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Mandal S, Rajiva A, Kloog I, Menon JS, Lane KJ, Amini H, Walia GK, Dixit S, Nori-Sarma A, Dutta A, Sharma P, Jaganathan S, Madhipatla KK, Wellenius GA, de Bont J, Venkataraman C, Prabhakaran D, Prabhakaran P, Ljungman P, Schwartz J. Nationwide estimation of daily ambient PM 2.5 from 2008 to 2020 at 1 km 2 in India using an ensemble approach. PNAS Nexus 2024; 3:pgae088. [PMID: 38456174 PMCID: PMC10919890 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
High-resolution assessment of historical levels is essential for assessing the health effects of ambient air pollution in the large Indian population. The diversity of geography, weather patterns, and progressive urbanization, combined with a sparse ground monitoring network makes it challenging to accurately capture the spatiotemporal patterns of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in India. We developed a model for daily average ambient PM2.5 between 2008 and 2020 based on monitoring data, meteorology, land use, satellite observations, and emissions inventories. Daily average predictions at each 1 km × 1 km grid from each learner were ensembled using a Gaussian process regression with anisotropic smoothing over spatial coordinates, and regression calibration was used to account for exposure error. Cross-validating by leaving monitors out, the ensemble model had an R2 of 0.86 at the daily level in the validation data and outperformed each component learner (by 5-18%). Annual average levels in different zones ranged between 39.7 μg/m3 (interquartile range: 29.8-46.8) in 2008 and 30.4 μg/m3 (interquartile range: 22.7-37.2) in 2020, with a cross-validated (CV)-R2 of 0.94 at the annual level. Overall mean absolute daily errors (MAE) across the 13 years were between 14.4 and 25.4 μg/m3. We obtained high spatial accuracy with spatial R2 greater than 90% and spatial MAE ranging between 7.3-16.5 μg/m3 with relatively better performance in urban areas at low and moderate elevation. We have developed an important validated resource for studying PM2.5 at a very fine spatiotemporal resolution, which allows us to study the health effects of PM2.5 across India and to identify areas with exceedingly high levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Mandal
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Ajit Rajiva
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Environmental, Geoinformatics and Urban Planning Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jyothi S Menon
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Kevin J Lane
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Heresh Amini
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gagandeep K Walia
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Shweta Dixit
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Amruta Nori-Sarma
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anubrati Dutta
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Praggya Sharma
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Suganthi Jaganathan
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Kishore K Madhipatla
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Gregory A Wellenius
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jeroen de Bont
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Chandra Venkataraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Poornima Prabhakaran
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Petter Ljungman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm 18257, Sweden
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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2
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Bejar CA, Goyal S, Afzal S, Mangino M, Zhou A, van der Most PJ, Bao Y, Gupta V, Smart MC, Walia GK, Verweij N, Power C, Prabhakaran D, Singh JR, Mehra NK, Wander GS, Ralhan S, Kinra S, Kumari M, de Borst MH, Hyppönen E, Spector TD, Nordestgaard BG, Blackett PR, Sanghera DK. A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study to evaluate the causal role of reduced blood vitamin D levels with type 2 diabetes risk in South Asians and Europeans. Nutr J 2021; 20:71. [PMID: 34315477 PMCID: PMC8314596 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Multiple observational studies have reported an
inverse relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin
D concentrations (25(OH)D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the results of
short- and long-term interventional trials concerning the relationship between 25(OH)D and T2D risk have been
inconsistent. Objectives and methods To evaluate the causal role of reduced blood
25(OH)D in T2D, here we have performed a bidirectional Mendelian randomization
study using 59,890 individuals (5,862 T2D cases and 54,028 controls) from
European and Asian Indian ancestries. We used six known SNPs, including three
T2D SNPs and three vitamin D pathway SNPs, as a genetic instrument to evaluate
the causality and direction of the association between T2D and circulating
25(OH)D concentration. Results Results of the combined meta-analysis of eight
participating studies showed that a composite score of three T2D SNPs would
significantly increase T2D risk by an odds ratio (OR) of 1.24, p = 1.82 × 10–32; Z score 11.86, which, however, had
no significant association with 25(OH)D status (Beta -0.02nmol/L ± SE
0.01nmol/L; p = 0.83; Z score -0.21). Likewise, the genetically
instrumented composite score of 25(OH)D lowering alleles significantly
