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Leung M, Steinman J, Li D, Lor A, Gruesen A, Sadah A, van Kuijk FJ, Montezuma SR, Kondkar AA, Radhakrishnan R, Lobo GP. The Logistical Backbone of Photoreceptor Cell Function: Complementary Mechanisms of Dietary Vitamin A Receptors and Rhodopsin Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4278. [PMID: 38673863 PMCID: PMC11050646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we outline our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the absorption, storage, and transport of dietary vitamin A to the eye, and the trafficking of rhodopsin protein to the photoreceptor outer segments, which encompasses the logistical backbone required for photoreceptor cell function. Two key mechanisms of this process are emphasized in this manuscript: ocular and systemic vitamin A membrane transporters, and rhodopsin transporters. Understanding the complementary mechanisms responsible for the generation and proper transport of the retinylidene protein to the photoreceptor outer segment will eventually shed light on the importance of genes encoded by these proteins, and their relationship on normal visual function and in the pathophysiology of retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.L.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (F.J.v.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Jeremy Steinman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.L.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (F.J.v.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Dorothy Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.L.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (F.J.v.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Anjelynt Lor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.L.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (F.J.v.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Andrew Gruesen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.L.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (F.J.v.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Ahmed Sadah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.L.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (F.J.v.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Frederik J. van Kuijk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.L.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (F.J.v.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.L.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (F.J.v.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Altaf A. Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12271, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rakesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.L.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (F.J.v.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Glenn P. Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.L.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (F.J.v.K.); (S.R.M.)
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Armbrust KR, Westanmo A, Gravely A, Chew EY, van Kuijk FJ. Adverse COVID-19 outcomes in American Veterans with age-related macular degeneration: a case-control study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071921. [PMID: 38110385 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prior studies suggest that patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have poorer COVID-19 outcomes. This study aims to evaluate whether AMD is associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes in a large clinical database. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING We obtained demographic and clinical data from a national US Veterans Affairs (VA) database for all Veterans aged 50 years or older with positive COVID-19 testing prior to 2 May 2021. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was hospitalisation. Secondary outcome measures were intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation and death. Potential associations between AMD and outcome measures occurring within 60 days of COVID-19 diagnosis were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Of the 171 325 patients in the study cohort, 7913 (5%) had AMD and 2152 (1%) had severe AMD, defined as advanced atrophic or exudative AMD disease coding. Multiple logistic regression adjusting for age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, sex, race, ethnicity and COVID-19 timing showed that an AMD diagnosis did not significantly increase the odds of hospitalisation (p=0.11). Using a Bonferroni-adjusted significance level of 0.006, AMD and severe AMD also were not significant predictors for the secondary outcomes, except for AMD being modestly protective for death (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for other variables, neither AMD nor severe AMD was a risk factor for adverse COVID-19 outcomes in the VA healthcare system. These findings indicate that an AMD diagnosis alone should not alter recommended ophthalmic management based on COVID-19 adverse outcome risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Armbrust
- Department of Ophthalmology, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anders Westanmo
- Department of Pharmacy, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amy Gravely
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily Y Chew
- National Eye Institute, Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications (Clinical Trial Branch), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frederik J van Kuijk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Lobo GP, Radhakrishnan R, Leung M, Gruesen A, Knölker HJ, van Kuijk FJ, Montezuma SR. In Silico Prediction of MYO1C-Rhodopsin Interactions and Its Significance in Protein Localization and Visual Function. