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Ghosh S, Didi-Cohen S, Cna’ani A, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Tzin V, Ghanim M. Comparative Analysis of Volatiles Emitted from Tomato and Pepper Plants in Response to Infection by Two Whitefly-Transmitted Persistent Viruses. Insects 2022; 13:840. [PMID: 36135541 PMCID: PMC9503296 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the most important agricultural pests due to its extreme invasiveness, insecticide resistance, and ability to transmit hundreds of plant viruses. Among these, Begomoviruses and recombinant whitefly-borne Poleroviruses are transmitted persistently. Several studies have shown that upon infection, plant viruses manipulate plant-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have important roles in communication with insects. In this study, we profiled and compared the VOCs emitted by tomato and pepper plant leaves after infection with the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) (Bogomoviruses) and the newly discovered Pepper whitefly-borne vein yellows virus (PeWBVYV) (Poleroviruses), respectively. The results identified shared emitted VOCs but also uncovered unique VOC signatures for each virus and for whitefly infestation (i.e., without virus infection) independently. The results suggest that plants have general defense responses; however, they are also able to respond individually to infection with specific viruses or infestation with an insect pest. The results are important to enhance our understanding of virus- and insect vector-induced alteration in the emission of plant VOCs. These volatiles can eventually be used for the management of virus diseases/insect vectors by either monitoring or disrupting insect-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Ghosh
- Department of Entomology, ARO, The Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Shoshana Didi-Cohen
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Be’er Sheva 8499000, Israel
| | - Alon Cna’ani
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Be’er Sheva 8499000, Israel
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svetlana Kontsedalov
- Department of Entomology, ARO, The Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, ARO, The Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Vered Tzin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Be’er Sheva 8499000, Israel
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, ARO, The Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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Reingold V, Kottakota C, Birnbaum N, Goldenberg M, Lebedev G, Ghanim M, Ment D. Intraspecies variation of Metarhizium brunneum against the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, provides insight into the complexity of disease progression. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:2557-2567. [PMID: 33486866 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive application of chemical insecticides is required for aphid pest control. Among the biorational alternatives, entomopathogenic fungi are the most sustainable biocontrol agents; those of the order Hypocreales attack and cause fungal disease in arthropod hosts, with variations in host susceptibility attributed to both fungal and host characteristics. We evaluated inter- and intraspecies variations in Metarhizium spp. virulence and differences in fungal disease progression on adult and nymph stages of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), a parthenogenetically reproducing insect species. RESULTS Minor interspecies diversity was detected between the generalist Metarhizium species examined. Interestingly, significant intraspecies diversity was observed between Metarhizium brunneum isolates Mb7 and MbK. Infected adult aphids demonstrated similar disease progression for both isolates, mortality rates of more than 80% and fivefold reduction in fecundity. However, nymph mortality was detected only following MbK infection, with 50% mortality and significant reduction in molting rates. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated the variation in the disease stages of conidial adhesion and hemocoel colonization on each examined day post inoculation for each isolate. Significantly faster disease progression was observed in MbK-infected versus Mb7-infected nymphs, the latter demonstrating a higher percentage of uninfected nymphs accompanied with aphid molting. CONCLUSIONS The observed intraspecies variation suggests that altered conidial adhesion to the nymph cuticle is a major factor affecting virulence. We prove the role of nymph ecdysis as a defense mechanism disrupting fungal infection. Because significant differences were observed between closely related isolates, this study emphasizes the importance of appropriate isolate selection for biological control. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Reingold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chandrasekhar Kottakota
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Nitsan Birnbaum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Malka Goldenberg
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dana Ment
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Rosen R, Lebedev G, Kontsedalov S, Ben-Yakir D, Ghanim M. A De Novo Transcriptomics Approach Reveals Genes Involved in Thrips Tabaci Resistance to Spinosad. Insects 2021; 12:67. [PMID: 33451167 PMCID: PMC7828677 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The onion thrip, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a major polyphagous pest that attacks a wide range of economically important crops, especially Allium species. The thrip's damage can result in yield loss of up to 60% in onions (Allium cepa). In the past few decades, thrip resistance to insecticides with various modes of actions have been documented. These include resistance to spinosad, a major active compound used against thrips, which was reported from Israel. