1
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Dede D, Glas F, Piazza V, Morgan N, Friedl M, Güniat L, Nur Dayi E, Balgarkashi A, Dubrovskii VG, Fontcuberta I Morral A. Selective area epitaxy of GaAs: the unintuitive role of feature size and pitch. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:485604. [PMID: 35952545 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac88d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective area epitaxy (SAE) provides the path for scalable fabrication of semiconductor nanostructures in a device-compatible configuration. In the current paradigm, SAE is understood as localized epitaxy, and is modelled by combining planar and self-assembled nanowire growth mechanisms. Here we use GaAs SAE as a model system to provide a different perspective. First, we provide evidence of the significant impact of the annealing stage in the calculation of the growth rates. Then, by elucidating the effect of geometrical constraints on the growth of the semiconductor crystal, we demonstrate the role of adatom desorption and resorption beyond the direct-impingement and diffusion-limited regime. Our theoretical model explains the effect of these constraints on the growth, and in particular why the SAE growth rate is highly sensitive to the pattern geometry. Finally, the disagreement of the model at the largest pitch points to non-negligible multiple adatom recycling between patterned features. Overall, our findings point out the importance of considering adatom diffusion, adsorption and desorption dynamics in designing the SAE pattern to create pre-determined nanoscale structures across a wafer. These results are fundamental for the SAE process to become viable in the semiconductor industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Dede
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Materials, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Glas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Palaiseau, France
| | - Valerio Piazza
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Materials, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Morgan
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Materials, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Friedl
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Materials, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Güniat
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Materials, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elif Nur Dayi
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Materials, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Akshay Balgarkashi
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Materials, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Fontcuberta I Morral
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Materials, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Institute of Physics, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Bellet-Amalric E, Panciera F, Patriarche G, Travers L, den Hertog M, Harmand JC, Glas F, Cibert J. Regulated Dynamics with Two Monolayer Steps in Vapor-Solid-Solid Growth of Nanowires. ACS Nano 2022; 16:4397-4407. [PMID: 35276038 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The growth of ZnTe nanowires and ZnTe-CdTe nanowire heterostructures is studied by in situ transmission electron microscopy. We describe the shape and the change of shape of the solid gold nanoparticle during vapor-solid-solid growth. We show the balance between one monolayer and two monolayer steps, which characterizes the vapor-liquid-solid and vapor-solid-solid growth modes of ZnTe. We discuss the likely role of the mismatch strain and lattice coincidence between gold and ZnTe on the predominance of two monolayer steps during vapor-solid-solid growth and on the subsequent self-regulation of the step dynamics. Finally, the formation of an interface between CdTe and ZnTe is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Bellet-Amalric
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, 38054 cedex 09 Grenoble, France
| | - Federico Panciera
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Gilles Patriarche
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Laurent Travers
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Martien den Hertog
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Inst. NEEL, BP 166, 38042 cedex 9, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Harmand
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Frank Glas
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Joël Cibert
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Inst. NEEL, BP 166, 38042 cedex 9, Grenoble, France
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3
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Wilson DP, Sokolovskii AS, LaPierre RR, Panciera F, Glas F, Dubrovskii VG. Modeling the dynamics of interface morphology and crystal phase change in self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires. Nanotechnology 2020; 31:485602. [PMID: 32931461 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abb106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The droplet contact angle and morphology of the growth interface (vertical, tapered or truncated facets) are known to affect the zincblende (ZB) or wurtzite (WZ) crystal phase of III-V nanowires (NWs) grown by the vapor-liquid-solid method. Here, we present a model which describes the dynamics of the morphological evolution in self-catalyzed III-V NWs in terms of the time-dependent (or length-dependent) contact angle or top nanowire radius under varying material fluxes. The model fits quite well the contact angle dynamics obtained by in situ growth monitoring of self-catalyzed GaAs NWs in a transmission electron microscope. These results can be used for modeling the interface dynamics and the related crystal phase switching and for obtaining ZB-WZ heterostructures in III-V.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Wilson
