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Gaffuri A, Sassera D, Calzolari M, Gibelli L, Lelli D, Tebaldi A, Vicari N, Bianchi A, Pigoli C, Cerioli M, Zandonà L, Varisco G, Bertoletti I, Prati P. Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Lombardy, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:341-344. [PMID: 38270164 PMCID: PMC10826753 DOI: 10.3201/eid3002.231016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis was limited to northeast portions of Italy. We report in Lombardy, a populous region in the northwest, a chamois displaying clinical signs of tickborne encephalitis virus that had multiple virus-positive ticks attached, as well as a symptomatic man. Further, we show serologic evidence of viral circulation in the area.
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Salogni C, Bertasio C, Accini A, Gibelli LR, Pigoli C, Susini F, Podavini E, Scali F, Varisco G, Alborali GL. The Characterisation of Lactococcus garvieae Isolated in an Outbreak of Septicaemic Disease in Farmed Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax, Linnaues 1758) in Italy. Pathogens 2024; 13:49. [PMID: 38251356 PMCID: PMC10820654 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In aquaculture, Lactococcus garvieae is a common fish pathogen that can cause significant economic losses in several fresh and saltwater species. Despite the extensive range of hosts, L. garvieae infection in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) has rarely been reported. During the summer of 2023, an outbreak occurred in an inland farm in the Gulf of Follonica (Tuscany, Italy). Fish of various sizes were affected, showing apathy, inappetence, erratic swimming and eye lesions, while the mortality was low (2-3% per month). Anatomopathological examinations suggested a septicaemic infection characterised by melanosis, diffuse redness (skin and fins), paleness (gills and internal organs), haemorrhages and splenomegaly. Seventy swabs from the viscera of 14 subjects were collected and colonies similar to Streptococcus spp. grew from all the samples. Lactococcus garvieae was identified via the biochemical tests, API20STREP, MALDI-TOF, 16S rDNA and whole genome sequencing. Genetical characterisation revealed remarkable differences between this isolate and the strains previously isolated in Italian fish farms. Feed treatments with flumequine and erythromycin were ineffective. Considering the limited effects of antimicrobials, preventive measures, such as vaccination and biosecurity, should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Salogni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (C.S.); (C.B.); (L.R.G.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (G.V.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Cristina Bertasio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (C.S.); (C.B.); (L.R.G.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (G.V.); (G.L.A.)
| | | | - Lucia Rita Gibelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (C.S.); (C.B.); (L.R.G.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (G.V.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Claudio Pigoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (C.S.); (C.B.); (L.R.G.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (G.V.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Francesca Susini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Roma, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Podavini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (C.S.); (C.B.); (L.R.G.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (G.V.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (C.S.); (C.B.); (L.R.G.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (G.V.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Giorgio Varisco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (C.S.); (C.B.); (L.R.G.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (G.V.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (C.S.); (C.B.); (L.R.G.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (G.V.); (G.L.A.)
