains on the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and are found on TGN-derived post-Golgi tubules, strengthening the idea of distinct roles in post-Golgi sorting. This work provides the first map of the nanoscale organization of human ARF GTPases on cellular membranes and sets the stage to dissect their numerous cellular roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eleanor Fox
- Institut für Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Petia Adarska
- Institut für Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Bottanelli F, Spang A, Stefan C, Ungermann C. An online gathering about the latest on molecular membrane biology. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101237. [PMID: 34563539 PMCID: PMC8605330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bottanelli
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anne Spang
- Bioczentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chris Stefan
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany; Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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5
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Yue X, Qian Y, Zhu L, Gim B, Bao M, Jia J, Jing S, Wang Y, Tan C, Bottanelli F, Ziltener P, Choi S, Hao P, Lee I. ACBD3 modulates KDEL receptor interaction with PKA for its trafficking via tubulovesicular carrier. BMC Biol 2021; 19:194. [PMID: 34493279 PMCID: PMC8424950 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KDEL receptor helps establish cellular equilibrium in the early secretory pathway by recycling leaked ER-chaperones to the ER during secretion of newly synthesized proteins. Studies have also shown that KDEL receptor may function as a signaling protein that orchestrates membrane flux through the secretory pathway. We have recently shown that KDEL receptor is also a cell surface receptor, which undergoes highly complex itinerary between trans-Golgi network and the plasma membranes via clathrin-mediated transport carriers. Ironically, however, it is still largely unknown how KDEL receptor is distributed to the Golgi at steady state, since its initial discovery in late 1980s. Results We used a proximity-based in vivo tagging strategy to further dissect mechanisms of KDEL receptor trafficking. Our new results reveal that ACBD3 may be a key protein that regulates KDEL receptor trafficking via modulation of Arf1-dependent tubule formation. We demonstrate that ACBD3 directly interact with KDEL receptor and form a functionally distinct protein complex in ArfGAPs-independent manner. Depletion of ACBD3 results in re-localization of KDEL receptor to the ER by inducing accelerated retrograde trafficking of KDEL receptor. Importantly, this is caused by specifically altering KDEL receptor interaction with Protein Kinase A and Arf1/ArfGAP1, eventually leading to increased Arf1-GTP-dependent tubular carrier formation at the Golgi. Conclusions These results suggest that ACBD3 may function as a negative regulator of PKA activity on KDEL receptor, thereby restricting its retrograde trafficking in the absence of KDEL ligand binding. Since ACBD3 was originally identified as PAP7, a PBR/PKA-interacting protein at the Golgi/mitochondria, we propose that Golgi-localization of KDEL receptor is likely to be controlled by its interaction with ACBD3/PKA complex at steady state, providing a novel insight for establishment of cellular homeostasis in the early secretory pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01137-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihua Yue
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Qian
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianhui Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Bopil Gim
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjing Bao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Jia
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaiyang Jing
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanting Tan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Francesca Bottanelli
- Institut für Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Ziltener
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sunkyu Choi
- Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Piliang Hao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Intaek Lee
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Adarska P, Wong-Dilworth L, Bottanelli F. ARF GTPases and Their Ubiquitous Role in Intracellular Trafficking Beyond the Golgi. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:679046. [PMID: 34368129 PMCID: PMC8339471 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.679046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular switches of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPase family coordinate intracellular trafficking at all sorting stations along the secretory pathway, from the ER-Golgi-intermediate compartment (ERGIC) to the plasma membrane (PM). Their GDP-GTP switch is essential to trigger numerous processes, including membrane deformation, cargo sorting and recruitment of downstream coat proteins and effectors, such as lipid modifying enzymes. While ARFs (in particular ARF1) had mainly been studied in the context of coat protein recruitment at the Golgi, COPI/clathrin-independent roles have emerged in the last decade. Here we review the roles of human ARF1-5 GTPases in cellular trafficking with a particular emphasis on their roles in post-Golgi secretory trafficking and in sorting in the endo-lysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petia Adarska