- Department of Engineering Physics, Centre for Emerging Device Technologies, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L7, Canada. ITMO University, Kronverkskiy pr. 49, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Scaccabarozzi A, Cattoni A, Patriarche G, Travers L, Collin S, Harmand JC, Glas F, Oehler F. Stable and high yield growth of GaP and In 0.2Ga 0.8As nanowire arrays using In as a catalyst. Nanoscale 2020; 12:18240-18248. [PMID: 32856654 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04139d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the first investigation of indium (In) as the vapor-liquid-solid catalyst of GaP and InGaAs nanowires by molecular beam epitaxy. A strong asymmetry in the Ga distribution between the liquid and solid phases allows one to obtain pure GaP and In0.2Ga0.8As nanowires while the liquid catalyst remains nearly pure In. This uncommon In catalyst presents several advantages. First, the nanowire morphology can be tuned by changing the In flux alone, independently of the Ga and group V fluxes. Second, the nanowire crystal structure always remains cubic during steady state growth and catalyst crystallization, despite the low contact angle of the liquid droplet measured after growth (95°). Third, the vertical yield of In-catalyzed GaP and (InGa)As nanowire arrays on patterned silicon substrates increases dramatically. Combining straight sidewalls, controllable morphologies and a high vertical yield, In-catalysts provide an alternative to the standard Au or Ga alloys for the bottom-up growth of large scale homogeneous arrays of (InGa)As or GaP nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scaccabarozzi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France. and Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Andrea Cattoni
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Gilles Patriarche
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Laurent Travers
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Stéphane Collin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Jean-Christophe Harmand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Frank Glas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Fabrice Oehler
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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Panciera F, Baraissov Z, Patriarche G, Dubrovskii VG, Glas F, Travers L, Mirsaidov U, Harmand JC. Phase Selection in Self-catalyzed GaAs Nanowires. Nano Lett 2020; 20:1669-1675. [PMID: 32027145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Crystal phase switching between the zincblende and wurtzite structures in III-V nanowires is crucial from the fundamental viewpoint as well as for electronic and photonic applications of crystal phase heterostructures. Here, the results of in situ monitoring of self-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid growth of GaAs nanowires by molecular beam epitaxy inside a transmission electron microscope are presented. It is demonstrated that the occurrence of the zincblende or wurtzite phase in self-catalyzed nanowires is determined by the sole parameter, the droplet contact angle, which can be finely tuned by changing the group III and V fluxes. The zincblende phase forms at small (<100°) and large (>125°) contact angles, whereas pure wurtzite phase is observed for intermediate contact angles. Wurtzite nanowires are restricted by vertical sidewalls, whereas zincblende nanowires taper or develop the truncated edge at their top. These findings are explained within a dedicated model for the surface energetics. These results give a clear route for the crystal phase control in Au-free III-V nanowires. On a more general note, in situ growth monitoring with atomic resolution and at the technological-relevant growth rates is shown to be a powerful tool for the fine-tuning of material properties at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Panciera
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117557, Singapore
| | - Zhaslan Baraissov
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117557, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Gilles Patriarche
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Frank Glas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Laurent Travers
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Utkur Mirsaidov
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117557, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jean-Christophe Harmand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
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Harmand JC, Patriarche G, Glas F, Panciera F, Florea I, Maurice JL, Travers L, Ollivier Y. Atomic Step Flow on a Nanofacet. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:166101. [PMID: 30387660 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.166101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Crystal growth often proceeds by atomic step flow. When the surface area available for growth is limited, the nucleation and progression of the steps can be affected. This issue is particularly relevant to the formation of nanocrystals. We examine the case of Au-catalyzed GaAs nanowires, which we grow in a transmission electron microscope. Our in situ observations show that atomic layers nucleate at the periphery of the interface between the nanowire and the catalyst droplet. From this starting location, the atomic step flows within a restricted area of hexagonal shape. At specific partial coverages, the monolayer configuration changes abruptly. A simple model based on the geometry of the system and its edge energies explains these observations. In particular, we observe an inversion of the step curvature which reveals that the effective energy per unit length of monolayer edge is much lower at the interface periphery than inside the catalyst droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Harmand
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Vauve, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Gilles Patriarche
