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Shrestha S, Gurung M, Amatya P, Bijukchhe S, Bose AS, Carter MJ, Gautam MC, Gurung S, Hinds J, Kandasamy R, Kelly S, Khadka B, Maskey P, Mujadidi YF, O’Reilly PJ, Pokhrel B, Pradhan R, Shah GP, Shrestha S, Wahl B, O’Brien KL, Knoll MD, Murdoch DR, Kelly DF, Thorson S, Voysey M, Pollard AJ, Acharya K, Acharya B, Ansari I, Basi R, Bista S, Bista S, Budha AK, Budhathoki S, Deshar R, Dhungel S, Felle S, Gautam K, Gorham K, Gurung TY, Gurung P, Jha R, K.C M, Karnikar SR, Kattel A, Lama L, Magar TKP, Maharjan M, Mallik A, Michel A, Nepal D, Nepal J, Park KM, Prajapati KG, Pudasaini R, Shrestha S, Smedley M, Weeks R, Yadav JK, Yadav SK. Effect of the of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Nepal 4 years after introduction: an observational cohort study. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e1494-e1504. [DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Carter MJ, Gurung M, Pokhrel B, Bijukchhe SM, Karmacharya S, Khadka B, Maharjan A, Bhattarai S, Shrestha S, Khadka B, Khulal A, Gurung S, Dhital B, Prajapati KG, Ansari I, Shah GP, Wahl B, Kandasamy R, Pradhan R, Kelly S, Voysey M, Murdoch DR, Adhikari N, Thorson S, Kelly D, Shrestha S, Pollard AJ. Childhood Invasive Bacterial Disease in Kathmandu, Nepal (2005-2013). Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:192-198. [PMID: 34955523 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive bacterial disease (IBD; including pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in low-income countries. METHODS We analyzed data from a surveillance study of suspected community-acquired IBD in children <15 years of age in Kathmandu, Nepal, from 2005 to 2013 before introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV). We detailed the serotype-specific distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and incorporated antigen and PCR testing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from children with meningitis. RESULTS Enhanced surveillance of IBD was undertaken during 2005-2006 and 2010-2013. During enhanced surveillance, a total of 7956 children were recruited of whom 7754 had blood or CSF culture results available for analysis, and 342 (4%) had a pathogen isolated. From 2007 to 2009, all 376 positive culture results were available, with 259 pathogens isolated (and 117 contaminants). Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was the most prevalent pathogen isolated (167 cases, 28% of pathogens), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (98 cases, 16% pathogens). Approximately, 73% and 78% of pneumococcal serotypes were contained in 10-valent and 13-valent PCV, respectively. Most cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) were among children ≥5 years of age from 2008 onward. Antigen and PCR testing of CSF for pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae type b and meningococci increased the number of these pathogens identified from 33 (culture) to 68 (culture/antigen/PCR testing). CONCLUSIONS S. enterica serovar Typhi and S. pneumoniae accounted for 44% of pathogens isolated. Most pneumococcal isolates were of serotypes contained in PCVs. Antigen and PCR testing of CSF improves sensitivity for IBD pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Carter
- From the Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Meeru Gurung
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bhishma Pokhrel
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sanjeev Man Bijukchhe
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sudhir Karmacharya
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijay Khadka
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anju Maharjan
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suraj Bhattarai
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Swosti Shrestha
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bibek Khadka
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Animesh Khulal
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sunaina Gurung
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijaya Dhital
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Imran Ansari
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ganesh P Shah
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Brian Wahl
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rama Kandasamy
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Sarah Kelly
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R Murdoch
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Neelam Adhikari
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Stephen Thorson
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dominic Kelly
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shrijana Shrestha
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Gurung M, Bijukchhe SM, Hariri P, Voysey M, Kandasamy R, Thorson S, Maskey P, Pandit R, Shrestha B, Gautam MC, Maharjan M, Lama L, Acharya B, Basi R, K C M, O'Reilly P, Shrestha S, Ansari I, Shah GP, Kelly S, O'Brien KL, Goldblatt D, Kelly DF, Murdoch DR, Pollard AJ, Shrestha S. Persistence of Immunity Following 2-Dose Priming with a 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine at 6 and 10 Weeks or 6 and 14 Weeks of Age in Nepalese Toddlers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:937-943. [PMID: 34292271 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has had a substantial impact on invasive pneumococcal disease. Previously, we compared immunity following vaccination with the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) administered at 2 slightly different schedules: at 6 and 10 weeks of age, and at 6 and 14 weeks of age, both followed by a 9-month booster. In this study, we followed up those participants to evaluate the medium-term