- Institut für Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Hao X, Allgeyer ES, Lee DR, Antonello J, Watters K, Gerdes JA, Schroeder LK, Bottanelli F, Zhao J, Kidd P, Lessard MD, Rothman JE, Cooley L, Biederer T, Booth MJ, Bewersdorf J. Three-dimensional adaptive optical nanoscopy for thick specimen imaging at sub-50-nm resolution. Nat Methods 2021; 18:688-693. [PMID: 34059828 PMCID: PMC7610943 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding cellular organization demands the best possible spatial resolution in all three dimensions. In fluorescence microscopy, this is achieved by 4Pi nanoscopy methods that combine the concepts of using two opposing objectives for optimal diffraction-limited 3D resolution with switching fluorescent molecules between bright and dark states to break the diffraction limit. However, optical aberrations have limited these nanoscopes to thin samples and prevented their application in thick specimens. Here we have developed an improved iso-stimulated emission depletion nanoscope, which uses an advanced adaptive optics strategy to achieve sub-50-nm isotropic resolution of structures such as neuronal synapses and ring canals previously inaccessible in tissue. The adaptive optics scheme presented in this work is generally applicable to any microscope with a similar beam path geometry involving two opposing objectives to optimize resolution when imaging deep in aberrating specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hao
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Edward S Allgeyer
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dong-Ryoung Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jacopo Antonello
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine Watters
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Lena K Schroeder
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Francesca Bottanelli
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiaxi Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Phylicia Kidd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark D Lessard
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lynn Cooley
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Martin J Booth
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joerg Bewersdorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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8
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Bottanelli F, Cadot B, Campelo F, Curran S, Davidson PM, Dey G, Raote I, Straube A, Swaffer MP. Science during lockdown - from virtual seminars to sustainable online communities. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/15/jcs249607. [PMID: 32801132 PMCID: PMC7438008 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted traditional modes of scientific communication. In-person conferences and seminars have been cancelled and most scientists around the world have been confined to their homes. Although challenging, this situation has presented an opportunity to adopt new ways to communicate science and build scientific relationships within a digital environment, thereby reducing the environmental impact and increasing the inclusivity of scientific events. As a group of researchers who have recently created online seminar series for our respective research communities, we have come together to share our experiences and insights. Only a few weeks into this process, and often learning ‘on the job’, we have collectively encountered different problems and solutions. Here, we share our advice on formats and tools, security concerns, spreading the word to your community and creating a diverse, inclusive and collegial space online. We hope our experience will help others launch their own online initiatives, helping to shape the future of scientific communication as we move past the current crisis. Summary: A practical guide to organising sustainable and inclusive virtual seminar series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bottanelli
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Bruno Cadot
- Institut de Myologie, INSERM UMR974, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Felix Campelo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Scott Curran
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Patricia M Davidson
- Institut de Myologie, INSERM UMR974, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Gautam Dey
- MRC Lab for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ishier Raote
- Centre for Genonmic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Anne Straube
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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9
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Kory N, Wyant GA, Prakash G, Uit de Bos J, Bottanelli F, Pacold ME, Chan SH, Lewis CA, Wang T, Keys HR, Guo YE, Sabatini DM. SFXN1 is a mitochondrial serine transporter required for one-carbon metabolism. Science 2019; 362:362/6416/eaat9528. [PMID: 30442778 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat9528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One-carbon metabolism generates the one-carbon units required to synthesize many critical metabolites, including nucleotides. The pathway has cytosolic and mitochondrial branches, and a key step is the entry, through an unknown mechanism, of serine into mitochondria, where it is converted into glycine and formate. In a CRISPR-based genetic screen in human cells for genes of the mitochondrial pathway, we found sideroflexin 1 (SFXN1), a multipass inner mitochondrial membrane protein of unclear function. Like cells missing mitochondrial components of one-carbon metabolism, those null for SFXN1 are defective in glycine and purine synthesis. Cells lacking SFXN1 and one of its four homologs, SFXN3, have more severe defects, including being auxotrophic for glycine. Purified SFXN1 transports serine in vitro. Thus, SFXN1 functions as a mitochondrial serine transporter in one-carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kory
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory A Wyant
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gyan Prakash
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jelmi Uit de Bos
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Francesca Bottanelli
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Michael E Pacold
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sze Ham Chan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Caroline A Lewis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tim Wang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Heather R Keys
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yang Eric Guo
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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10