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying spinosad resistance in T. tabaci. We attempted to characterize the mechanisms involved in resistance to spinosad using quantitative transcriptomics. Susceptible (LC50 = 0.6 ppm) and resistant (LC50 = 23,258 ppm) thrip populations were collected from Israel. An additional resistant population (LC50 = 117 ppm) was selected in the laboratory from the susceptible population. De novo transcriptome analysis on the resistant and susceptible population was conducted to identify differently expressed genes (DGEs) that might be involved in the resistance against spinosad. In this analysis, 25,552 unigenes were sequenced, assembled, and functionally annotated, and more than 1500 DGEs were identified. The expression levels of candidate genes, which included cytochrome P450 and vittelogenin, were validated using quantitative RT-PCR. The cytochrome P450 expression gradually increased with the increase of the resistance. Higher expression levels of vitellogenin in the resistant populations were correlated with higher fecundity, suggesting a positive effect of the resistance on resistant populations. This research provides a novel genetic resource for onion thrips and a comprehensive molecular examination of resistant populations to spinosad. Those resources are important for future studies concerning thrips and resistance in insect pests regarding agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (R.R.); (G.L.); (S.K.); (D.B.-Y.)
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Kliot A, Johnson RS, MacCoss MJ, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Czosnek H, Heck M, Ghanim M. A proteomic approach reveals possible molecular mechanisms and roles for endosymbiotic bacteria in begomovirus transmission by whiteflies. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa124. [PMID: 33185242 PMCID: PMC7662926 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many plant viruses are vector-borne and depend on arthropods for transmission between host plants. Begomoviruses, the largest, most damaging and emerging group of plant viruses, infect hundreds of plant species, and new virus species of the group are discovered each year. Begomoviruses are transmitted by members of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci species complex in a persistent-circulative manner. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most devastating begomoviruses worldwide and causes major losses in tomato crops, as well as in many agriculturally important plant species. Different B. tabaci populations vary in their virus transmission abilities; however, the causes for these variations are attributed among others to genetic differences among vector populations, as well as to differences in the bacterial symbionts housed within B. tabaci. RESULTS Here, we performed discovery proteomic analyses in 9 whitefly populations from both Middle East Asia Minor I (MEAM1, formerly known as B biotype) and Mediterranean (MED, formerly known as Q biotype) species. We analysed our proteomic results on the basis of the different TYLCV transmission abilities of the various populations included in the study. The results provide the first comprehensive list of candidate insect and bacterial symbiont (mainly Rickettsia) proteins associated with virus transmission. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the proteomic signatures of better vector populations differ considerably when compared with less efficient vector populations in the 2 whitefly species tested in this study. While MEAM1 efficient vector populations have a more lenient immune system, the Q efficient vector populations have higher abundance of proteins possibly implicated in virus passage through cells. Both species show a strong link of the facultative symbiont Rickettsia to virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Kliot
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, HaMacabim Rd., Rishon LeZion, 50250, Israel
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Genomic Pipelines, Earlham Institute, Colney lane, Norwich, NR7 4UH, UK
| | - Richard S Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Foege Building, 98195-5065 Seattle, USA
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Foege Building, 98195-5065 Seattle, USA
| | - Svetlana Kontsedalov
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, HaMacabim Rd., Rishon LeZion, 50250, Israel
| | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, HaMacabim Rd., Rishon LeZion, 50250, Israel
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michelle Heck
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, HaMacabim Rd., Rishon LeZion, 50250, Israel
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Taha-Salaime L, Lebedev G, Abo-Nassar J, Marzouk S, Inbar M, Ghanim M, Aly R. Activity of Ajuga iva Extracts Against the African Cotton Leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. Insects 2020; 11:insects11110726. [PMID: 33114086 PMCID: PMC7690827 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Control of the crop pest African cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval), by chemical insecticides has led to serious resistance problems. Ajuga plants contain phytoecdysteroids (arthropod steroid hormone analogs regulating metamorphosis) and clerodanes (diterpenoids exhibiting antifeedant activity). We analyzed these compounds in leaf extracts of the Israeli Ajuga iva L. by liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and their efficiency at reducing S.littoralis fitness. First and third instars of S. littoralis were fed castor bean leaves (Ricinus communis) smeared with an aqueous suspension of dried methanolic crude extract of A. iva phytoecdysteroids and clerodanes. Mortality, larval weight gain, relative growth rate and survival were compared to feeding on control leaves. We used '4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, a fluorescent stain) and phalloidin staining to localize A. iva crude leaf extract activity in the insect gut. Ajuga iva crude leaf extract (50, 100 and 250 µg/µL) significantly increased mortality of first-instar S. littoralis (36%, 70%, and 87%, respectively) compared to controls (6%). Third-instar larval weight gain decreased significantly (by 52%, 44% and 30%, respectively), as did relative growth rate (-0.05 g/g per day compared to the relevant controls), ultimately resulting in few survivors. Crude leaf extract (250 µg/µL) reduced gut size, with relocation of nuclei and abnormal actin-filament organization. Ajug iva extract has potential for alternative, environmentally safe insect-pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Taha-Salaime
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, The Faculty of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (L.T.-S.); (M.I.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weeds Research, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; (J.A.-N.); (S.M.)
| | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeTsiyon 7528809, Israel; (G.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Jackline Abo-Nassar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weeds Research, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; (J.A.-N.); (S.M.)
| | - Sally Marzouk
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weeds Research, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; (J.A.-N.); (S.M.)
| | - Moshe Inbar
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, The Faculty of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (L.T.-S.); (M.I.)
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeTsiyon 7528809, Israel; (G.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Radi Aly
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weeds Research, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; (J.A.-N.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Ghosh S, Sela N, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Haines LR, Ghanim M. An Intranuclear Sodalis-Like Symbiont and Spiroplasma Coinfect the Carrot Psyllid, Bactericera trigonica (Hemiptera, Psylloidea). Microorganisms 2020; 8:E692. [PMID: 32397333 PMCID: PMC7284866 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosymbionts harbored inside insects play critical roles in the biology of their insect host and can influence the transmission of pathogens by insect vectors. Bactericera trigonica infests umbelliferous plants and transmits the bacterial plant pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso), causing carrot yellows disease. To characterize the bacterial diversity of B. trigonica, as a first step, we used PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses of 16S rDNA to identify Sodalis and Spiroplasma endosymbionts. The prevalence of both symbionts in field-collected psyllid populations was determined: Sodalis was detected in 100% of field populations, while Spiroplasma was present in 82.5% of individuals. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA revealed that Sodalis infecting B. trigonica was more closely related to symbionts infecting weevils, stink bugs and tsetse flies than to those from psyllid species. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunostaining, Sodalis was found to be localized inside the nuclei of the midgut cells and bacteriocytes. Spiroplasma was restricted to the cytoplasm of the midgut cells. We further show that a recently reported Bactericera trigonica densovirus (BtDNV), a densovirus infecting B. trigonica was detected in 100% of psyllids and has reduced titers inside CLso-infected psyllids by more than two-fold compared to CLso uninfected psyllids. The findings of this study will help to increase our understanding of psyllid-endosymbiont interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Ghosh
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (S.G.); (S.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel;
| | - Svetlana Kontsedalov
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (S.G.); (S.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (S.G.); (S.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Lee R. Haines
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (S.G.); (S.K.); (G.L.)