persistence of serotype-specific pneumococcal immunity at 2-3 years of age. METHOD Children from the previous studies were contacted and after taking informed consent from their parents, blood samples and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected. Serotype-specific IgG antibody concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, for the 10 vaccine serotypes, at a WHO pneumococcal serology reference laboratory. FINDINGS Two hundred twenty of the 287 children who completed the primary study returned at 2-3 years of age to provide a blood sample and nasopharyngeal swab. The nasopharyngeal carriage rate of PCV10 serotypes in the 6 + 14 group was higher than the 6 + 10 group (13.4% vs. 1.9%). Nevertheless, the proportion of toddlers with serum pneumococcal serotype-specific IgG greater than or equal to 0.35 µg/mL was comparable for all PCV10 serotypes between the 6 + 10 week and 6 + 14 week groups. Similarly, the geometric mean concentrations of serum pneumococcal serotype-specific IgG levels were similar in the 2 groups for all serotypes, except for serotype 19F which was 32% lower in the 6 + 10 group than the 6 + 14 group. CONCLUSION Immunization with PCV10 at 6 + 10 weeks or 6 + 14 weeks, with a booster at 9 months in each case, results in similar persistence of serotype-specific antibody at 2-3 years of age. Thus, protection from pneumococcal disease is expected to be similar when either schedule is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeru Gurung
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sanjeev M Bijukchhe
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Parisa Hariri
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rama Kandasamy
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Thorson
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pratistha Maskey
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Raju Pandit
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Biplav Shrestha
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Madhav Chandra Gautam
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mamata Maharjan
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Laxmi Lama
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Baikuntha Acharya
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ruby Basi
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Manisha K C
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Peter O'Reilly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sonu Shrestha
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Ansari
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ganesh P Shah
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sarah Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine L O'Brien
- International Vaccine Access Centre, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic F Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shrijana Shrestha
- From the Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Wadhwa N, Basnet S, Natchu UCM, Shrestha LP, Bhatnagar S, Sommerfelt H, Strand TA, Ramji S, Aggarwal KC, Chellani H, Govil A, Jajoo M, Mathur NB, Bhatt M, Mohta A, Ansari I, Basnet S, Chapagain RH, Shah GP, Shrestha BM. Zinc as an adjunct treatment for reducing case fatality due to clinical severe infection in young infants: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:56. [PMID: 28693558 PMCID: PMC5504606 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An estimated 2.7 of the 5.9 million deaths in children under 5 years of age occur in the neonatal period. Severe infections contribute to almost a quarter of these deaths. Mortality due to severe infections in developing country settings is substantial despite antibiotic therapy. Effective interventions that can be added to standard therapy for severe infections are required to reduce case fatality. Methods/Design This is a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled parallel group superiority trial to investigate the effect of zinc administered orally as an adjunct to standard therapy to infants aged 3 days up to 2 months (59 days) hospitalized with clinical severe infection, that will be undertaken in seven hospitals in Delhi, India and Kathmandu, Nepal. In a 1:1 ratio, we will randomly assign young infants to receive 10 mg of elemental zinc or placebo orally in addition to the standard therapy for a total of 14 days. The primary outcomes hospital case fatality, which is death due to any cause and at any time after enrolment while hospitalized for the illness episode, and extended case fatality, which encompasses the period until 12 weeks after enrolment. Discussion A previous study showed a beneficial effect of zinc in reducing the risk of treatment failure, as well as a non-significant effect on case fatality. This study was not powered to detect an effect on case fatality, which this current study is. If the results are consistent with this earlier trial, we would have provided strong evidence for recommending zinc as an adjunct to standard therapy for clinical severe infection in young infants. Trial registration Universal Trial Number: U1111-1187-6479, Clinical Trials Registry – India: CTRI/2017/02/007966: Registered on February 27, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Wadhwa
- Pediatric Biology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sudha Basnet
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Uma Chandra Mouli Natchu
- Pediatric Biology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Laxman P Shrestha
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shinjini Bhatnagar
- Pediatric Biology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Halvor Sommerfelt
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tor A Strand
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.