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Ernst AM, Syed SA, Zaki O, Bottanelli F, Zheng H, Hacke M, Xi Z, Rivera-Molina F, Graham M, Rebane AA, Björkholm P, Baddeley D, Toomre D, Pincet F, Rothman JE. S-Palmitoylation Sorts Membrane Cargo for Anterograde Transport in the Golgi. Dev Cell 2019; 47:479-493.e7. [PMID: 30458139 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While retrograde cargo selection in the Golgi is known to depend on specific signals, it is unknown whether anterograde cargo is sorted, and anterograde signals have not been identified. We suggest here that S-palmitoylation of anterograde cargo at the Golgi membrane interface is an anterograde signal and that it results in concentration in curved regions at the Golgi rims by simple physical chemistry. The rate of transport across the Golgi of two S-palmitoylated membrane proteins is controlled by S-palmitoylation. The bulk of S-palmitoylated proteins in the Golgi behave analogously, as revealed by click chemistry-based fluorescence and electron microscopy. These palmitoylated cargos concentrate in the most highly curved regions of the Golgi membranes, including the fenestrated perimeters of cisternae and associated vesicles. A palmitoylated transmembrane domain behaves similarly in model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Ernst
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Saad A Syed
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Omar Zaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Moritz Hacke
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zhiqun Xi
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Felix Rivera-Molina
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Morven Graham
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aleksander A Rebane
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patrik Björkholm
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David Baddeley
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Derek Toomre
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Frederic Pincet
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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11
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Bottanelli F, Kilian N, Ernst AM, Rivera-Molina F, Schroeder LK, Kromann EB, Lessard MD, Erdmann RS, Schepartz A, Baddeley D, Bewersdorf J, Toomre D, Rothman JE. A novel physiological role for ARF1 in the formation of bidirectional tubules from the Golgi. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1676-1687. [PMID: 28428254 PMCID: PMC5469610 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-12-0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Capitalizing on CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing techniques and super-resolution nanoscopy, we explore the role of the small GTPase ARF1 in mediating transport steps at the Golgi. Besides its well-established role in generating COPI vesicles, we find that ARF1 is also involved in the formation of long (∼3 µm), thin (∼110 nm diameter) tubular carriers. The anterograde and retrograde tubular carriers are both largely free of the classical Golgi coat proteins coatomer (COPI) and clathrin. Instead, they contain ARF1 along their entire length at a density estimated to be in the range of close packing. Experiments using a mutant form of ARF1 affecting GTP hydrolysis suggest that ARF1[GTP] is functionally required for the tubules to form. Dynamic confocal and stimulated emission depletion imaging shows that ARF1-rich tubular compartments fall into two distinct classes containing 1) anterograde cargoes and clathrin clusters or 2) retrograde cargoes and coatomer clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bottanelli
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Nicole Kilian
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Andreas M Ernst
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Felix Rivera-Molina
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Lena K Schroeder
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Emil B Kromann
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Mark D Lessard
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Roman S Erdmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - David Baddeley
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.,Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Joerg Bewersdorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520.,Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Derek Toomre
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.,Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 .,Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
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12
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Dancourt J, Zheng H, Bottanelli F, Allgeyer ES, Bewersdorf J, Graham M, Liu X, Rothman JE, Lavieu G. Small cargoes pass through synthetically glued Golgi stacks. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1675-86. [PMID: 27174538 PMCID: PMC4925213 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
How are proteins transported across the stacked cisternae of the Golgi apparatus? Do they stay within the cisterna while the latter matures and progresses in an anterograde manner, or do they navigate between the cisternae via vesicles? Using synthetic biology, we engineered new tools designed to stabilize intercisternal adhesion such that Golgi cisternae are literally glued together, thus preventing any possible cisternal progression. Using bulk secretory assays and single-cell live imaging, we observed that small cargoes (but not large aggregated cargoes including collagen) still transited through glued Golgi, although the rate of transport was moderately reduced. ARF1, whose membrane recruitment is required for budding COPI vesicles, continues to cycle on and off glued Golgi. Numerous COPI-size vesicles were intercalated among the glued Golgi cisternae. These results suggest that cisternal progression is not required for anterograde transport, but do not address the possibility of cisternal maturation in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dancourt