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Kaspi R, Steinitz H, Nemny-Lavi E, Lebedev G, Melamed E, Gazit Y. Nontarget Host Risk Assessment of the Egg Parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for Classical Biological Control of the False Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Israel. J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:1023-1027. [PMID: 31819974 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The false codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick), is an invasive species in Israel. In order to carry out a classical biological control program, the African egg parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae (Nagaraja) was recently introduced into Israel, and nontarget host risk assessment was performed as required. In no-choice tests we determined that T. cryptophlebiae was unable to develop in eggs of four nontarget Lepidopteran species: Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), Spodoptora littoralis (Boisduval), Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller), and Belenois aurota (Fabricius). Conversely, it developed in three Lepidopteran species eggs of the Tortricidae family: Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus), Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermüller), and Epiblema strenuana (Walker). Epiblema strenuana eggs showed the lowest parasitism level among all tested moth eggs of the Tortricidae family. The progeny production of parasitized false codling moth eggs was similar to that of C. pomonella eggs, but smaller than that of L. botrana eggs. However, moth egg and parasitoid clutch sizes were smallest on L. botrana eggs and largest on C. pomonella eggs. In choice bioassays, T. cryptophlebiae significantly preferred to parasitize T. leucotreta eggs over the eggs of C. pomonella, L. botrana, and E. strenuana. Moreover, the choice of T. leucotreta eggs over the eggs of L. botrana was not affected by the parasitoids' rearing histories. Our data support the assumption that T. cryptophlebiae develops only in moth species of the Tortricidae family. Thus, the risk that it may attack nontarget species is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Kaspi
- Department of Entomology, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Hadass Steinitz
- Department of Entomology, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Esther Nemny-Lavi
- Department of Entomology, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Ester Melamed
- The 'Israel Cohen' Institute for Biological Control, Plants Production and Marketing Board, Citrus Division, Yehud-Monosson 5610102, Israel
| | - Yoav Gazit
- The 'Israel Cohen' Institute for Biological Control, Plants Production and Marketing Board, Citrus Division, Yehud-Monosson 5610102, Israel
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Brumin M, Lebedev G, Kontsedalov S, Ghanim M. Levels of the endosymbiont Rickettsia in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci are influenced by the expression of vitellogenin. Insect Mol Biol 2020; 29:241-255. [PMID: 31825546 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts play essential roles in the biology of their arthropod hosts by interacting with internal factors in the host. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a worldwide agricultural pest and a supervector for more than 100 plant viruses. Like many other arthropods, Be. tabaci harbours a primary endosymbiont, Porteira aleyrodidarum, and an array of secondary endosymbionts that coexist with Portiera inside bacteriocyte cells. Unlike all of the other secondary symbionts that infect Be. tabaci, Rickettsia has been shown to be an exception by infecting insect organs and not colocalizing with Portiera, and has been shown to significantly impact the insect biology and its interactions with the environment. Little is known about the molecular interactions that underlie insect-symbiont interactions in general, and particularly Be. tabaci-Rickettsia interactions. Here we performed transcriptomic analysis and identified vitellogenin as an important protein that influences the levels of Rickettsia in Be. tabaci. Vitellogenin expression levels were lower in whole insects, but higher in midguts of Rickettsia-infected insects. Immunocapture-PCR assay showed interaction between vitellogenin and Rickettsia, whereas silencing of vitellogenin resulted in nearly complete disappearance of Rickettsia from midguts. Altogether, these results suggest that vitellogenin plays an important role in influencing the levels of Rickettsia in Be. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brumin
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - G Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - S Kontsedalov
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - M Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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9
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Ghosh S, Jassar O, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Wang C, Turner D, Levy A, Ghanim M. A Transcriptomics Approach Reveals Putative Interaction of Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum with the Endoplasmic Reticulum of Its Psyllid Vector. Insects 2019; 10:insects10090279. [PMID: 31480697 PMCID: PMC6780682 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter solanacerum (CLso), transmitted by Bactericera trigonica in a persistent and propagative mode causes carrot yellows disease, inflicting hefty economic losses. Understanding the process of transmission of CLso by psyllids is fundamental to devise sustainable management strategies. Persistent transmission involves critical steps of adhesion, cell invasion, and replication before passage through the midgut barrier. This study uses a transcriptomic approach for the identification of differentially expressed genes with CLso infection in the midguts, adults, and nymphs of B. trigonica and their putative involvement in CLso transmission. Several genes related to focal adhesion and cellular invasion were upregulated after CLso infection. Interestingly, genes involved with proper functionality of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were upregulated in CLso infected samples. Notably, genes from the endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) and the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway were overexpressed after CLso infection. Marker genes of the ERAD and UPR pathways were also upregulated in Diaphorina citri when infected with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Upregulation of the ERAD and UPR pathways indicate induction of ER stress by CLso/CLas in their psyllid vector. The role of ER in bacteria–host interactions is well-documented; however, the ER role following pathogenesis of CLso/CLas is unknown and requires further functional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Ghosh