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Kloonen RMJS, Varisco G, de Kort E, Andriessen P, Niemarkt HJ, van Pul C. Predicting CPAP failure after less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) in preterm infants by machine learning model on vital parameter data: a pilot study. Physiol Meas 2023; 44:115005. [PMID: 37939392 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad0ab6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) has been introduced to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) support in order to avoid intubation and mechanical ventilation. However, after this LISA procedure, a significant part of infants fails CPAP treatment (CPAP-F) and requires intubation in the first 72 h of life, which is associated with worse complication free survival chances. The aim of this study was to predict CPAP-F after LISA, based on machine learning (ML) analysis of high resolution vital parameter monitoring data surrounding the LISA procedure.Approach. Patients with a gestational age (GA) <32 weeks receiving LISA were included. Vital parameter data was obtained from a data warehouse. Physiological features (HR, RR, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and body temperature) were calculated in eight 0.5 h windows throughout a period 1.5 h before to 2.5 h after LISA. First, physiological data was analyzed to investigate differences between the CPAP-F and CPAP-Success (CPAP-S) groups. Next, the performance of two types of ML models (logistic regression: LR, support vector machine: SVM) for the prediction of CPAP-F were evaluated.Main results. Of 51 included patients, 18 (35%) had CPAP-F. Univariate analysis showed lower SpO2, temperature and heart rate variability (HRV) before and after the LISA procedure. The best performing ML model showed an area under the curve of 0.90 and 0.93 for LR and SVM respectively in the 0.5 h window directly after LISA, with GA, HRV, respiration rate and SpO2as most important features. Excluding GA decreased performance in both models.Significance. In this pilot study we were able to predict CPAP-F with a ML model of patient monitor signals, with best performance in the first 0.5 h after LISA. Using ML to predict CPAP-F based on vital signals gains insight in (possibly modifiable) factors that are associated with LISA failure and can help to guide personalized clinical decisions in early respiratory management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M J S Kloonen
- Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Maxima Medical Centre Veldhoven, Department of Clinical Physics, Po Box 7777, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - G Varisco
- Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E de Kort
- Maxima Medical Centre Veldhoven, Department of Pediatrics, Po Box 7777, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - P Andriessen
- Maxima Medical Centre Veldhoven, Department of Pediatrics, Po Box 7777, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - H J Niemarkt
- Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Maxima Medical Centre Veldhoven, Department of Pediatrics, Po Box 7777, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - C van Pul
- Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Maxima Medical Centre Veldhoven, Department of Clinical Physics, Po Box 7777, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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Arnaboldi S, Mangeri L, Galuppini E, Righi F, Tilola M, Scarazzato A, Bertasi B, Finazzi G, Varisco G, Filipello V, Losio MN. Is SARS-CoV-2 a Concern for Food Safety? A Very Low Prevalence from a Food Survey during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Northern Italy. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142096. [PMID: 35885339 PMCID: PMC9324013 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2019, SARS-CoV-2 was identified as the cause of an easily transmissible disease that was declared as a world pandemic. Foodborne transmission was never reported. However, early studies suggested that food could be involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry in the human gastrointestinal tract leading to possible infection, and highlighting the importance of further studies to inspect possible issues linked to food consumption. In this perspective, this work aimed at monitoring SARS-CoV-2 presence in some food and mains water samples in Northern Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022). A total of 1806 foods, 112 mains water samples, and 580 swabs on meat and dairy product surfaces were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection by Real-time PCR. All the analyzed samples were negative to viral RNA detection with the exception of one vegetable sample. Even if data on foodborne coronavirus transmission suggested a limited importance of this pathway, the impact of the current pandemic in Northern Italy deserved a rigorous investigation to rule out such possibility. Indeed, gaining insight on all SARS-CoV-2 possible transmission pathways, including the foodborne route, seemed of interest to maintain consumers’ confidence and trust in food safety, and for the effective management of the current, and future, possible pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Arnaboldi
- Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (L.M.); (E.G.); (F.R.); (M.T.); (A.S.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (G.V.); (V.F.); (M.-N.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0302290381
| | - Lucia Mangeri
- Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (L.M.); (E.G.); (F.R.); (M.T.); (A.S.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (G.V.); (V.F.); (M.-N.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Galuppini
- Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (L.M.); (E.G.); (F.R.); (M.T.); (A.S.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (G.V.); (V.F.); (M.-N.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Righi
- Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (L.M.); (E.G.); (F.R.); (M.T.); (A.S.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (G.V.); (V.F.); (M.-N.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Tilola
- Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (L.M.); (E.G.); (F.R.); (M.T.); (A.S.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (G.V.); (V.F.); (M.-N.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Scarazzato
- Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (L.M.); (E.G.); (F.R.); (M.T.); (A.S.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (G.V.); (V.F.); (M.-N.L.)