decreased 25(OH)D concentrations (-2.1nmol/L ± SE 0.1nmol/L,
p = 7.92 × 10–78; Z score -18.68) but was not
associated with increased risk for T2D (OR 1.00, p = 0.12;
Z score 1.54). However, using 25(OH)D synthesis SNP (DHCR7; rs12785878) as an
individual genetic instrument, a per allele reduction of 25(OH)D concentration
(-4.2nmol/L ± SE 0.3nmol/L)
was predicted to increase T2D risk by 5%, p = 0.004;
Z score 2.84. This effect, however, was not seen in other 25(OH)D SNPs (GC
rs2282679, CYP2R1 rs12794714) when used as an individual instrument. Conclusion Our new data on this bidirectional Mendelian
randomization study suggests that genetically instrumented T2D risk does not
cause changes in 25(OH)D levels. However, genetically regulated 25(OH)D
deficiency due to vitamin D synthesis gene (DHCR7) may influence the risk of
T2D. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12937-021-00725-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Bejar
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Rm 317 BMSB, OK, 73104, OK City, USA
| | - Shiwali Goyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Rm 317 BMSB, OK, 73104, OK City, USA
| | - Shoaib Afzal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Ang Zhou
- Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, NL, The Netherlands
| | - Yanchun Bao
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Vipin Gupta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Melissa C Smart
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Jai Rup Singh
- Department of Human Genetics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Narinder K Mehra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sarju Ralhan
- Department of Cardiology, Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, India
| | - Sanjay Kinra
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Martin H de Borst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Population, Policy and Practice, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.,Australian Centre for Precision Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Piers R Blackett
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Dharambir K Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Rm 317 BMSB, OK, 73104, OK City, USA. .,Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Chilunga FP, Henneman P, Elliott HR, Cronjé HT, Walia GK, Meeks KAC, Requena-Mendez A, Venema A, Bahendeka S, Danquah I, Adeyemo A, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Pieters M, Mannens MMAM, Agyemang C. Epigenetic-age acceleration in the emerging burden of cardiometabolic diseases among migrant and non-migrant African populations: a population-based cross-sectional RODAM substudy. The Lancet Healthy Longevity 2021; 2:E327-E339. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Prabhakaran P, Jaganathan S, Walia GK, Wellenius GA, Mandal S, Kumar K, Kloog I, Lane K, Nori-Sarma A, Rosenqvist M, Dahlquist M, Reddy KS, Schwartz J, Prabhakaran D, Ljungman PLS. Building capacity for air pollution epidemiology in India. Environ Epidemiol 2020; 4:e117. [PMID: 33134770 PMCID: PMC7553192 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution represents a major public health threat in India affecting 19% of the world's population at extreme levels. Despite this, research in India lags behind in large part due to a lack of comprehensive air pollution exposure assessment that can be used in conjunction with health data to investigate health effects. Our vision is to provide a consortium to rapidly expand the evidence base of the multiple effects of ambient air pollution. We intend to leapfrog current limitations of exposure assessment by developing a machine-learned satellite-informed spatiotemporal model to estimate daily levels of ambient fine particulate matter measuring less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) at a fine spatial scale across all of India. To catalyze health effects research on an unprecedented scale, we will make the output from this model publicly available. In addition, we will also apply these PM2.5 estimates to study the health outcomes of greatest public health importance in India, including cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pregnancy (and birth) outcomes, and cognitive development and/or decline. Thus, our efforts will directly generate actionable new evidence on the myriad effects of air pollution on health that can inform policy decisions, while providing a comprehensive and publicly available resource for future studies on both exposure and health effects. In this commentary, we discuss the motivation, rationale, and vision for our consortium and a path forward for reducing the enormous burden of disease from air pollution in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gregory A Wellenius
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kishore Kumar
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
| | - Itai Kloog
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Kevin Lane
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amruta Nori-Sarma
- Center for Environmental Health and Technology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Marten Rosenqvist
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Dahlquist
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Public Health Foundation of India, Delhi-NCR, India
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