- Department of Entomology, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Ola Jassar
- Department of Entomology, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | | | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Donielle Turner
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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10
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Kanakala S, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Ghanim M. Plant-Mediated Silencing of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Cyclophilin B and Heat Shock Protein 70 Impairs Insect Development and Virus Transmission. Front Physiol 2019; 10:557. [PMID: 31133883 PMCID: PMC6517521 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The whitefly B. tabaci is a global pest and transmits extremely important plant viruses especially begomoviruses, that cause substantial crop losses. B. tabaci is one of the top invasive species worldwide and have developed resistance to all major pesticide classes. One of the promising alternative ways for controlling this pest is studying its genetic makeup for identifying specific target proteins which are critical for its development and ability to transmit viruses. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is the most economically important and well-studied begomovirus transmitted by B. tabaci, in a persistent-circulative manner. Recently, we reported that B. tabaci Cyclophilin B (CypB) and heat shock protein 70 proteins (hsp70) interact and co-localize with TYLCV in the whitefly midgut, on the virus transmission pathway, and that both proteins have a significant role in virus transmission. Here, we extended the previous work and used the Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) plant-mediated RNA silencing system for knocking down both genes and testing the effect of their silencing on whitefly viability and virus transmission. Portions of these two genes were cloned into TRV constructs and tomato plants were infected and used for whitefly feeding and transmission experiments. Following whitefly feeding on TRV-plants, the expression levels of cypB and hsp70 in adult B. tabaci significantly decreased over 72 h feeding period. The knockdown in the expression of both genes was further shown in the first generation of silenced whiteflies, where phenotypic abnormalities in the adult, wing, nymph and bacteriosomes development and structure were observed. Additionally, high mortality rates that reached more than 80% among nymphs and adults were obtained. Finally, silenced whitefly adults with both genes showed decreased ability to transmit TYLCV under lab conditions. Our results suggest that plant-mediated silencing of both cypB and hsp70 have profound effects on whitefly development and its ability to transmit TYLCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surapathrudu Kanakala
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Svetlana Kontsedalov
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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11
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Kliot A, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Czosnek H, Ghanim M. Combined infection with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus and Rickettsia influences fecundity, attraction to infected plants and expression of immunity-related genes in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:721-731. [PMID: 30762513 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that Rickettsia, a secondary facultative bacterial symbiont that infects the whitefly B. tabaci is implicated in the transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Infection with Rickettsia improved the acquisition and transmission of the virus by B. tabaci adults. Here we performed a transcriptomic analysis with Rickettsia-infected and uninfected B. tabaci adults before and after TYLCV acquisition. The results show a dramatic and specific activation of the immune system in the presence of Rickettsia before TYLCV acquisition. However, when TYLCV was acquired, it induced massive activation of gene expression in the Rickettsia uninfected population, whereas in the Rickettsia-infected population the virus induced massive down-regulation of gene expression. Fitness and choice experiments revealed that while Rickettsia-infected whiteflies are always more attracted to TYLCV-infected plants, this attraction is not always beneficiary for their offspring. These studies further confirm the role of Rickettsia in many aspects of B. tabaci interactions with TYLCV, and possibly serves as an important factor in the dissemination of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Kliot
- 1Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel.,2Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Galina Lebedev
- 1Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- 2Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Murad Ghanim
- 1Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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12
