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Jordan GA, Vishwanath A, Holguin G, Bartlett MJ, Tapia AK, Winter GM, Sexauer MR, Stopera CJ, Falk T, Cowen SL. Automated system for training and assessing reaching and grasping behaviors in rodents. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 401:109990. [PMID: 37866457 PMCID: PMC10731814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reaching, grasping, and pulling behaviors are studied across species to investigate motor control and problem solving. String pulling is a distinct reaching and grasping behavior that is rapidly learned, requires bimanual coordination, is ethologically grounded, and has been applied across species and disease conditions. NEW METHOD Here we describe the PANDA system (Pulling And Neural Data Analysis), a hardware and software system that integrates a continuous string loop connected to a rotary encoder, feeder, microcontroller, high-speed camera, and analysis software for the assessment and training of reaching, grasping, and pulling behaviors and synchronization with neural data. RESULTS We demonstrate this system in rats implanted with electrodes in motor cortex and hippocampus and show how it can be used to assess relationships between reaching, pulling, and grasping movements and single-unit and local-field activity. Furthermore, we found that automating the shaping procedure significantly improved performance over manual training, with rats pulling > 100 m during a 15-minute session. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS String-pulling is typically shaped by tying food reward to the string and visually scoring behavior. The system described here automates training, streamlines video assessment with deep learning, and automatically segments reaching movements into distinct reach/pull phases. No system, to our knowledge, exists for the automated shaping and assessment of this behavior. CONCLUSIONS This system will be of general use to researchers investigating motor control, motivation, sensorimotor integration, and motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna A Jordan
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew K Tapia
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Torsten Falk
- Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Jordan GA, Vishwanath A, Holguin G, Bartlett MJ, Tapia AK, Winter GM, Sexauer MR, Stopera CJ, Falk T, Cowen SL. Automated system for training and assessing string-pulling behaviors in rodents. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.02.547431. [PMID: 37461637 PMCID: PMC10349952 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.02.547431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
String-pulling tasks have been used for centuries to study coordinated bimanual motor behavior and problem solving. String pulling is rapidly learned, ethologically grounded, and has been applied to many species and disease conditions. Typically, training of string-pulling behaviors is achieved through manual shaping and baiting. Furthermore, behavioral assessment of reaching, grasping, and pulling is often performed through labor intensive manual video scoring. No system, to our knowledge, currently exists for the automated shaping and assessment of string-pulling behaviors. Here we describe the PANDA system (Pulling And Neural Data Analysis), an inexpensive hardware and software system that utilizes a continuous string loop connected to a rotary encoder, feeder, microcontroller, high-speed camera, and analysis software for assessment and training of string-pulling behaviors and synchronization with neural recording data. We demonstrate this system in unimplanted rats and rats implanted with electrodes in motor cortex and hippocampus and show how the PANDA system can be used to assess relationships between paw movements and single-unit and local-field activity. We also found that automating the shaping procedure significantly improved overall performance, with rats regularly pulling >100 meters during a 15-minute session. In conclusion, the PANDA system will be of general use to researchers investigating motor control, motivation, and motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and stroke. It will also support the investigation of neural mechanisms involved in sensorimotor integration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew K. Tapia
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona
| | | | | | | | - Torsten Falk
- Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona
- Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona
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Slonim T, Holguin G, VanLandingham H, Alasantro L, Rosen J. A - 67Post-Concussive and Mood Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients in a Clinical Population. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy061.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Holguin G, Wagner G, Slonim T, Haase-Alasantro L, Rosen J. B - 72Health and Disability Differences Among Patients with Amnestic and Non-Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy061.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pulvers K, Ridenour C, Woodcock A, Savin MJ, Holguin G, Hamill S, Romero DR. Marijuana use among adolescent multiple tobacco product users and unique risks of dual tobacco and marijuana use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 189:80-89. [PMID: 29890454 PMCID: PMC6062467 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a peak time for uptake of both tobacco and marijuana (dual use). This study aimed to identify clusters of lifetime tobacco and marijuana use patterns and associated risk factors, and to determine whether dual tobacco and marijuana use is uniquely associated with greater risk than use of either tobacco or marijuana alone. METHOD High school students participated in a survey during Fall 2014 (N = 976; 68% Hispanic; 57% parental education < high school). Items from national youth surveys were used to measure lifetime and current use of tobacco products, marijuana, alcohol, drug use, and other risk behaviors, and literature-based surveys were used to measure psychological constructs. RESULTS Latent Class Analysis identified three clusters of lifetime tobacco use patterns (no tobacco, one or two products, and more than two products), each with a correspondingly distinct profile of risk behaviors; risk escalated with use of more tobacco products. Multinomial modeling characterized personal, environmental, and behavioral correlates of dual lifetime tobacco and marijuana use, including lower parental monitoring, lower grades, higher guilt, higher lifetime alcohol and drug use, and more substance use by friends, in reference to single lifetime use of either tobacco or marijuana. CONCLUSION Broader use of tobacco (i.e., more products) was associated with numerous risk factors. Dual lifetime use of tobacco and marijuana was associated with numerous risks compared to single use of either tobacco or marijuana. Longitudinal work is needed to understand temporal relationships between risk variables to determine optimal timing for interventions to reduce harmful behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Pulvers
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, 333 S Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA 92096, United States.