- Department of Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Petter L S Ljungman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Walia GK, Mandal S, Jaganathan S, Jaacks LM, Sieber NL, Dhillon PK, Krishna B, Magsumbol MS, Madhipatla KK, Kondal D, Cash RA, Reddy KS, Schwartz J, Prabhakaran D. Leveraging Existing Cohorts to Study Health Effects of Air Pollution on Cardiometabolic Disorders: India Global Environmental and Occupational Health Hub. Environ Health Insights 2020; 14:1178630220915688. [PMID: 32341651 PMCID: PMC7171984 DOI: 10.1177/1178630220915688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a growing public health concern in developing countries and poses a huge epidemiological burden. Despite the growing awareness of ill effects of air pollution, the evidence linking air pollution and health effects is sparse. This requires environmental exposure scientist and public health researchers to work more cohesively to generate evidence on health impacts of air pollution in developing countries for policy advocacy. In the Global Environmental and Occupational Health (GEOHealth) Program, we aim to build exposure assessment model to estimate ambient air pollution exposure at a very fine resolution which can be linked with health outcomes leveraging well-phenotyped cohorts which have information on geolocation of households of study participants. We aim to address how air pollution interacts with meteorological and weather parameters and other aspects of the urban environment, occupational classification, and socioeconomic status, to affect cardiometabolic risk factors and disease outcomes. This will help us generate evidence for cardiovascular health impacts of ambient air pollution in India needed for necessary policy advocacy. The other exploratory aims are to explore mediatory role of the epigenetic mechanisms (DNA methylation) and vitamin D exposure in determining the association between air pollution exposure and cardiovascular health outcomes. Other components of the GEOHealth program include building capacity and strengthening the skills of public health researchers in India through variety of training programs and international collaborations. This will help generate research capacity to address environmental and occupational health research questions in India. The expertise that we bring together in GEOHealth hub are public health, clinical epidemiology, environmental exposure science, statistical modeling, and policy advocacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lindsay M Jaacks
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy L Sieber
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Bhargav Krishna
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Dimple Kondal
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), New Delhi, India
| | - Richard A Cash
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Prabhakaran
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), New Delhi, India
- Department of Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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6
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Jaganathan S, Jaacks LM, Magsumbol M, Walia GK, Sieber NL, Shivasankar R, Dhillon PK, Hameed SS, Schwartz J, Prabhakaran D. Association of Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Cardio-Metabolic Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E2541. [PMID: 31315297 PMCID: PMC6679147 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
: Background: Numerous epidemiological studies indicated high levels of particulate matter less than2.5 μm diameter (PM2.5) as a major cardiovascular risk factor. Most of the studies have been conducted in high-income countries (HICs), where average levels of PM2.5 are far less compared to low- and middle- income countries (LMICs), and their socio-economic profile, disease burden, and PM speciation/composition are very different. We systematically reviewed the association of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and cardio-metabolic diseases (CMDs) in LMICs. METHODS Multiple databases were searched for English articles with date limits until March 2018. We included studies investigating the association of long-term exposure to PM2.5 (defined as an annual average/average measure for 3 more days of PM2.5 exposure) and CMDs, such as hospital admissions, prevalence, and deaths due to CMDs, conducted in LMICs as defined by World Bank. We excluded studies which employed exposure proxy measures, studies among specific occupational groups, and specific episodes of air pollution. RESULTS A total of 5567 unique articles were identified, of which only 17 articles were included for final review, and these studies were from Brazil, Bulgaria, China, India, and Mexico. Outcome assessed were hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related emergency room visits/admissions, death, and mortality. Largely a positive association between exposure to PM2.5 and CMDs was found, and CVD mortality with effect estimates ranging from 0.24% to 6.11% increased per 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5. CVD-related hospitalizations and emergency room visits increased by 0.3% to 19.6%. Risk factors like hypertension had an odds ratio of 1.14, and type 2 diabetes mellitus had an odds ratio ranging from 1.14-1.32. Diversity of exposure assessment and health outcomes limited the ability to perform a meta-analysis. CONCLUSION Limited evidence on the association of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and CMDs in the LMICs context warrants cohort studies to establish the association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay M. Jaacks