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Vauve, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Frank Glas
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Vauve, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Federico Panciera
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Vauve, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Ileana Florea
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Luc Maurice
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Laurent Travers
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Vauve, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Yannick Ollivier
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Vauve, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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Oehler F, Cattoni A, Scaccabarozzi A, Patriarche G, Glas F, Harmand JC. Measuring and Modeling the Growth Dynamics of Self-Catalyzed GaP Nanowire Arrays. Nano Lett 2018; 18:701-708. [PMID: 29257888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up fabrication of regular nanowire (NW) arrays on a masked substrate is technologically relevant, but the growth dynamic is rather complex due to the superposition of severe shadowing effects that vary with array pitch, NW diameter, NW height, and growth duration. By inserting GaAsP marker layers at a regular time interval during the growth of a self-catalyzed GaP NW array, we are able to retrieve precisely the time evolution of the diameter and height of a single NW. We then propose a simple numerical scheme which fully computes shadowing effects at play in infinite arrays of NWs. By confronting the simulated and experimental results, we infer that re-emission of Ga from the mask is necessary to sustain the NW growth while Ga migration on the mask must be negligible. When compared to random cosine or random uniform re-emission from the mask, the simple case of specular reflection on the mask gives the most accurate account of the Ga balance during the growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Oehler
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Andrea Cattoni
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Andrea Scaccabarozzi
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France , 92160 Antony, France
| | - Gilles Patriarche
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Frank Glas
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Harmand
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
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Jamond N, Chrétien P, Gatilova L, Galopin E, Travers L, Harmand JC, Glas F, Houzé F, Gogneau N. Energy harvesting efficiency in GaN nanowire-based nanogenerators: the critical influence of the Schottky nanocontact. Nanoscale 2017; 9:4610-4619. [PMID: 28323294 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00647k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The performances of 1D-nanostructure based nanogenerators are governed by the ability of nanostructures to efficiently convert mechanical deformation into electrical energy, and by the efficiency with which this piezo-generated energy is harvested. In this paper, we highlight the crucial influence of the GaN nanowire-metal Schottky nanocontact on the energy harvesting efficiency. Three different metals, p-type doped diamond, PtSi and Pt/Ir, have been investigated. By using an atomic force microscope equipped with a Resiscope module, we demonstrate that the harvesting of piezo-generated energy is up to 2.4 times more efficient using a platinum-based Schottky nanocontact compared to a doped diamond-based nanocontact. In light of Schottky contact characteristics, we evidence that the conventional description of the Schottky diode cannot be applied. The contact is governed by its nanometer size. This specific behaviour induces notably a lowering of the Schottky barrier height, which gives rise to an enhanced conduction. We especially demonstrate that this effective thinning is directly correlated with the improvement of the energy harvesting efficiency, which is much pronounced for Pt-based Schottky diodes. These results constitute a building block to the overall improvement of NW-based nanogenerator devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jamond
- Centre des Nanosciences et des Nanotechnologies, site-Marcoussis, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS-C2N-UMR9001, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France.
| | - Pascal Chrétien
- Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Paris, UMR CNRS-Supélec 8507, Universités Pierre et Marie Curie et Paris-Sud, 11 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Lina Gatilova
- Observatoire de Paris, LERMA, UMR 8112, avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Galopin
- Centre des Nanosciences et des Nanotechnologies, site-Marcoussis, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS-C2N-UMR9001, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France.
| | - Laurent Travers
- Centre des Nanosciences et des Nanotechnologies, site-Marcoussis, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS-C2N-UMR9001, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France.
| | - Jean-Christophe Harmand
- Centre des Nanosciences et des Nanotechnologies, site-Marcoussis, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS-C2N-UMR9001, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France.
| | - Frank Glas
- Centre des Nanosciences et des Nanotechnologies, site-Marcoussis, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS-C2N-UMR9001, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France.
| | - Frédéric Houzé
- Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Paris, UMR CNRS-Supélec 8507, Universités Pierre et Marie Curie et Paris-Sud, 11 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Noëlle Gogneau
- Centre des Nanosciences et des Nanotechnologies, site-Marcoussis, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS-C2N-UMR9001, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France.