| | - Cliff Ridenour
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, 333 S Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA 92096, United States
| | - Anna Woodcock
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, 333 S Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA 92096, United States
| | - Micah J Savin
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, 333 S Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA 92096, United States
| | - Gabriel Holguin
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, 333 S Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA 92096, United States
| | - Sharon Hamill
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, 333 S Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA 92096, United States
| | - Devan R Romero
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, 333 S Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA 92096, United States
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Wagner G, Rosen J, Holguin G, Frishberg B, Wang A, Sahagian G, Haase-Alasantro L. A-25Clinical Assessment of Posterior Cortical Atrophy. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw043.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bashan Y, Puente ME, Rodriguez-Mendoza MN, Toledo G, Holguin G, Ferrera-Cerrato R, Pedrin S. Survival of Azospirillum brasilense in the Bulk Soil and Rhizosphere of 23 Soil Types. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 61:1938-45. [PMID: 16535030 PMCID: PMC1388448 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.5.1938-1945.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of Azospirillum brasilense Cd and Sp-245 in the rhizosphere of wheat and tomato plants and in 23 types of plant-free sterilized soils obtained from a wide range of environments in Israel and Mexico was evaluated. Large numbers of A. brasilense cells were detected in all the rhizospheres tested, regardless of soil type, bacterial strain, the origin of the soil, or the amount of rainfall each soil type received prior to sampling. Survival of A. brasilense in soils without plants differed from that in the rhizosphere and was mainly related to the geographical origin of the soil. In Israeli soils from arid, semiarid, or mountain regions, viability of A. brasilense rapidly declined or populations completely disappeared below detectable levels within 35 days after inoculation. In contrast, populations in the arid soils of Baja California Sur, Mexico, remained stable or even increased during the 45-day period after inoculation. In soils from Central Mexico, viability slowly decreased with time. In all soils, percentages of clay, nitrogen, organic matter, and water-holding capacity were positively correlated with bacterial viability. High percentages of CaCO(inf3) and fine or rough sand had a highly negative effect on viability. The percentage of silt, pH, the percentage of phosphorus or potassium, electrical conductivity, and C/N ratio had no apparent effect on bacterial viability in the soil. Fifteen days after removal of inoculated plants, the remaining bacterial population in the three soil types tested began to decline sharply, reaching undetectable levels 90 days after inoculation. After plant removal, percolating the soils with water almost eliminated the A. brasilense population. Viability of A. brasilense in two artificial soils containing the same major soil components as the natural soils from Israel did was almost identical to that in the natural soils. We conclude that A. brasilense is a rhizosphere colonizer which survives poorly in most soils for prolonged periods of time; that outside the rhizosphere, seven abiotic parameters control the survival of this bacterium in the soil; and that disturbance of the soil (percolation with water or plant removal) directly and rapidly affects the population levels.