| | - Barbara Bertasi
- Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (L.M.); (E.G.); (F.R.); (M.T.); (A.S.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (G.V.); (V.F.); (M.-N.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Finazzi
- Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (L.M.); (E.G.); (F.R.); (M.T.); (A.S.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (G.V.); (V.F.); (M.-N.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Varisco
- Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (L.M.); (E.G.); (F.R.); (M.T.); (A.S.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (G.V.); (V.F.); (M.-N.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Virginia Filipello
- Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (L.M.); (E.G.); (F.R.); (M.T.); (A.S.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (G.V.); (V.F.); (M.-N.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina-Nadia Losio
- Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (L.M.); (E.G.); (F.R.); (M.T.); (A.S.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (G.V.); (V.F.); (M.-N.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Arnaboldi S, Benevenia R, Bertasi B, Galuppini E, Mangeri L, Tilola M, Bassi D, Cocconcelli PS, Stroppa A, Varisco G. Validation of a real-time PCR method on pta gene for Clostridium tyrobutyricum quantification in milk. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Finazzi G, Bertasi B, Bornati L, Benevenia R, Losio MN, Varisco G. Diagnosis of human botulism in Northern Italy during 2012-2016. Eur J Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx186.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Finazzi
- IZSLER Microbiology Dep., Brescia, Italy
| | - B Bertasi
- IZSLER Microbiology Dep., Brescia, Italy
| | - L Bornati
- IZSLER Microbiology Dep., Brescia, Italy
| | | | - MN Losio
- IZSLER Microbiology Dep., Brescia, Italy
| | - G Varisco
- IZSLER National Reference Centre for emerging risks in food safety, Milano, Italy
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Finazzi G, Bertasi B, Vitali A, Losio MN, Varisco G. STEC prevalence in raw milk cheese produced in Lombardia. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw174.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pavoni E, Dalzini E, Monastero P, Galuppini E, Meletti F, Bertasi B, Daminelli P, Losio MN, Varisco G. Frozen berries: use of a combined approach of freezing and ozonation to improve the food safety. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw174.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lorenzi V, Ghidini S, Angelone B, Ferretti E, Menotta S, Fedrizzi G, Varisco G, Foschini S, Diegoli G, Bertocchi L. Three years of monitoring of PCDD/F, DL-PCB and NDL-PCB residues in bovine milk from Lombardy and Emilia Romagna regions (Italy): Contamination levels and human exposure assessment. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Finazzi G, Losio MN, Varisco G. FLOQSwab™: Optimisation of Procedures for the Recovery of Microbiological Samples from Surfaces. Ital J Food Saf 2016; 5:5756. [PMID: 27853708 PMCID: PMC5090112 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2016.5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The FLOQSwab™ is a specimen collection device worldwide recognised for its superior performance in the clinical diagnostics. The aim of this work was to evaluate FLOQSwab™ for the recovery of microbiological samples from surfaces compared to the traditional swab (rayon tipped swab) as per ISO 18593:2004 standard. The FLOQSwab™, thanks to its innovative manufacturing technology, allows improving the efficiency of recovery and release of analyte. The study has been divided into two experiments. In the first experiment the two swabs were evaluated for their capacity to recover and release the analyte (three different bacterial loads of Escherichia coli). In the second experiment, the two swabs were evaluated for their capacity to recover three different bacterial loads of E. coli from two different surface materials (stainless steel and polypropylene). In all experiments the flocked swab demonstrated a higher recovery rate compared to the traditional rayon tipped swab. The data obtained from this preliminary study demonstrated that the FLOQSwab™ could be a good food surfaces collection device, which improves the recovery of the analyte and thus produces accurate results. Based on the outcomes of the study, a larger field study is in progress using the FLOQSwab™ for samples collection to improve both environmental monitoring and the efficacy of the hygiene controls for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Finazzi
- Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna , Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Nadia Losio
- Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna , Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Varisco
- Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna , Brescia, Italy