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Ghanim M, Achor D, Ghosh S, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Levy A. 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Accumulates inside Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Vacuoles in the Gut Cells of Diaphorina citri. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16945. [PMID: 29208900 PMCID: PMC5717136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus greening disease known also as Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by the phloem-limited bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) has resulted in tremendous losses and the death of millions of trees worldwide. CLas is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. The closely-related bacteria 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (CLso), associated with vegetative disorders in carrots, is transmitted by the carrot psyllid Bactericera trigonica. A promising approach to prevent the transmission of these pathogens is to interfere with the vector-pathogen interactions, but our understanding of these processes is limited. It was recently reported that CLas induced changes in the nuclear architecture, and activated programmed cell death, in D. citri midgut cells. Here, we used electron and fluorescent microscopy and show that CLas induces the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated bodies. The bacterium recruits those ER structures into Liberibacter containing vacuoles (LCVs), in which bacterial cells seem to propagate. ER- associated LCV formation was unique to CLas, as we could not detect these bodies in B. trigonica infected with CLso. ER recruitment is hypothesized to generate a safe replicative body to escape cellular immune responses in the insect gut. Understanding the molecular interactions that undelay these responses will open new opportunities for controlling CLas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Diann Achor
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Saptarshi Ghosh
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | | | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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13
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Chen W, Hasegawa DK, Kaur N, Kliot A, Pinheiro PV, Luan J, Stensmyr MC, Zheng Y, Liu W, Sun H, Xu Y, Luo Y, Kruse A, Yang X, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Fisher TW, Nelson DR, Hunter WB, Brown JK, Jander G, Cilia M, Douglas AE, Ghanim M, Simmons AM, Wintermantel WM, Ling KS, Fei Z. The draft genome of whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1, a global crop pest, provides novel insights into virus transmission, host adaptation, and insecticide resistance. BMC Biol 2016; 14:110. [PMID: 27974049 PMCID: PMC5157087 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is among the 100 worst invasive species in the world. As one of the most important crop pests and virus vectors, B. tabaci causes substantial crop losses and poses a serious threat to global food security. Results We report the 615-Mb high-quality genome sequence of B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), the first genome sequence in the Aleyrodidae family, which contains 15,664 protein-coding genes. The B. tabaci genome is highly divergent from other sequenced hemipteran genomes, sharing no detectable synteny. A number of known detoxification gene families, including cytochrome P450s and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, are significantly expanded in B. tabaci. Other expanded gene families, including cathepsins, large clusters of tandemly duplicated B. tabaci-specific genes, and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs), were found to be associated with virus acquisition and transmission and/or insecticide resistance, likely contributing to the global invasiveness and efficient virus transmission capacity of B. tabaci. The presence of 142 horizontally transferred genes from bacteria or fungi in the B. tabaci genome, including genes encoding hopanoid/sterol synthesis and xenobiotic detoxification enzymes that are not present in other insects, offers novel insights into the unique biological adaptations of this insect such as polyphagy and insecticide resistance. Interestingly, two adjacent bacterial pantothenate biosynthesis genes, panB and panC, have been co-transferred into B. tabaci and fused into a single gene that has acquired introns during its evolution. Conclusions The B. tabaci genome contains numerous genetic novelties, including expansions in gene families associated with insecticide resistance, detoxification and virus transmission, as well as numerous horizontally transferred genes from bacteria and fungi. We believe these novelties likely have shaped B. tabaci as a highly invasive polyphagous crop pest and efficient vector of plant viruses. The genome serves as a reference for resolving the B. tabaci cryptic species complex, understanding fundamental biological novelties, and providing valuable genetic information to assist the development of novel strategies for controlling whiteflies and the viruses they transmit. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0321-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Daniel K Hasegawa
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA
| | - Navneet Kaur
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Adi Kliot
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Patricia Valle Pinheiro
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,EMBRAPA Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, 75375-000, Brazil.,Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Junbo Luan
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Wenli Liu
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Honghe Sun
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yimin Xu
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Angela Kruse
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Tonja W Fisher
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Wayne B Hunter
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, US Horticultural Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Judith K Brown
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Michelle Cilia
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden.,US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Alvin M Simmons
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA
| | - William M Wintermantel
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA.
| | - Kai-Shu Ling
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA.