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Jamond N, Chrétien P, Houzé F, Lu L, Largeau L, Maugain O, Travers L, Harmand JC, Glas F, Lefeuvre E, Tchernycheva M, Gogneau N. Piezo-generator integrating a vertical array of GaN nanowires. Nanotechnology 2016; 27:325403. [PMID: 27363777 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/32/325403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the first piezo-generator integrating a vertical array of GaN nanowires (NWs). We perform a systematic multi-scale analysis, going from single wire properties to macroscopic device fabrication and characterization, which allows us to establish for GaN NWs the relationship between the material properties and the piezo-generation, and to propose an efficient piezo-generator design. The piezo-conversion of individual MBE-grown p-doped GaN NWs in a dense array is assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) equipped with a Resiscope module yielding an average output voltage of 228 ± 120 mV and a maximum value of 350 mV generated per NW. In the case of p-doped GaN NWs, the piezo-generation is achieved when a positive piezo-potential is created inside the nanostructures, i.e. when the NWs are submitted to compressive deformation. The understanding of the piezo-generation mechanism in our GaN NWs, gained from AFM analyses, is applied to design a piezo-generator operated under compressive strain. The device consists of NW arrays of several square millimeters in size embedded into spin-on glass with a Schottky contact for rectification and collection of piezo-generated carriers. The generator delivers a maximum power density of ∼12.7 mW cm(-3). This value sets the new state of the art for piezo-generators based on GaN NWs and more generally on nitride NWs, and offers promising prospects for the use of GaN NWs as high-efficiency ultra-compact energy harvesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jamond
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, CNRS UPR20, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Nozay, F-91460 Marcoussis, France
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Kumaresan V, Largeau L, Madouri A, Glas F, Zhang H, Oehler F, Cavanna A, Babichev A, Travers L, Gogneau N, Tchernycheva M, Harmand JC. Epitaxy of GaN Nanowires on Graphene. Nano Lett 2016; 16:4895-4902. [PMID: 27414518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial growth of GaN nanowires on graphene is demonstrated using molecular beam epitaxy without any catalyst or intermediate layer. Growth is highly selective with respect to silica on which the graphene flakes, grown by chemical vapor deposition, are transferred. The nanowires grow vertically along their c-axis and we observe a unique epitaxial relationship with the ⟨21̅1̅0⟩ directions of the wurtzite GaN lattice parallel to the directions of the carbon zigzag chains. Remarkably, the nanowire density and height decrease with increasing number of graphene layers underneath. We attribute this effect to strain and we propose a model for the nanowire density variation. The GaN nanowires are defect-free and they present good optical properties. This demonstrates that graphene layers transferred on amorphous carrier substrates is a promising alternative to bulk crystalline substrates for the epitaxial growth of high quality GaN nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnuvarthan Kumaresan
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Nozay , F-91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Ludovic Largeau
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Nozay , F-91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Ali Madouri
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Nozay , F-91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Frank Glas
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Nozay , F-91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Hezhi Zhang
- Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, UMR 8622 CNRS, University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay , 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Oehler
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Nozay , F-91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Antonella Cavanna
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Nozay , F-91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Andrey Babichev
- Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, UMR 8622 CNRS, University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay , 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- ITMO University , St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Laurent Travers
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Nozay , F-91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Noelle Gogneau
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Nozay , F-91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Maria Tchernycheva
- Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, UMR 8622 CNRS, University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay , 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Harmand
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Nozay , F-91460 Marcoussis, France