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Salmei E, Fantuz F, Varisco G, Maglieri C, Polidori M. Different fibre sources in dairy ass’s diet: effects on milk yield and composition. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2005.2s.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Crotta M, Rizzi R, Varisco G, Daminelli P, Cunico EC, Luini M, Graber HU, Paterlini F, Guitian J. Multiple-Strain Approach and Probabilistic Modeling of Consumer Habits in Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment: A Quantitative Assessment of Exposure to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A in Raw Milk. J Food Prot 2016; 79:432-41. [PMID: 26939653 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models are extensively applied to inform management of a broad range of food safety risks. Inevitably, QMRA modeling involves an element of simplification of the biological process of interest. Two features that are frequently simplified or disregarded are the pathogenicity of multiple strains of a single pathogen and consumer behavior at the household level. In this study, we developed a QMRA model with a multiple-strain approach and a consumer phase module (CPM) based on uncertainty distributions fitted from field data. We modeled exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin A in raw milk in Lombardy; a specific enterotoxin production module was thus included. The model is adaptable and could be used to assess the risk related to other pathogens in raw milk as well as other staphylococcal enterotoxins. The multiplestrain approach, implemented as a multinomial process, allowed the inclusion of variability and uncertainty with regard to pathogenicity at the bacterial level. Data from 301 questionnaires submitted to raw milk consumers were used to obtain uncertainty distributions for the CPM. The distributions were modeled to be easily updatable with further data or evidence. The sources of uncertainty due to the multiple-strain approach and the CPM were identified, and their impact on the output was assessed by comparing specific scenarios to the baseline. When the distributions reflecting the uncertainty in consumer behavior were fixed to the 95th percentile, the risk of exposure increased up to 160 times. This reflects the importance of taking into consideration the diversity of consumers' habits at the household level and the impact that the lack of knowledge about variables in the CPM can have on the final QMRA estimates. The multiple-strain approach lends itself to use in other food matrices besides raw milk and allows the model to better capture the complexity of the real world and to be capable of geographical specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Crotta
- Department DIVET, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Rizzi
- Department DIVET, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Varisco
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Bianchi 79, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Daminelli
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Bianchi 79, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Cosciani Cunico
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Bianchi 79, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Luini
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Hans Ulrich Graber
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences IFS, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Franco Paterlini
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Rovelli 53, 24100 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Javier Guitian
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, Hatfield, UK
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Locatelli C, Cremonesi P, Bertocchi L, Zanoni M, Barberio A, Drigo I, Varisco G, Castiglioni B, Bronzo V, Moroni P. Short communication: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk of dairy cows and effect of swine population density. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2151-2156. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dalzini E, Galuppini E, Merigo D, Buizza PF, Losio MN, Bertasi B, Varisco G. Anti-Listeria Activity of Bioactive Food Packaging on Artificially Contaminated Sliced Cheese. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dalzini
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risk in Food Safety; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini,”; Brescia Italy
| | - Elisa Galuppini
- Department of Food Microbiology; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini,”; Brescia Italy
| | - Daniela Merigo
- Department of Food Microbiology; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini,”; Brescia Italy
| | - Paolo-Felice Buizza
- Department of Food Microbiology; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini,”; Brescia Italy
| | - Marina-Nadia Losio
- Department of Food Microbiology; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini,”; Brescia Italy
| | - Barbara Bertasi
- Department of Food Microbiology; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini,”; Brescia Italy
| | - Giorgio Varisco
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risk in Food Safety; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini,”; Brescia Italy
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Cosciani-Cunico E, Dalzini E, Ducoli S, Sfameni C, Bertasi B, Losio MN, Daminelli P, Varisco G. Behaviour of Listeria Monocytogenes and Escherichia Coli O157:H7 During the Cheese Making of Traditional Raw-Milk Cheeses from Italian Alps. Ital J Food Saf 2015; 4:4585. [PMID: 27800408 PMCID: PMC5076637 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2015.4585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 was studied during the manufacture and ripening of two traditional Italian Alps cheeses. Each cheese type was manufactured in a pilot plan from raw cow milk (without the addition of starter cultures) artificially inoculated with L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 to a final concentration of about 4 log CFU/mL. The pathogens were enumerated throughout the cheese making and ripening processes to study their behaviour. When the milk was inoculated with 4 Log CFU/mL, the pathogens counts increased in the first time during the manufacturing process and then remained constant, until the end of ripening, or decreased significantly. Results indicate that the environment and nature of food borne pathogens affected the concentration of the bacteria during the manufacturing and ripening process. Thus, the presence of low cells numbers of L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 in milk destined for the production of raw milk cheeses characterized by a cooking of the curd less than 48°C can constitute a hazard for the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cosciani-Cunico