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy L. Sieber
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon 122002, India
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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7
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Agrawal S, Walia GK, Staines-Urias E, Casas JP, Millett C. Prevalence of and risk factors for eclampsia in pregnant women in India. Fam Med Community Health 2017. [DOI: 10.15212/fmch.2016.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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8
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Gupta V, Walia GK, Sachdeva MP. 'Mendelian randomization': an approach for exploring causal relations in epidemiology. Public Health 2017; 145:113-119. [PMID: 28359378 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the current status of Mendelian randomization (MR) approach in effectively influencing the observational epidemiology for examining causal relationships. METHODS Narrative review on studies related to principle, strengths, limitations, and achievements of MR approach. RESULTS Observational epidemiological studies have repeatedly produced several beneficiary associations which were discarded when tested by standard randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The technique which is more feasible, highly similar to RCTs, and has the potential to establish a causal relationship between modifiable exposures and disease outcomes is known as MR. The technique uses genetic variants related to modifiable traits/exposures as instruments for detecting causal and directional associations with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In the last decade, the approach of MR has methodologically developed and progressed to a stage of high acceptance among the epidemiologists and is gradually expanding the landscape of causal relationships in non-communicable chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gupta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - G K Walia
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon 122002, India
| | - M P Sachdeva
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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9
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Elliott HR, Walia GK, Duggirala A, Groom A, Reddy SU, Chandak GR, Gupta V, Laakso M, Dekker JM, Walker M, Ebrahim S, Smith GD, Relton CL. Migration and DNA methylation: a comparison of methylation patterns in type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes between indians and europeans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:6. [PMID: 27099715 PMCID: PMC4835020 DOI: 10.7243/2050-0866-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes is a global problem that is increasingly prevalent in low and middle income countries including India, and is partly attributed to increased urbanisation. Genotype clearly plays a role in type 2 diabetes susceptibility. However, the role of DNA methylation and its interaction with genotype and metabolic measures is poorly understood. This study aimed to establish whether methylation patterns of type 2 diabetes genes differ between distinct Indian and European populations and/or change following rural to urban migration in India. Methods Quantitative DNA methylation analysis in Indians and Europeans using Sequenom® EpiTYPER® technology was undertaken in three genes: ADCY5, FTO and KCNJ11. Metabolic measures and genotype data were also analysed. Results Consistent differences in DNA methylation patterns were observed between Indian and European populations in ADCY5, FTO and KCNJ11. Associations were demonstrated between FTO rs9939609 and BMI and between ADCY5rs17295401 and HDL levels in Europeans. However, these observations were not linked to local variation in DNA methylation levels. No differences in methylation patterns were observed in urban-dwelling migrants compared to their non-migrant rural-dwelling siblings in India. Conclusions Analysis of DNA methylation at three type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci highlighted geographical and ethnic differences in methylation patterns. These differences may be attributed to genetic and/or region-specific environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Gagandeep K Walia
- South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Duggirala
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Alix Groom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - S Umakar Reddy
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Giriraj R Chandak
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vipin Gupta
- South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Markku Laakso
- University of Eastern Finland, Finland, and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jacqueline M Dekker
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Shah Ebrahim
- South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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10
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Saraswathy KN, Samtani R, Asghar M, Walia GK, Saxena R. Beta-thalassaemia among the Sindhi community in Delhi. Natl Med J India 2009; 22:334-335. [PMID: 20384028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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