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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14
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Rosen R, Kanakala S, Kliot A, Cathrin Pakkianathan B, Farich BA, Santana-Magal N, Elimelech M, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Cilia M, Ghanim M. Persistent, circulative transmission of begomoviruses by whitefly vectors. Curr Opin Virol 2015. [PMID: 26196230 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Begomoviruses comprise an emerging and economically important group of plant viruses exclusively transmitted by the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci in many regions of the world. The past twenty years have witnessed significant progress in studying the molecular interactions between members of this virus group and B. tabaci. Mechanisms and proteins encoded by the insect vector and its bacterial symbionts, which have been shown to be important for virus transmission, have been identified and thoroughly studied. Despite the economic importance of this group of viruses and their impact on the global agriculture, progress in investigating the virus-vector interactions is moving slowly when compared with similar virus-vector systems in plants and animals. Major advances in this field and future perspectives will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Rosen
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | | | - Adi Kliot
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | | | - Basheer Abu Farich
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; Al-Qasemi Research Center, Al-Qasemi Academic College, P. O. Box 124, Baqa El-Gharbia 30100, Israel
| | | | - Meytar Elimelech
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | | | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Michelle Cilia
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Agricultural Research Service, Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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15
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Kliot A, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Brumin M, Cathrin PB, Marubayashi JM, Skaljac M, Belausov E, Czosnek H, Ghanim M. Fluorescence in situ hybridizations (FISH) for the localization of viruses and endosymbiotic bacteria in plant and insect tissues. J Vis Exp 2014:e51030. [PMID: 24637389 PMCID: PMC4130656 DOI: 10.3791/51030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a name given to a variety of techniques commonly used for visualizing gene transcripts in eukaryotic cells and can be further modified to visualize other components in the cell such as infection with viruses and bacteria. Spatial localization and visualization of viruses and bacteria during the infection process is an essential step that complements expression profiling experiments such as microarrays and RNAseq in response to different stimuli. Understanding the spatiotemporal infections with these agents complements biological experiments aimed at understanding their interaction with cellular components. Several techniques for visualizing viruses and bacteria such as reporter gene systems or immunohistochemical methods are time-consuming, and some are limited to work with model organisms and involve complex methodologies. FISH that targets RNA or DNA species in the cell is a relatively easy and fast method for studying spatiotemporal localization of genes and for diagnostic purposes. This method can be robust and relatively easy to implement when the protocols employ short hybridizing, commercially-purchased probes, which are not expensive. This is particularly robust when sample preparation, fixation, hybridization, and microscopic visualization do not involve complex steps. Here we describe a protocol for localization of bacteria and viruses in insect and plant tissues. The method is based on simple preparation, fixation, and hybridization of insect whole mounts and dissected organs or hand-made plant sections, with 20 base pairs short DNA probes conjugated to fluorescent dyes on their 5' or 3' ends. This protocol has been successfully applied to a number of insect and plant tissues, and can be used to analyze expression of mRNAs or other RNA or DNA species in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Kliot
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center; Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marisa Skaljac
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center; Department of Applied Sciences, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation
| | | | - Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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16
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Lebedev G, Abo-Moch F, Gafni G, Ben-Yakir D, Ghanim M. High-level of resistance to spinosad, emamectin benzoate and carbosulfan in populations of Thrips tabaci collected in Israel. Pest Manag Sci 2013; 69:274-277. [PMID: 22926932 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, is a major pest of several crop plants in the genus Allium, such as onions, garlic and chives. In Israel, these crops are grown in open fields and in protected housing. This thrips is usually controlled by the application of chemical insecticides. In recent years, spinosad, emamectin benzoate and carbosulfan have been the major insecticides used for the control of the onion thrips. In the last 4 years, growers of chives and green onion from several regions of Israel have reported a significant decrease in the efficacy of insecticides used to control the onion thrips. RESULTS The susceptibility of 14 populations of the onion thrips, collected mainly from chives between the years 2007 and 2011, to spinosad, emamectin benzoate and carbosulfan was tested using a laboratory bioassay. The majority of the populations showed significant levels of resistance to at least one of the insecticides. LC(50) values calculated for two of the studied populations showed that the resistance factor for spinosad compared with the susceptible population is 21 393, for carbosulfan 54 and for emamectin benzoate 36. Only two populations, collected from organic farms, were susceptible to the insecticides tested. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a high resistance level to spinosad, the major insecticide used to control the onion thrips. Resistance cases to spinosad were associated with failures to control the pest. Populations resistant to spinosad also had partial or complete resistance to other insecticides used for controlling the onion thrips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Centre, Bet Dagan, Israel