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1415:499-505. [PMID: 37440078 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Rods and cones are photoreceptor neurons in the retina that are required for visual sensation in vertebrates, where proper protein localization and compartmentalization are critical for phototransduction and visual function. In human retinal diseases, improper protein transport to the outer segment (OS) or mislocalization of proteins to the inner segment (IS) could lead to impaired visual responses and photoreceptor cell degeneration, causing a loss of visual function. We showed involvement of an unconventional motor protein, MYO1C, in the proper localization of rhodopsin to the OS, where loss of MYO1C in a mammalian model caused mislocalization of rhodopsin to IS and cell bodies, leading to progressively severe retinal phenotypes. In this study, using modeling and docking analysis, we aimed to identify the protein-protein interaction sites between MYO1C and Rhodopsin to establish a hypothesis that a physical interaction between these proteins is necessary for the proper trafficking of rhodopsin and visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn P Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Rakesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthias Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew Gruesen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Frederik J van Kuijk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sandra R Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Radhakrishnan R, Dronamraju VR, Leung M, Gruesen A, Solanki AK, Walterhouse S, Roehrich H, Song G, da Costa Monsanto R, Cureoglu S, Martin R, Kondkar AA, van Kuijk FJ, Montezuma SR, Knöelker HJ, Hufnagel RB, Lobo GP. The role of motor proteins in photoreceptor protein transport and visual function. Ophthalmic Genet 2022; 43:285-300. [PMID: 35470760 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2062391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rods and cones are photoreceptor neurons in the retina that are required for visual sensation in vertebrates, wherein the perception of vision is initiated when these neurons respond to photons in the light stimuli. The photoreceptor cell is structurally studied as outer segments (OS) and inner segments (IS) where proper protein sorting, localization, and compartmentalization are critical for phototransduction, visual function, and survival. In human retinal diseases, improper protein transport to the OS or mislocalization of proteins to the IS and other cellular compartments could lead to impaired visual responses and photoreceptor cell degeneration that ultimately cause loss of visual function. RESULTS Therefore, studying and identifying mechanisms involved in facilitating and maintaining proper protein transport in photoreceptor cells would help our understanding of pathologies involving retinal cell degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophies, age-related macular degeneration, and Usher Syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Our mini-review will discuss mechanisms of protein transport within photoreceptors and introduce a novel role for an unconventional motor protein, MYO1C, in actin-based motor transport of the visual chromophore Rhodopsin to the OS, in support of phototransduction and visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Venkateshwara R Dronamraju
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthias Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew Gruesen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ashish K Solanki
- Department of Medicine, Drug Discovery Building, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen Walterhouse
- Department of Medicine, Drug Discovery Building, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| | - Heidi Roehrich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Grace Song
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rafael da Costa Monsanto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sebahattin Cureoglu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - René Martin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Altaf A Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frederik J van Kuijk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sandra R Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Robert B Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Glenn P Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Medicine, Drug Discovery Building, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
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McPherson SW, Keunen JE, Bird AC, Chew EY, van Kuijk FJ. Investigate Oral Zinc as a Prophylactic Treatment for Those at Risk for COVID-19. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 216:A5-A6. [PMID: 32505362 PMCID: PMC7247979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gupta A, Mesik J, Engel SA, Smith R, Schatza M, Calabrèse A, van Kuijk FJ, Erdman AG, Legge GE. Beneficial Effects of Spatial Remapping for Reading With Simulated Central Field Loss. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:1105-1112. [PMID: 29490347 PMCID: PMC5830989 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose People with central field loss (CFL) lose information in the scotomatous region. Remapping is a method to modify images to present the missing information outside the scotoma. This study tested the hypothesis that remapping improves reading performance for subjects with simulated CFL. Methods Circular central scotomas, with diameters ranging from 4° to 16°, were simulated in normally sighted subjects using an eye tracker on either a head-mounted display (HMD) (experiments 1, 2) or a traditional monitor (experiment 3). In the three experiments, reading speed was measured for groups of 7, 11, and 13 subjects with and without remapping of text. Results Remapping increased reading speed in all three experiments. On the traditional monitor, it increased reading speed by 34% (8°), 38% (12°), and 35% (16°). In the two HMD experiments, remapping increased reading speed only for the largest scotoma size, possibly due to latency of updating of the simulated scotoma. Conclusions Remapping significantly increased reading speed in simulated CFL subjects. Additional testing should examine the efficacy of remapping for reading and other visual tasks for patients with advanced CFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Juraj Mesik
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Stephen A Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Mark Schatza
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Aurélie Calabrèse
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive (LPC), Marseille, France
| | - Frederik J van Kuijk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Arthur G Erdman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Gordon E Legge