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Francesca Bottanelli
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward S Allgeyer
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joerg Bewersdorf
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Morven Graham
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xinran Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Grégory Lavieu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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13
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Abstract
Breaking down the ribbon of mammalian cells strongly inhibits intra-Golgi transport of large cargoes without altering the rate of transport of smaller cargoes. These results imply that the ribbon structure is an essential requirement for transport of large cargoes in mammalian cells. In mammalian cells, individual Golgi stacks fuse laterally to form the characteristic perinuclear ribbon structure. Yet the purpose of this remarkable structure has been an enigma. We report that breaking down the ribbon of mammalian cells strongly inhibits intra-Golgi transport of large cargoes without altering the rate of transport of smaller cargoes. In addition, insect cells that naturally harbor dispersed Golgi stacks have limited capacity to transport artificial oversized cargoes. These results imply that the ribbon structure is an essential requirement for transport of large cargoes in mammalian cells, and we suggest that this is because it enables the dilated rims of cisternae (containing the aggregates) to move across the stack as they transfer among adjacent stacks within the ribbon structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lavieu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Myun Hwa Dunlop
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Alexander Lerich
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Francesca Bottanelli
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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14
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Gershlick DC, de Marcos Lousa C, Foresti O, Lee AJ, Pereira EA, daSilva LL, Bottanelli F, Denecke J. Golgi-dependent transport of vacuolar sorting receptors is regulated by COPII, AP1, and AP4 protein complexes in tobacco. Plant Cell 2014; 26:1308-29. [PMID: 24642936 PMCID: PMC4001386 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.122226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cycling of vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) between early and late secretory pathway compartments is regulated by signals in the cytosolic tail, but the exact pathway is controversial. Here, we show that receptor targeting in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) initially involves a canonical coat protein complex II-dependent endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi bulk flow route and that VSR-ligand interactions in the cis-Golgi play an important role in vacuolar sorting. We also show that a conserved Glu is required but not sufficient for rate-limiting YXX-mediated receptor trafficking. Protein-protein interaction studies show that the VSR tail interacts with the μ-subunits of plant or mammalian clathrin adaptor complex AP1 and plant AP4 but not that of plant and mammalian AP2. Mutants causing a detour of full-length receptors via the cell surface invariantly cause the secretion of VSR ligands. Therefore, we propose that cycling via the plasma membrane is unlikely to play a role in biosynthetic vacuolar sorting under normal physiological conditions and that the conserved Ile-Met motif is mainly used to recover mistargeted receptors. This occurs via a fundamentally different pathway from the prevacuolar compartment that does not mediate recycling. The role of clathrin and clathrin-independent pathways in vacuolar targeting is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Gershlick
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Carine de Marcos Lousa
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew J. Lee
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jurgen Denecke
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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15
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Schill H, Nizamov S, Bottanelli F, Bierwagen J, Belov VN, Hell SW. 4-Trifluoromethyl-substituted coumarins with large Stokes shifts: synthesis, bioconjugates, and their use in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Chemistry 2013; 19:16556-65. [PMID: 24281806 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bright and photostable fluorescent dyes with large Stokes shifts are widely used as sensors, molecular probes, and light-emitting markers in chemistry, life sciences, and optical microscopy. In this study, new 7-dialkylamino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarins have been designed for use in bioconjugation reactions and optical microscopy. Their synthesis was based on the Stille reaction of 3-chloro-4-trifluoromethylcoumarins and available (hetero)aryl- or (hetero)arylethenyltin derivatives. Alternatively, the acylation of 2-trifluoroacetyl-5-dialkylaminophenols with available (hetero)aryl- or (hetero)arylethenylacetic acids followed by intramolecular condensation afforded coumarins with 3-(hetero)aryl or 3-[2-(hetero)aryl]ethenyl groups. Hydrophilic properties were provided by the introduction of a sulfonic acid residue or by phosphorylation of a primary hydroxy group attached at C-4 of the 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline fragment fused to the coumarin fluorophore. For use in immunolabeling procedures, the dyes were decorated with an (activated) carboxy group. The positions of the absorption and emission maxima vary in the ranges 413-480 and 527-668 nm, respectively. The phosphorylated dye, 9,CH=CH-2-py,H, with the 1-(3-carboxypropyl)-4-hydroxymethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline fragment fused to the coumarin fluorophore bearing the 3-[2-(2-pyridyl)ethenyl] residue (absorption and emission maxima at 472 and 623 nm, respectively) was used in super-resolution light microscopy with stimulated emission depletion and provided an optical resolution better than 70 nm with a low background signal. As a result of their large Stokes shifts, good fluorescence quantum yields, and adequate photostabilities, phosphorylated coumarins enable two-color imaging (using several excitation sources and a single depletion laser) to be combined with subdiffractional optical resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Schill