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Holguin G, Glick BR. Transformation of Azospirillum brasilense Cd with an ACC deaminase gene from enterobacter cloacae UW4 fused to the Tet r gene promoter improves its fitness and plant growth promoting ability. Microb Ecol 2003; 46:122-133. [PMID: 12739073 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-002-1036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2002] [Accepted: 10/25/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that PGPB, containing ACC deaminase, can cleave the plant ethylene precursor ACC and thereby lower ethylene concentration in a developing or stressed plant, protecting it against the deleterious effects of stress ethylene and facilitating the formation of longer roots. In a previous work we have demonstrated expression of the ACC deaminase gene ( acdS) from Enterobacter cloacae UW4 under the control of the lac promoter in Azospirillum brasilense Cd. With the inference that a construct including the ACC deaminase gene under the control of a constitutive promoter weaker than the lac promoter might impose less metabolic load on Azospirillum and improve its fitness, it was decided to clone acdS under the control of a tetracycline resistance gene promoter. The ACC deaminase structural gene was fused to the Tet(r) gene promoter by overlap extension using PCR, cloned in pRK415, and transferred into A. brasilense Cd. The resulting transformants showed lower ACC deaminase activity than those with the lac promoter controlled acdS gene. However, acdS under the control of the Tet(r) gene promoter imposed lesser metabolic load on Azospirillum brasilense Cd. The result was significantly increased IAA synthesis and greater bacterial growth rate, as well as increased ability to survive on the surface of tomato leaves and to promote the growth of tomato seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Holguin
- CIBNOR, Calle Mar Bermejo No. 195, Col. Playa Palo de Sta. Rita, Apartado Postal No. 128, La Paz, BCS, 23090, México.
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Holguin G, Glick B. Expression of the ACC Deaminase Gene fromEnterobacter cloacae UW4 in Azospirillum brasilense. Microb Ecol 2001; 41:281-288. [PMID: 11391466 DOI: 10.1007/s002480000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2000] [Accepted: 04/13/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ACC deaminase structural gene (acdS) from Enterobacter cloacae UW4 was cloned in the broad host range plasmid pRK415 under the control of the lac promoter and transferred into Azospirillum brasilense Cd and Sp245. A. brasilenseCd and Sp245 transformants showed high ACC deaminase activity, similar to that observed in Enterobacter cloacae UW4. The expression of ACC deaminase improved the existing growth promoting activity of Azospirillum. The roots of tomato and canola seedlings were significantly longer in plants inoculated with A. brasilense Cd transformants than those in plants inoculated with the nontransformed strains of the same bacterium. In the case of wheat seedlings, inoculation with A. brasilense Cd transformants did not promote root growth. The difference in plant response (canola and tomato versus wheat) is attributed to the greater sensitivity of canola and tomato plants to ethylene as compared to wheat plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Holguin
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Rojas A, Holguin G, Glick BR, Bashan Y. Synergism between Phyllobacterium sp. (N(2)-fixer) and Bacillus licheniformis (P-solubilizer), both from a semiarid mangrove rhizosphere. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2001; 35:181-187. [PMID: 11295457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangrove seedlings were treated with a mixture of two bacterial species, the slow-growing, N(2)-fixing bacterium Phyllobacterium sp. and the fast-growing, phosphate-solubilizing bacterium Bacillus licheniformis, both isolated from the rhizosphere from black, white, and red mangroves of a semiarid zone. Nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization increased when the mixture was used compared to the effects observed when adding individual cultures, notwithstanding that there was no increase in bacterial multiplication under these conditions. Inoculation of black mangrove seedlings in artificial seawater showed the mixture performed somewhat better than inoculation of the individual bacterium; more leaves were developed and higher levels of (15)N were incorporated into the leaves, although the total nitrogen level decreased. This study demonstrates that interactions between individual components of the rhizosphere of mangroves should be considered when evaluating these bacteria as plant growth promoters.