- Department of Food Microbiology, Veterinary Public Health Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Dalzini
- Department of Food Microbiology, Veterinary Public Health Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Ducoli
- Department of Food Microbiology, Veterinary Public Health Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Sfameni
- Department of Food Microbiology, Veterinary Public Health Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Bertasi
- Department of Food Microbiology, Veterinary Public Health Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina-Nadia Losio
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Daminelli
- Department of Food Microbiology, Veterinary Public Health Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Varisco
- Department of Food Microbiology, Veterinary Public Health Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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16
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Pavoni E, Arcangeli G, Dalzini E, Bertasi B, Terregino C, Montesi F, Manfrin A, Bertoli E, Brutti A, Varisco G, Losio MN. Synergistic effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and marination treatment on the inactivation of hepatitis a virus in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Food Environ Virol 2015; 7:76-85. [PMID: 25344058 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked mussels contaminated with hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a major cause of infection to humans. The origin of mussels commonly used for the preparation of marinated seafood salads is often unknown, since different producers worldwide undergo a precooking treatment at the original collection site with methods and parameters not always indicated. These treatments could be insufficient for the inactivation of HAV, which is characterized by a high temperature resistance. Both high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and marinade treatments have been shown to affect HAV vitality. In this study, two treatments (HHP and marinating) were combined in order to assess a potential synergistic effect on the virus vitality. A kinetic test was conducted by subjecting the experimentally-contaminated mussels (HAV titre: 10(6)/ml TCID50) to marinating, and to different HHP treatment (4,000; 5,000; and 6,000 bar for 1, 5, and 9 min). Virus post-treatment vitality was assessed by its ability to grow on cell cultures and by quantitative real-time RT-PCR to evaluate virus resistance under such conditions. Marinating treatment alone (final pH 4.3, and NaCl 2 %) did not inactivate the virus. On the other hand, the use of HHP treatment alone on non-marinated HAV-contaminated mussels was effective only above 5,000 bar for 5 min. The results of the present study elucidate the synergistic effect of a combination between marination and HHP treatments on the inactivation of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pavoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy,
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17
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Di Bartolo I, Pavoni E, Tofani S, Consoli M, Galuppini E, Losio MN, Ruggeri FM, Varisco G. Waterborne norovirus outbreak during a summer excursion in Northern Italy. New Microbiol 2015; 38:109-112. [PMID: 25742154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In September 2011, an acute gastroenteritis outbreak affected 33 children in Northern Italy. Patients had drunk river water during an excursion. Identical GI.4 norovirus genomes were detected from one patient's stools and from the river water. Improper discharge of human sewage into the river may have caused this waterborne outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Istituto Superiore di Sanit�, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Rome Italy
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18
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Dalzini E, Cosciani-Cunico E, Sfameni C, Monastero P, Daminelli P, Losio MN, Varisco G. Microbiological and Physico-Chemical Changes During Manufacture of an Italian Goat Cheese Made from Raw Milk. Ital J Food Saf 2014; 3:4586. [PMID: 27800372 PMCID: PMC5076699 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2014.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the microbiological and physico-chemical changes throughout three cheesemaking replicates of Italian Formaggelle di capra cheese made from raw goat milk. Therefore, during the process, three samples of milk, curd and cheese at 3, 7, 11, 14, 21 and 30 days of ripening old cheese were taken from three cheesemaking replicates. The average of total mesophilic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae count in raw milk was 5.27±0.57 and 3.8±1.02 Log cfu/mL, respectively. Lactic acid bacteria was the predominant bacterial group during the process, and they developed in different ways in each of the media used (M17 and MRS agar). Variability of microbial concentrations was observed between three cheesemaking replicates. A correlation between the presence of higher levels of Enterobacteriaceae in milk and the presence of other contaminants bacteria such as Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase-positive and coagulase-positive staphylococci was observed. In cheesemaking replicate n. 2, E. coli level was 5.07±0.03 Log cfu/mL and increased by about 1 log until the last week of ripening, when the level decreased to 5.69±0.2 Log cfu/mL. The milk used for the cheesemaking replicate n. 2 was found to be contaminated also by coagulase-positive staphylococci (3.18±0.06 Log cfu/mL), but the behaviour of this group appeared to be very variable. In this study a first step of process control and microbial groups study was performed and the cheesemaking process was registered in the website www.ars-alimentaria.it, the Italian site supported by the Italian Board of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dalzini