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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Radwan SH, Soliman AZ, Tokarev J, Zhang L, van Kuijk FJ, Koozekanani DD. Association of Disorganization of Retinal Inner Layers With Vision After Resolution of Center-Involved Diabetic Macular Edema. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015; 133:820-5. [PMID: 25950417 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Macular edema (ME) prognosis and treatment response vary according to the underlying abnormalities. Biomarkers of visual acuity (VA) improvement could influence management decisions in different types of ME. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL) and other spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)-derived variables are associated with subsequent VA after ME resolution in both nondiabetic and diabetic ME. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A retrospective, longitudinal cohort study in which Snellen VA testing and SD-OCT macular imaging were performed, was conducted at a tertiary referral eye center for retinal diseases. The medical records of all patients with ME from December 1, 2010, to December 31, 2012, were reviewed. The date of the last follow-up was June 1, 2013. Participants included 55 patients (70 eyes) with center-involved ME that had resolved during an 8-month period. Patients were grouped based on the source of ME (diabetic vs nondiabetic). Exclusion criteria included significant media opacity interfering with good-quality SD-OCT image acquisition. Masked graders analyzed the central 1500-μm macular region for changes, including cysts, DRIL length and extent, and outer retinal layers disruption. Intragrader and intergrader agreement Spearman rank correlation coefficients ranged from 0.70 to 0.93 for quantitative measurement, and κ values ranged from 0.88 to 1.00 for qualitative grading. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Visual acuity and morphologic changes measured on SD-OCT. RESULTS In both groups, VA after ME resolution correlated with baseline VA. In diabetic ME involving a multivariable model including baseline VA and DRIL, total length was associated with subsequent VA as determined by a parameter estimate (PE) of 0.0003 (95% CI, 0-0.0006) (P = .03). The VA change during the 8-month period, after adjusting for baseline VA, was best associated with DRIL change (PE, 0.0002 [95% CI, 0-0.0003]; P = .04). Participants whose DRIL resolved, both early and late, showed improvement in their VA deficit at 8 months (least squares mean [SE], 41.3 [28.5] and 40.9 [37.5], respectively) compared with nonresolvers, whether inconsistent or persistent, whose VA worsened. After adjustment for baseline VA, eyes with persistent DRIL showed the largest difference in VA deficit compared with those with no baseline DRIL (-89.6 [27.2] vs 49.7 [19.6], respectively; P = .006). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The presence of DRIL at baseline and its resolution pattern may be associated with subsequent VA after resolution of center-involved diabetic ME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma H Radwan
- Vitreoretinal Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis2Department of Ophthalmology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Z Soliman
- Vitreoretinal Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis2Department of Ophthalmology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Julian Tokarev
- medical student, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - Lei Zhang
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Frederik J van Kuijk
- Vitreoretinal Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Dara D Koozekanani
- Vitreoretinal Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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Chitchian S, Mayer MA, Boretsky AR, van Kuijk FJ, Motamedi M. Retinal optical coherence tomography image enhancement via shrinkage denoising using double-density dual-tree complex wavelet transform. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17:116009. [PMID: 23117804 PMCID: PMC3595602 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.11.116009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT. Image enhancement of retinal structures, in optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans through denoising, has the potential to aid in the diagnosis of several eye diseases. In this paper, a locally adaptive denoising algorithm using double-density dual-tree complex wavelet transform, a combination of the double-density wavelet transform and the dual-tree complex wavelet transform, is applied to reduce speckle noise in OCT images of the retina. The algorithm overcomes the limitations of commonly used multiple frame averaging technique, namely the limited number of frames that can be recorded due to eye movements, by providing a comparable image quality in significantly less acquisition time equal to an order of magnitude less time compared to the averaging method. In addition, improvements of image quality metrics and 5 dB increase in the signal-to-noise ratio are attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Chitchian
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Galveston, Texas 77555
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Ophthalmology, Galveston, Texas 77555
- Address all correspondence to: Massoud Motamedi, Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555. Tel: 409-772-8363; Fax: 409-772-0751; E-mail:
| | - Markus A. Mayer
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Pattern Recognition Lab, Paul-Gordan Street 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adam R. Boretsky
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | | | - Massoud Motamedi
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Galveston, Texas 77555
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Ophthalmology, Galveston, Texas 77555
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Boon CJ, Crama N, Klevering BJ, van Kuijk FJ, Hoyng CB. Reflux after Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab. Ophthalmology 2008; 115:1270; author reply 1271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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