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Bashan Y, Holguin G. Inter-root movement of Azospirillum brasilense and subsequent root colonization of crop and weed seedlings growing in soil. Microb Ecol 1995; 29:269-81. [PMID: 24185346 DOI: 10.1007/bf00164890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/1994] [Revised: 05/30/1994] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Inter-root movement and dispersion of the beneficial bacterium Azospirillum brasilense were monitored in root systems of wheat seedlings growing in the field and in growth chamber soil trays. Two strains were used, a motile wild-type strain (Cd, mot(+)) and a motility deficient strain (mot(-)), which was derived from the Cd strain. Root colonization by two wild-type strains (Cd and Sp-245) was studied in 64 plant species growing in pots in the greenhouse. The two wild-type strains of A. brasilense were capable of colonizing all tested plant species. In soil trays and in the field, mot(+) cells moved from inoculated roots to non-inoculated roots of either wheat plants or weeds growing in the same field plot, but the mot(-) strain did not move toward non-inoculated roots of either plant species. In the field, both mot(+) and mot(-) strains of A. brasilense survived well in the rhizosphere of wheat for 30 days, but only mot(+) moved between different weeds, regardless of the species, botanical family, or whether they were annuals or perennials. In plant-free, water-saturated soils, either in columns or in the field, both strains remained at the inoculation site and did not move.It is proposed (a) that A. brasilense is not a plant-specific bacterium and that (b) colonization of the entire root system in soil is an active process determined by bacterial motility; it is not plant specific, but depends on the presence of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bashan
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Experimental Biology, the Center for Biological Research (CIB), P.O. Box 128, 23000, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
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Abstract
The root-to-root travel of the beneficial bacterium
Azospirillum brasilense
on wheat and soybean roots in agar, sand, and light-textured soil was monitored. We used a motile wild-type (Mot
+
) strain and a motility-deficient (Mot
-
) strain which was derived from the wild-type strain. The colonization levels of inoculated roots were similar for the two strains. Mot
+
cells moved from inoculated roots (either natural or artificial roots in agar, sand, or light-textured soil) to noninoculated roots, where they formed a band-type colonization composed of bacterial aggregates encircling a limited part of the root, regardless of the plant species. The Mot
-
strain did not move toward noninoculated roots of either plant species and usually stayed at the inoculation site and root tips. The effect of attractants and repellents was the primary factor governing the motility of Mot
+
cells in the presence of adequate water. We propose that interroot travel of
A. brasilense
is an essential preliminary step in the root-bacterium recognition mechanism. Bacterial motility might have a general role in getting
Azospirillum
cells to the site where firmer attachment favors colonization of the root system.
Azospirillum
travel toward plants is a nonspecific active process which is not directly dependent on nutrient deficiency but is a consequence of a nonspecific bacterial chemotaxis, influenced by the balance between attractants and possibly repellents leaked by the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bashan
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Experimental Biology, The Center for Biological Research (Centro de Investigaciónes Biologicas), La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico 23000
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Puente ME, Vega-Villasante F, Holguin G, Bashan Y. Susceptibility of the brine shrimp Artemia and its pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus to chlorine dioxide in contaminated sea-water. J Appl Bacteriol 1992; 73:465-71. [PMID: 1490907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb05006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adults and nauplii of the brine shrimp, Artemia, together with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were placed in sewage-contaminated sea-water which had been treated with chlorine dioxide (Hallox E-100TM) to test its potential as a disinfectant for salt water aquaculture. The nauplii were very susceptible to low concentrations of chlorine dioxide (47 micrograms/l Cl-), but the adults were slightly more resistant. Sterile sea-water treated with lower concentrations of chlorine dioxide (less than 47 micrograms/l Cl-) had no effect on the shrimp, but inhibited the growth of V. parahaemolyticus. In sewage-contaminated sea-water, chlorine dioxide levels of 285-2850 micrograms/l, necessary for the inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus and any native bacteria, destroyed the Artemia culture. Hallox E-100TM persisted in sea-water for 18 h, but later decayed. We conclude that: (i) Artemia nauplii are a sensitive and convenient test-organism to determine low concentrations of chlorine dioxide in sea-water; (ii) chlorine dioxide is efficient for controlling V. parahaemolyticus in sea-water; and (iii) chlorine dioxide should be further evaluated as a potential disinfectant for aquaculture, but, for higher organisms than Artemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Puente
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Research, La Paz, Mexico
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Holguin G. Two new nitrogen-fixing bacteria from the rhizosphere of mangrove trees: Their isolation, identification and in vitro interaction with rhizosphere Staphylococcus sp. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-6496(92)90037-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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