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini" , Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Cosciani-Cunico
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini" , Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Sfameni
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini" , Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Monastero
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini" , Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Daminelli
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini" , Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Nadia Losio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini" , Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Varisco
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini" , Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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De Medici D, Alfonsi V, Bruni R, Busani L, Ciccaglione AR, Di Pasquale S, Equestre M, Escher M, Ricotta L, Rizzo C, Scavia G, Taffon S, Tosti ME, Pompa MG, Martini V, Iannazzo S, Losio MN, Varisco G, Pavoni E, Massaro M, Cappelletti B, Noè P, Menghi A, Guizzardi S, Lena R, Plutino G, Monteleone D, Borrello S. Hepatitis A outbreak in Italy associated with frozen berries. Eur J Public Health 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku165.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Dalzini E, Cosciani-Cunico E, Monastero P, Sfameni C, Pavoni E, Daminelli P, Losio MN, Serraino A, Varisco G. Reduction of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 During Manufacture and Ripening of Italian Semi-Dry Salami. Ital J Food Saf 2014; 3:3226. [PMID: 27800347 PMCID: PMC5083877 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2014.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to simulate a contamination at the processing plant, one batch of freshly-processed salami batter (20 kg) was inoculated (1% v:w) with 5 log colony forming unit (CFU)/g of a multi-strain cocktail of two strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (registered and wild strain). Another batch was inoculated (1% v:w) with sterile physiological saline solution and used to check the lactic acid bacteria (Lab) behaviour and the changes of physicochemical parameters (pH and aw ). Both batches were then processed to obtain a semi-dry salami (Hungarian-style): microbiological and physico-chemical properties were monitored during 94 days of ripening. During the manufacturing process, the levels of pathogen decreased of about 2.18 log CFU/g with respect to the initial inoculated levels. The behaviour of the indigenous bacteria such as Lab and the physico-chemical properties can help to determine the fate of pathogens throughout processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dalzini
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna B. Ubertini , Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Cosciani-Cunico
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna B. Ubertini , Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Monastero
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna B. Ubertini , Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Sfameni
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna B. Ubertini , Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Pavoni
- Reparto di Microbiologia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna B. Ubertini , Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Daminelli
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna B. Ubertini , Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina-Nadia Losio
- Reparto di Microbiologia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna B. Ubertini , Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna , Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Giorgio Varisco
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna B. Ubertini , Brescia, Italy
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21
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Dalzini E, Cosciani-Cunico E, Pavoni E, Bertasi B, Daminelli P, Finazzi G, Losio MN, Varisco G. Study of Growth Potential of Listeria Monocytogenes in Low Fat Salami: An Innovative Italian Meat Product. Ital J Food Saf 2014; 3:2112. [PMID: 27800321 PMCID: PMC5076671 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2014.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, consequently to EC Regulation no. 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods, some Italian food businnes operators (FBOs) leaders in the meat sector, invested in research to develop innovative products such as low fat salami, containing up to 30% less fat than the traditional one. For FBOs it is essential to demonstrate for each production process whether the substrate allows the growth of L. monocytogenes and whether L. monocytogenes could reach or exceed the limit of 100 cfu g-1 at the end of the shelf life, as stated by EC Regulation no. 2073/2005. In the present study, the growth potential of L. monocytogenes during the shelf life of low fat salami packed in modified atmosphere was evaluated. The results show that the product is unable to support the growth of pathogen, even if the storage temperature is between 8 and 12°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dalzini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna B. Libertini, Brescia, Italy