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Dubrovskii VG, Xu T, Álvarez AD, Larrieu G, Plissard SR, Caroff P, Glas F, Grandidier B. Correction to Self-Equilibration of the Diameter of Ga-Catalyzed GaAs Nanowires. Nano Lett 2016; 16:3967. [PMID: 27172542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Kumaresan V, Largeau L, Oehler F, Zhang H, Mauguin O, Glas F, Gogneau N, Tchernycheva M, Harmand JC. Self-induced growth of vertical GaN nanowires on silica. Nanotechnology 2016; 27:135602. [PMID: 26895252 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/13/135602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We study the self-induced growth of GaN nanowires on silica. Although the amorphous structure of this substrate offers no possibility of an epitaxial relationship, the nanowires are remarkably aligned with the substrate normal whereas, as expected, their in-plane orientation is random. Their structural and optical characteristics are compared to those of GaN nanowires grown on standard crystalline Si (111) substrates. The polarity inversion domains are much less frequent, if not totally absent, in the nanowires grown on silica, which we find to be N-polar. This work demonstrates that high-quality vertical GaN nanowires can be elaborated without resorting to bulk crystalline substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumaresan
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Nozay, F-91460 Marcoussis, France. Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale (IEF), UMR 8622 CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France
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Priante G, Glas F, Patriarche G, Pantzas K, Oehler F, Harmand JC. Sharpening the Interfaces of Axial Heterostructures in Self-Catalyzed AlGaAs Nanowires: Experiment and Theory. Nano Lett 2016; 16:1917-1924. [PMID: 26840359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth of III-III-V axial heterostructures in nanowires via the vapor-liquid-solid method is deemed to be unfavorable because of the high solubility of group III elements in the catalyst droplet. In this work, we study the formation by molecular beam epitaxy of self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires with AlxGa1-xAs insertions. The composition profiles are extracted and analyzed with monolayer resolution using high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy. We test successfully several growth procedures to sharpen the heterointerfaces. For a given nanowire geometry, prefilling the droplet with Al atoms is shown to be the most efficient way to reduce the width of the GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs interface. Using the thermodynamic data available in the literature, we develop numerical and analytical models of the composition profiles, showing very good agreement with experiments. These models suggest that atomically sharp interfaces are attainable for catalyst droplets of small volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Priante
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Frank Glas
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Gilles Patriarche
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Konstantinos Pantzas
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Fabrice Oehler
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Harmand
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
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Dubrovskii VG, Xu T, Álvarez AD, Plissard SR, Caroff P, Glas F, Grandidier B. Self-Equilibration of the Diameter of Ga-Catalyzed GaAs Nanowires. Nano Lett 2015; 15:5580-4. [PMID: 26189571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Designing strategies to reach monodispersity in fabrication of semiconductor nanowire ensembles is essential for numerous applications. When Ga-catalyzed GaAs nanowire arrays are grown by molecular beam epitaxy with help of droplet-engineering, we observe a significant narrowing of the diameter distribution of the final nanowire array with respect to the size distribution of the initial Ga droplets. Considering that the droplet serves as a nonequilibrium reservoir of a group III metal, we develop a model that demonstrates a self-equilibration effect on the droplet size in self-catalyzed III-V nanowires. This effect leads to arrays of nanowires with a high degree of uniformity regardless of the initial conditions, while the stationary diameter can be further finely tuned by varying the spacing of the array pitch on patterned Si substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Dubrovskii
- †St. Petersburg Academic University, Khlopina 8/3, 194021, St. Petersburg, Russia
- ‡Ioffe Physical Technical Institute RAS, Politekhnicheskaya 26, 194021, St. Petersburg, Russia
- §ITMO University, Kronverkskiy pr. 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - T Xu
- ∥Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), CNRS, UMR 8520, Département ISEN, 41 bd Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
- ⊥Sino-European School of Technology, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - A Díaz Álvarez
- ∥Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), CNRS, UMR 8520, Département ISEN, 41 bd Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - S R Plissard
- ∥Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), CNRS, UMR 8520, Département ISEN, 41 bd Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
- #CNRS-Laboratoire d'Analyse et d'Architecture des Systèmes (LAAS), Université de Toulouse, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - P Caroff
- ∥Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), CNRS, UMR 8520, Département ISEN, 41 bd Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