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen (Germany), Fax: (+49) 551-2012505
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16
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Bottanelli F, Gershlick DC, Denecke J. Evidence for sequential action of Rab5 and Rab7 GTPases in prevacuolar organelle partitioning. Traffic 2012; 13:338-54. [PMID: 22004564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
GTPases of the Rab5 and Rab7 families were shown to control vacuolar sorting but their specific subcellular localization is controversial in plants. Here, we show that both the canonical as well as the plant-specific Rab5 reside at the newly discovered 'late prevacuolar compartment' (LPVC) while Rab7 partitions to the vacuolar membrane when expressed at low levels. Higher expression levels of wild-type Rab5 GTPases but not Rab7 lead to dose-dependent inhibition of biosynthetic vacuolar transport. In the case of Ara6, this included aberrant co-localization with markers for earlier post-Golgi compartments including the trans-Golgi network. However, nucleotide-free mutants of all three GTPases (Rha1, Ara6 and Rab7) cause stronger dose-dependent inhibition of vacuolar sorting. In addition, nucleotide-free Rha1 led to a later maturation defect and co-localization of markers for the prevacuolar compartment (PVC) and the LPVC. The corresponding Rab7 mutant strongly inhibited vacuolar delivery without merging of PVC and LPVC markers. Evidence for functional differentiation of the Rab5 family members is underlined by the fact that mutant Rha1 expression can be suppressed by increasing wild-type Rha1 levels while mutant Ara6 specifically titrates the nucleotide exchange factor Vps9. A model describing the sequential action of Rab5 and Rab7 GTPases is presented in the light of the current observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bottanelli
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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17
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Bottanelli F, Foresti O, Hanton S, Denecke J. Vacuolar transport in tobacco leaf epidermis cells involves a single route for soluble cargo and multiple routes for membrane cargo. Plant Cell 2011; 23:3007-25. [PMID: 21856792 PMCID: PMC3180807 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.085480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We tested if different classes of vacuolar cargo reach the vacuole via distinct mechanisms by interference at multiple steps along the transport route. We show that nucleotide-free mutants of low molecular weight GTPases, including Rab11, the Rab5 members Rha1 and Ara6, and the tonoplast-resident Rab7, caused induced secretion of both lytic and storage vacuolar cargo. In situ analysis in leaf epidermis cells indicates a sequential action of Rab11, Rab5, and Rab7 GTPases. Compared with Rab5 members, mutant Rab11 mediates an early transport defect interfering with the arrival of cargo at prevacuoles, while mutant Rab7 inhibits the final delivery to the vacuole and increases cargo levels in prevacuoles. In contrast with soluble cargo, membrane cargo may follow different routes. Tonoplast targeting of an α-TIP chimera was impaired by nucleotide-free Rha1, Ara6, and Rab7 similar to soluble cargo. By contrast, the tail-anchored tonoplast SNARE Vam3 shares only the Rab7-mediated vacuolar deposition step. The most marked difference was observed for the calcineurin binding protein CBL6, which was insensitive to all Rab mutants tested. Unlike soluble cargo, α-TIP and Vam3, CBL6 transport to the vacuole was COPII independent. The results indicate that soluble vacuolar proteins follow a single route to vacuoles, while membrane spanning proteins may use at least three different transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jürgen Denecke
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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18
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Foresti O, Gershlick DC, Bottanelli F, Hummel E, Hawes C, Denecke J. A recycling-defective vacuolar sorting receptor reveals an intermediate compartment situated between prevacuoles and vacuoles in tobacco. Plant Cell 2010; 22:3992-4008. [PMID: 21177482 PMCID: PMC3027165 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.078436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) display cytosolic Tyr motifs (YMPL) for clathrin-mediated anterograde transport to the prevacuolar compartment. Here, we show that the same motif is also required for VSR recycling. A Y612A point mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana VSR2 leads to a quantitative shift in VSR2 steady state levels from the prevacuolar compartment to the trans-Golgi network when expressed in Nicotiana tabacum. By contrast, the L615A mutant VSR2 leaks strongly to vacuoles and accumulates in a previously undiscovered compartment. The latter is shown to be distinct from the Golgi stacks, the trans-Golgi network, and the prevacuolar compartment but is characterized by high concentrations of soluble vacuolar cargo and the rab5 GTPase Rha1(RabF2a). The results suggest that the prevacuolar compartment matures by gradual receptor depletion, leading to the formation of a late prevacuolar compartment situated between the prevacuolar compartment and the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Foresti
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Gershlick
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Bottanelli
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Hummel
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Hawes
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Denecke
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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