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22
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Pattono D, Battaglini L, Barberio A, De Castelli L, Valiani A, Varisco G, Scatassa M, Davit P, Pazzi M, Civera T. Presence of synthetic antioxidants in organic and conventional milk. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghidini
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Biotecnologie Veterinarie, Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Abstract
Pooled milk samples from 115 Bergamasca meat sheep were collected aseptically five times from lambing to weaning to determine the prevalence of intramammary infection, somatic cell counts and milk quality parameters (protein, fat and lactose), and effects of infection on lamb weight gain. The global prevalence of subclinical intramammary infection was 51.2%. The Staphylococcus genus was responsible for the greatest prevalence (53.3% among infected udders). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 8.4% of infected milk samples. Infection status had significant effects on fat and protein percentage and on somatic cell count. Lamb growth was greatest for lambs of ewes with no infection and decreased as the number of infected samples increased. No significant differences were detected in the growth of lambs with dams infected by different bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Moroni
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, Milan, Italy.
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25
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Cattaneo D, Dell’Orto V, Varisco G, Agazzi A, Savoini G. Enrichment in n−3 fatty acids of goat's colostrum and milk by maternal fish oil supplementation. Small Rumin Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Moroni P, Pisoni G, Antonini M, Ruffo G, Carli S, Varisco G, Boettcher P. Subclinical Mastitis and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus caprae and Staphylococcus epidermidis Isolated from Two Italian Goat Herds. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:1694-704. [PMID: 15829660 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A total of 156 goats from 2 commercial dairy goat farms were monitored for intramammary infections during an entire lactation. Most of the infections (80.7%) observed were due to coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) species. In herd 1, nearly all of the infections (96%) were due to CNS species, with Staphylococcus caprae (SCAP) being the most common specific pathogen observed, accounting for about 43% of the infections. In herd 2, the proportion of the infections due to CNS was 67% and Staphylococcus epidermidis (SEPI) was the most common pathogen (48% of infections) and SCAP was not present. Linear somatic cell scores (SCS) were greater in milk from infected udder halves, with an average difference of 0.78 SCS. The SCS for infected udder halves was greater than noninfected for all CNS species, although differences among species were observed. The ranking across CNS species was SCAP > other CNS > SEPI > no infection. However, infections by SEPI tended to be more persistent. Increased SCS was associated with a statistically significant decrease in milk yield, but no effect was observed for intramammary infections (IMI). Ninety-seven isolates of CNS (53 SCAP and 44 SEPI) were investigated for in vitro susceptibility to several antimicrobial agents. Benzylpenicillin was the most effective antimicrobial agent against SCAP and SEPI. A concentration of 0.05 microg/mL was sufficient to inhibit growth of 90% of SCAP colonies, and 0.10 microg/mL yielded a similar effectiveness for SEPI. Amoxicillin and the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were only slightly less effective. Tetracycline (62.5 microg/mL) and tilmicosin (500 microg/mL) were the least effective treatments for SEPI and SCAP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moroni
- Department of Animal Pathology, Hygiene, and Veterinary Public Health, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
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27
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Ghidini S, Zanardi E, Battaglia A, Varisco G, Ferretti E, Campanini G, Chizzolini R. Comparison of contaminant and residue levels in organic and conventional milk and meat products from Northern Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:9-14. [PMID: 15895606 DOI: 10.1080/02652030400027995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to the growing interest in organic products, a comparison between the chemical safety of organic and conventional products was undertaken. Milk and meat were the products chosen for study. The parameters evaluated to assess chemical safety were organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead, cadmium and mycotoxin contamination. Pesticides and PCBs residues in both organic and conventional milk and meat were lower than legal limits. Lead and cadmium residues were very low and did not differ between organic and conventional products. However, aflatoxin M1 contamination in some but not all samples of organic milk was significantly higher than those of conventional milk, although factors other than organic production might be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghidini
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Biotecnologie Veterinarie, Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43100 Parma, Italy.