- ∇Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - F Glas
- ○CNRS-Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - B Grandidier
- ∥Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), CNRS, UMR 8520, Département ISEN, 41 bd Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
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Gil E, Dubrovskii VG, Avit G, André Y, Leroux C, Lekhal K, Grecenkov J, Trassoudaine A, Castelluci D, Monier G, Ramdani RM, Robert-Goumet C, Bideux L, Harmand JC, Glas F. Record pure zincblende phase in GaAs nanowires down to 5 nm in radius. Nano Lett 2014; 14:3938-3944. [PMID: 24873917 DOI: 10.1021/nl501239h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the Au catalyst-assisted synthesis of 20 μm long GaAs nanowires by the vapor-liquid-solid hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) exhibiting a polytypism-free zincblende phase for record radii lower than 15 nm down to 5 nm. HVPE makes use of GaCl gaseous growth precursors at high mass input of which fast dechlorination at the usual process temperature of 715 °C results in high planar growth rate (standard 30-40 μm/h). When it comes to the vapor-liquid-solid growth of nanowires, fast solidification at a rate higher than 100 μm/h is observed. Nanowire growth by HVPE only proceeds by introduction of precursors in the catalyst droplets from the vapor phase. This promotes almost pure axial growth leading to nanowires with a constant cylinder shape over unusual length. The question of the cubic zincblende structure observed in HVPE-grown GaAs nanowires regardless of their radius is at the heart of the paper. We demonstrate that the vapor-liquid-solid growth in our conditions takes place at high liquid chemical potential that originates from very high influxes of both As and Ga. This yields a Ga concentration systematically higher than 0.62 in the Au-Ga-As droplets. The high Ga concentration decreases the surface energy of the droplets, which disables nucleation at the triple phase line thus preventing the formation of wurtzite structure whatever the nanowire radius is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Gil
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal , Institut Pascal, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Cohin Y, Mauguin O, Largeau L, Patriarche G, Glas F, Søndergård E, Harmand JC. Growth of vertical GaAs nanowires on an amorphous substrate via a fiber-textured Si platform. Nano Lett 2013; 13:2743-2747. [PMID: 23668839 DOI: 10.1021/nl400924c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the vertical self-catalyzed molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of GaAs nanowires on an amorphous SiO2 substrate by using a smooth [111] fiber-textured silicon thin film with very large grains, fabricated by aluminum-induced crystallization. This generic platform paves the way to the use of inexpensive substrates for the fabrication of dense ensembles of vertically standing nanowires (NWs) with promising perspectives for the integration of NWs in devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Cohin
- CNRS-Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, Route de Nozay, F-91460 Marcoussis, France.
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Tourbot G, Bougerol C, Glas F, Zagonel LF, Mahfoud Z, Meuret S, Gilet P, Kociak M, Gayral B, Daudin B. Growth mechanism and properties of InGaN insertions in GaN nanowires. Nanotechnology 2012; 23:135703. [PMID: 22418250 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/13/135703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the strong influence of strain on the morphology and In content of InGaN insertions in GaN nanowires, in agreement with theoretical predictions which establish that InGaN island nucleation on GaN nanowires may be energetically favorable, depending on In content and nanowire diameter. EDX analyses reveal In inhomogeneities between the successive dots but also along the growth direction within each dot, which is attributed to compositional pulling. Nanometer-resolved cathodoluminescence on single nanowires allowed us to probe the luminescence of single dots, revealing enhanced luminescence from the high In content top part with respect to the lower In content dot base.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tourbot
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Galopin E, Largeau L, Patriarche G, Travers L, Glas F, Harmand JC. Morphology of self-catalyzed GaN nanowires and chronology of their formation by molecular beam epitaxy. Nanotechnology 2011; 22:245606. [PMID: 21508494 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/24/245606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
GaN nanowires are synthesized by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on Si(111) substrates. The strong impact of the cell orientation relative to the substrate on the nanowire morphology is shown. To study the kinetics of growth, thin AlN markers are introduced periodically during NW growth. These markers are observed in single nanowires by transmission electron microscopy, giving access to the chronology of the nanowire formation and to the time evolution of the nanowire morphology. A long delay precedes the beginning of nanowire formation. Then, their elongation proceeds at a constant rate. Later, shells develop on the side-wall facets by ascending growth of layer bunches which first agglomerate at the nanowire foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galopin