| | | | - Siddarth Ramji
- Department of Neonatology, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - K C Aggarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Harish Chellani
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anuradha Govil
- Department of Pediatrics, Kasturba Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Jajoo
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Delhi, India
| | - N B Mathur
- Department of Neonatology, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Bhatt
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anup Mohta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Delhi, India
| | - Imran Ansari
- Department of Pediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Srijana Basnet
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ram H Chapagain
- Medical Department, Kanti Children's Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ganesh P Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
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Barraclough P, Black JW, Cambridge D, Gerskowitch VP, Hull RA, Lyer R, King WR, Kneen CO, Nobbs MS, Shah GP. Inotropic activities of imidazopyridines. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1990; 323:501-5. [PMID: 2278516 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19903230811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-substituted 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines and the isomeric 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine derivatives has been prepared and evaluated as inotropic agents. The 1H-imidazo-[4,5-b] derivatives were found to be consistently more potent than their isomers in the [4,5-c] series in isolated guinea pig papillary muscle preparations. Structure-activity relationships and the species-dependence of inotropic potencies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Barraclough
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, U.K
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Lord BI, Shah GP, Lajtha LG. The effects of red blood cell extracts on the proliferation of erythrocyte precursor cells, in vivo. Cell Tissue Kinet 1977; 10:215-22. [PMID: 872180 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1977.tb00289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Saline incubation extracts of mature erythrocytes were assayed in vivo by a variety of techniques in order to study their ability to modify the proliferation of maturing erythroid cells. Using comparable extracts from granulocytes and lymphocytes, the specificity of the effect of the red cell extract for erythroid cells was confirmed by measurement of autoradiographic labelling indices, radio-iron incorporation and spleen colony growth. The erythroid cells were found to be very sensitive to the effects of the extract, as little as 10 microgram per mouse producing a maximum effect on iron incorporation. It was found that the extract does not block erythroid cells proliferation completely but simply lengthens the cell cycle, mainly by increasing the GI phase of the cycle. There was no effect on the committed erythroid precursor cells. The in vivo activity, specificity and non-toxicity to the cells, together with the cells' sensitivity to red cell extract suggest, therefore, that this inhibitor may play a physiological role in the control of red cell production.
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Lord BI, Cercek L, Cercek B, Shah GP, Dexter TM, Lajtha LG. Inhibitors of haemopoietic cell proliferation? Specificity of action within the haemopoietic system. Br J Cancer 1974; 29:168-75. [PMID: 4857338 PMCID: PMC2009005 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1974.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The specificity of action of mature blood cell extracts on their own progenitor cells was investigated by measuring their effects on the structuredness of the cytoplasmic matrix (SCM) using the technique of fluorescence polarization. Changes in SCM induced by the various extracts are probably closely related to the proliferation state of the cells.Saline extracts of lymphocytes, granulocytes and erythrocytes (LNE, GCE and RCE respectively) have been partially purified by ultrafiltration into selected molecular weight ranges and each tested against proliferative populations of lymphoid, granulocytic and erythroid cells. In all cases, complete specificity of effect on SCM was found, LNEs affecting only lymphoid cell populations, GCEs affecting only the granulocytic cell populations and RCEs affecting only erythroid cells. In each case, with the possible exception of the RCEs, the active fractions reside in the molecular weight ranges reported in the literature for cell extracts possessing proliferation inhibitory properties.
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