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28
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Abstract
Silymarin, a natural acknowledged hepatoprotector used in humans to treat liver diseases, has been tested in dairy cows during peripartum, a period during which animals are subject to subclinical fatty liver. Ten grams of silymarin (76% pure extract consisting in flavonolignans, taxifolin, and other trace compounds) per day, was administered as a water suspension by an oral drench to 15 cows from d 10 before expected calving to 15 d after calving. Milk production was measured, and colostrum, milk, and blood samples were analyzed during the experimental period. Treated animals showed the peak of milk production at 55 +/- 1.85 d after calving, 1 wk before the control group (62 +/- 3.27 d); the average peak production was 41.6 +/- 1.05 kg for the treated group vs. 39.1 +/- 1.44 kg for the control; the treated animals maintained a greater milk production than control cows throughout lactation (9922.1 +/- 215.7 vs. 9597.8 +/- 225.4 kg). Milk composition was unaffected by treatment. No silymarin residues were detected in colostrum and all milk samples. After calving, body condition score (BCS) decrease was greater for control compared with treated cows. Glucose, urea, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, beta-hydroxibutyrate (BHBA), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in plasma were unaffected by treatment. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) on d-7 were higher in treated cows compared with the control group (741 vs. 181 micromol/L). From this evidence, it is possible to conclude that silymarin beneficially affected lactation performances and body condition of treated animals. Blood and milk parameters do not indicate any adverse effects of feeding this natural compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tedesco
- Department of Veterinary Science and Technology for Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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30
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Ghidini S, Zanardi E, Varisco G, Chizzolini R. Residues of beta-lactam antibiotics in bovine milk: confirmatory analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry after microbial assay screening. Food Addit Contam 2003; 20:528-34. [PMID: 12881125 DOI: 10.1080/0265203031000098696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A procedure for the simultaneous determination of the residues of seven beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin, dicloxacillin, cephalexin, cephapirin) in bovine raw milk using tandem liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is described. The antibiotics were extracted by an acetic acid solution after centrifugation and filtration. The beta-lactams were separated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used in positive-ion mode as a detector via a Turbo Ionspray interface for electrospray ionization (ESI). The limits of detection and quantitation of the method were below the legal tolerances, except for ampicillin. The method was used to confirm 53 samples found positive by a microbial method (Delvotest SP) at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale per la Lombardia e l'Emilia Romagna of Brescia during 2001. Penicillin G was found in 26 samples at concentrations ranging from less than 4 to 6240+/-550 microg x l(-1). Amoxicillin was found in three samples at concentrations ranging from 8.5+/-0.1 to 53.7+/-2.3 microg x l(-1). Cephapirin was found in two samples at 5.7+/-0.1 and 6.4+/-0.3 microg x l(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghidini
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Biotecnologie Veterinarie, Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti, Sezione Sicurezza degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del taglio 8 I-43100, Parma, Italy
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31
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Abstract
Five Haflinger mares were hand-milked at 0 h (pre-suckle) and 6 h (postsuckle), 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after parturition. Total solids, protein, fat, lactose, calculated gross energy content, leptin and non-protein nitrogen components (urea, alpha-amino nitrogen, creatinine and allantoin) were determined. The levels of the major constituents differed significantly in pre-suckle colostrum from subsequent samples. Leptin levels were the highest in whole (9 ng x mL(-1) of immunoreactive human equivalent HE +/- 0.48 ng x mL(-1), SEM) and skimmed (7.8 ng HE x mL(-1) +/- 0.52 ng x mL(-1), SEM) pre-suckle colostrum, declined sharply at 6 hours postpartum, and more slowly subsequently. Mean urea concentration was constant at around 5.0 mM, while a-amino N increased over the observation period and creatinine and allantoin decreased. These findings provide a further indication that mares' milk can be regarded as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Salimei
- Dip. S.A.V.A., Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
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