- CNRS-Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, Marcoussis, France
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Zhang X, Dubrovskii VG, Sibirev NV, Cirlin GE, Sartel C, Tchernycheva M, Harmand JC, Glas F. Growth of Inclined GaAs Nanowires by Molecular Beam Epitaxy: Theory and Experiment. Nanoscale Res Lett 2010; 5:1692-7. [PMID: 21076695 PMCID: PMC2956022 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-010-9698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growth of inclined GaAs nanowires (NWs) during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on the rotating substrates is studied. The growth model provides explicitly the NW length as a function of radius, supersaturations, diffusion lengths and the tilt angle. Growth experiments are carried out on the GaAs(211)A and GaAs(111)B substrates. It is found that 20° inclined NWs are two times longer in average, which is explained by a larger impingement rate on their sidewalls. We find that the effective diffusion length at 550°C amounts to 12 nm for the surface adatoms and is more than 5,000 nm for the sidewall adatoms. Supersaturations of surface and sidewall adatoms are also estimated. The obtained results show the importance of sidewall adatoms in the MBE growth of NWs, neglected in a number of earlier studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box 66, 100876, Beijing, China
- St.-Petersburg Academic University RAS, Khlopina 8/3, 194021, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - VG Dubrovskii
- St.-Petersburg Academic University RAS, Khlopina 8/3, 194021, St.-Petersburg, Russia
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute RAS, Politekhnicheskaya 26, 194021, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - NV Sibirev
- St.-Petersburg Academic University RAS, Khlopina 8/3, 194021, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - GE Cirlin
- St.-Petersburg Academic University RAS, Khlopina 8/3, 194021, St.-Petersburg, Russia
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute RAS, Politekhnicheskaya 26, 194021, St.-Petersburg, Russia
- CNRS-LPN, Route de Nozay, 91460, Marcoussis, France
| | - C Sartel
- CNRS-LPN, Route de Nozay, 91460, Marcoussis, France
| | - M Tchernycheva
- Department OptoGaN, Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale, UMR 8622 CNRS, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - JC Harmand
- CNRS-LPN, Route de Nozay, 91460, Marcoussis, France
| | - F Glas
- CNRS-LPN, Route de Nozay, 91460, Marcoussis, France
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Abstract
We elaborate InP(1-xA)s(x) nanowires by vapor-liquid-solid growth, with small and short composition oscillations produced on purpose with a constant time period. The lengths of these oscillations, measured in single wires by transmission electron microscopy, give access to instantaneous growth rates and their distribution reveals the nucleation statistics. We find that these statistics are strongly sub-Poissonian, which proves that the nucleation events are anticorrelated in time. This effect, specific to nanovolumes, efficiently regulates nanowire growth. We explain it by the rapid depletion of the catalyst droplet in group V atoms upon forming each monolayer of the nanowire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Glas
- CNRS-Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
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Jancu JM, Girard JC, Nestoklon MO, Lemaître A, Glas F, Wang ZZ, Voisin P. STM images of subsurface Mn atoms in GaAs: evidence of hybridization of surface and impurity states. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:196801. [PMID: 19113292 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.196801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We show that scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of subsurface Mn atoms in GaAs are formed by hybridization of the impurity state with intrinsic surface states. They cannot be interpreted in terms of bulk-impurity wave-function imaging. Atomic-resolution images obtained using a low-temperature apparatus are compared with advanced, parameter-free tight-binding simulations accounting for both the buckled (110) surface and vacuum electronic properties. Splitting of the acceptor state due to buckling is shown to play a prominent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Jancu
- CNRS-Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, route de Nozay, F-91460, Marcoussis, France
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Dheeraj DL, Patriarche G, Largeau L, Zhou HL, van Helvoort ATJ, Glas F, Harmand JC, Fimland BO, Weman H. Zinc blende GaAsSb nanowires grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Nanotechnology 2008; 19:275605. [PMID: 21828712 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/27/275605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the growth of GaAsSb nanowires (NWs) on GaAs(111)B substrates by Au-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The structural characteristics of the GaAsSb NWs have been investigated in detail. Their Sb mole fraction was found to be about 25%. Their crystal structure was found to be pure zinc blende (ZB), in contrast to the wurtzite structure observed in GaAs NWs grown under similar conditions. The ZB GaAsSb NWs exhibit rotational twins around their [111]B growth axis, with twin-free segments as long as 500 nm. The total volumes of GaAsSb segments with twinned and un-twinned orientations, respectively, were found to be equal by x-ray diffraction analysis of NW ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Dheeraj