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17
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Aly R, Ravid U, Abu-Nassar J, Botnick I, Lebedev G, Gal S, Ziadna H, Achdari G, Smirov E, Meir A, Ghanim M. Biological activity of natural phytoecdysteroids from Ajuga iva against the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci and the persea mite Oligonychus perseae. Pest Manag Sci 2011; 67:1493-1498. [PMID: 21604353 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecdysteroids are steroid hormones that control moulting and govern several changes during metamorphoses in arthropods. The discovery of the same molecules (phytoecdysteroids) in several plant species displayed a wide array of rather beneficial agricultural impact. Many representatives of the genus Ajuga plants contain phytoecdysteroids with a 5β-7-ene-6-one system exhibiting physiological activities in insects. RESULTS By means of chromatographic (silica gel column, TLC) and LC-MS, two major ecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone and cyasterone) have been isolated and identified from Israeli carpet bugle Ajuga iva (L.) Schreber (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) plants. Ajuga iva extract fractionated on the silica gel column yielded two fractions that showed high activity against the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisis tabaci and the persea mite Oligonychus perseae. A dose of 5 mg AI L(-1) of the purely identified A. iva ecdysterone significantly reduced fecundity, fertility and survival of these pests, while commercial 20-hydroxyecdysone at the same dose had lesser effects. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate considerable efficacy of natural phytoecdysteroids against major agricultural pests, and suggests that these materials should be considered for potential development of friendly control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radi Aly
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, Newe-Yaar Research Centre, Ramat Yishay, Israel
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18
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Ghanim M, Lebedev G, Kontsedalov S, Ishaaya I. Flufenerim, a novel insecticide acting on diverse insect pests: biological mode of action and biochemical aspects. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:2839-2844. [PMID: 20958045 DOI: 10.1021/jf1025482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new chemical compound was tested for its insecticidal activity against several major insect pests. The compound, called "flufenerim", has a core pyrimidine structure and an unknown mode of action and showed potent activity against the sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the African cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval); however, it did not show any activity against two thrips species: western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and tobacco thrips Thrips tabaci (Lindeman). The compound was relatively potent against the three tested pests and caused mortality rates that reached up to 100% at concentrations under 10 mg of active ingredient (ai) L(-1). The action of the compound was very fast, and mortality was observed within 48 h after exposure of the insects to treated leaves. A unique characteristic of this compound is its very short residual activity, which approximates to 4 days after application under laboratory conditions and to 2 days under outdoor conditions for both B. tabaci and S. littoralis. Although this new compound's mode of action is yet unknown, its rapid and potent action against sap-sucking pests suggests that it acts on a very important target site in the insect body and possibly could be applied very close to harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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19
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Jozwiak C, Graf J, Lebedev G, Andresen N, Schmid AK, Fedorov AV, El Gabaly F, Wan W, Lanzara A, Hussain Z. A high-efficiency spin-resolved photoemission spectrometer combining time-of-flight spectroscopy with exchange-scattering polarimetry. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:053904. [PMID: 20515152 DOI: 10.1063/1.3427223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe a spin-resolved electron spectrometer capable of uniquely efficient and high energy resolution measurements. Spin analysis is obtained through polarimetry based on low-energy exchange scattering from a ferromagnetic thin-film target. This approach can achieve a similar analyzing power (Sherman function) as state-of-the-art Mott scattering polarimeters, but with as much as 100 times improved efficiency due to increased reflectivity. Performance is further enhanced by integrating the polarimeter into a time-of-flight (TOF) based energy analysis scheme with a precise and flexible electrostatic lens system. The parallel acquisition of a range of electron kinetic energies afforded by the TOF approach results in an order of magnitude (or more) increase in efficiency compared to hemispherical analyzers. The lens system additionally features a 90 degrees bandpass filter, which by removing unwanted parts of the photoelectron distribution allows the TOF technique to be performed at low electron drift energy and high energy resolution within a wide range of experimental parameters. The spectrometer is ideally suited for high-resolution spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (spin-ARPES), and initial results are shown. The TOF approach makes the spectrometer especially ideal for time-resolved spin-ARPES experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jozwiak
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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20
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Zakharov D, Lebedev G, Koledov V, Lega P, Kuchin D, Irzhak A, Afonina V, Perov E, Shelyakov A, Pushin V, Shavrov V. An enhanced composite scheme of shape memory actuator for smart systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2010.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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