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Patriarche G, Glas F, Tchernycheva M, Sartel C, Largeau L, Harmand JC, Cirlin GE. Wurtzite to zinc blende phase transition in GaAs nanowires induced by epitaxial burying. Nano Lett 2008; 8:1638-1643. [PMID: 18471022 DOI: 10.1021/nl080319y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We bury vertical free-standing core-shell GaAs/AlGaAs nanowires by a planar GaAs overgrowth. As the nanowires get buried, their crystalline structure progressively transforms: whereas the upper emerging part retains its initial wurtzite structure, the buried part adopts the zinc blende structure of the burying layer. The burying process also suppresses all the stacking faults that existed in the wurtzite nanowires. We consider two possible mechanisms for the structural transition upon burying, examine how they can be discriminated from each other, and explain why the transition is favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Patriarche
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, CNRS, Marcoussis, France
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Glas F, Harmand JC, Patriarche G. Why does wurtzite form in nanowires of III-V zinc blende semiconductors? Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:146101. [PMID: 17930689 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.146101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We develop a nucleation-based model to explain the formation of the wurtzite phase during the catalyzed growth of freestanding nanowires of zinc blende semiconductors. We show that in vapor-liquid-solid nanowire growth, nucleation generally occurs preferentially at the triple phase line. This entails major differences between zinc blende and wurtzite nuclei. Depending on the pertinent interface energies, wurtzite nucleation is favored at high liquid supersaturation. This explains our systematic observation of zinc blende during early growth of gold-catalyzed GaAs nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Glas
- CNRS-Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, Route de Nozay, 91460, Marcoussis, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Glas
- a Centre National d'Etudes des Télécommunications, Laboratoire de Bagneux (Unité associée au CNRS 250) , 196 avenue Henri Ravéra, 92220 , Bagneux , France
| | - C. Gors
- a Centre National d'Etudes des Télécommunications, Laboratoire de Bagneux (Unité associée au CNRS 250) , 196 avenue Henri Ravéra, 92220 , Bagneux , France
- b Laboratoire de Physique des Solides , Université de Paris Sud , 91405 , Orsay Cedex, France
- c U.E.R. de Physique Fondamentale , Université des Sciences et Techniques de Lille I , 59655 , Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - P. Hénoc
- a Centre National d'Etudes des Télécommunications, Laboratoire de Bagneux (Unité associée au CNRS 250) , 196 avenue Henri Ravéra, 92220 , Bagneux , France
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Glas F, Patriarche G, Largeau L, Lemaître A. Determination of the local concentrations of Mn interstitials and antisite defects in GaMnAs. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:086107. [PMID: 15447206 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.086107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for the determination of the local concentrations of interstitial and substitutional Mn atoms and As antisite defects in GaMnAs. The method relies on the sensitivity of the structure factors of weak reflections to the concentrations and locations of these minority constituents. High spatial resolution is obtained by combining structure factor measurement and x-ray analysis in a transmission electron microscope. We demonstrate the prevalence of interstitials with As nearest neighbors in as-grown layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Glas
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, CNRS, route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
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Glas F. Correlated static atomic displacements and transmission-electron-microscopy contrast in compositionally homogeneous disordered alloys. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 51:825-839. [PMID: 9978231 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Glas F. About the diffuse absences and the diffuse planes due to the atomic size effect. Acta Crystallogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767392012169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Schneck J, Morin D, Pierre L, Primot J, Tolédano J, Savary A, Daguet C, Glas F, Etrillard J. Properties of the high Tc superconducting phases in the (Pb-Bi)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O family of compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-5088(89)90283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Glas F, Hénoc P. Study of static atomic displacements by channelled-electron-beam-induced X-ray emission: Application to In0.53Ga0.47As alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/01418618708214388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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