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Ben-Azu B, Uruaka CI, Ajayi AM, Jarikre TA, Nwangwa KE, Chilaka KC, Chijioke BS, Omonyeme MG, Ozege CB, Ofili EC, Warekoromor EB, Edigbue NL, Esiekpe UV, Akaenyi DE, Agu GO. Reversal and Preventive Pleiotropic Mechanisms Involved in the Antipsychotic-Like Effect of Taurine, an Essential β-Amino Acid in Ketamine-Induced Experimental Schizophrenia in Mice. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:816-829. [PMID: 36350433 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a life disabling, multisystem neuropsychiatric disease mostly derived from complex epigenetic-mediated neurobiological changes causing behavioural deficits. Neurochemical disorganizations, neurotrophic and neuroimmune alterations are some of the challenging neuropathologies proving unabated during psychopharmacology of schizophrenia, further bedeviled by drug-induced metabolic derangements including alteration of amino acids. In first-episode schizophrenia patients, taurine, an essential β-amino acid represses psychotic-symptoms. However, its anti-psychotic-like mechanisms remain incomplete. This study evaluated the ability of taurine to prevent or reverse ketamine-induced experimental psychosis and the underlying neurochemical, neurotrophic and neuroinmune mechanisms involved in taurine's clinical action. The study consisted of three different experiments with Swiss mice (n = 7). In the drug alone, mice received saline (10 mL/kg/p.o./day), taurine (50 and 100 mg/kg/p.o./day) and risperidone (0.5 mg/kg/p.o./day) for 14 days. In the preventive study of separate cohort, mice were concomitantly given ketamine (20 mg/kg/i.p./day) from days 8 to 14. In the reversal study, mice received ketamine for 14 days before taurine or risperidone treatments from days 8 to 14 respectively. Afterwards, stereotypy behaviour, social, non-spatial memory deficits, and body weights were assessed. Neurochemical (dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, glutamic acid decarboxylase, (GAD)), brain derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha, (TNF-α), interleukin-6, (IL-6)] were assayed in the striatum, prefrontal-cortex and hippocampal area. Taurine attenuates ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviour without changes in body weight. Taurine reduced ketamine-induced dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine changes, and increased GAD and BDNF levels in the striatum, prefrontal-cortex and hippocampus, suggesting increased GABAergic and neurotrophic transmissions. Taurine decreases ketamine-induced increased in TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations in the striatum, prefrontal-cortex and hippocampus. These findings also suggest that taurine protects against schizophrenia through neurochemical modulations, neurotrophic enhancement, and inhibition of neuropathologic cytokine activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. .,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Christian I Uruaka
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Abayomi M Ajayi
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Thiophilus Aghogho Jarikre
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley E Nwangwa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley C Chilaka
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Bienose S Chijioke
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Marymagdalene G Omonyeme
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Chineye B Ozege
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuella C Ofili
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Ebidenara B Warekoromor
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Nwanneka L Edigbue
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Ufoma V Esiekpe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Dabrechi E Akaenyi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Gladys O Agu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Afe Babalo University, Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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Adeoluwa OA, Aderibigbe AO, Agu GO. Pharmacological Evaluation of Central Nervous System Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Olax Subscorpioidea in Experimental Animals. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2015; 66:203-10. [PMID: 26624003 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1564137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. (Olacaceae) is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine in the management of pain, mental illness, and convulsion. We evaluated neurosedative and anticonvulsant properties of the ethanol leaf extract of O. subscorpioidea (ELEOS). METHODS Effects of ELEOS (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 mg/kg) on novelty-induced behaviors were determined using open field test. Anxiolytic effect of ELEOS (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 mg/kg) was assessed using hole-board and elevated-plus maze paradigms. The effect of O. subscorpioidea on pentobarbitone sleeping time was also investigated. Anticonvulsant property of ELEOS (12.5-50 mg/kg) was evaluated using pentylenetetrazole, picrotoxin and strychnine-induced convulsions assays. The extract was administered once intraperitoneally. RESULTS The LD50 of ELEOS was 300 mg/kg. ELEOS (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 mg/kg) significantly reduced rearing (99.8±2.8, 76.2±2.9, 37.4±1.2, 5.8±0.8) and grooming (48.0±3.6, 33.8±2.9, 25.4±1.6, 7.6±0.8) as compared with controls (185.8±5.1; 63.8±4.3). Treatment with ELEOS (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 mg/kg) significantly reduced head-dipping on hole-board (10.6±1.9, 8.8±1.2, 7.2±0.9, 6.0±1.1) as compared with control (27.8±1.5). However, there was no anxiolytic effect on EPM. ELEOS (12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg) significantly prolonged pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time (43.0±1.4, 51.0±1.2, 61.0±1.8) as compared with control (31.0±0.7). At 50 mg/kg, ELEOS significantly prolonged onset of seizure (2.72±2.07) and latency to death (9.20±1.24) as compared with controls (0.54±0.02; 2.00±0.44) in pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions with no effect on picrotoxin and strychnine-induced convulsions. CONCLUSION The ELEOS is sedative and has mild anticonvulsant activity and this study supports pharmacological basis for its use in the management of mental illness and convulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Adeoluwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - A O Aderibigbe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - G O Agu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Rajkumar K, Martinuk SD, Agu GO, Murphy BD. In vitro binding and utilization of lipoproteins by luteal cells from ferrets treated with dopaminergic drugs during pseudopregnancy. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1987; 67:282-91. [PMID: 3666406 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(87)90182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of administration of dopaminergic drugs in vivo on the binding and utilization of lipoproteins for progesterone synthesis in vitro by ferret luteal cells were investigated. Pimozide, a dopamine antagonist, and bromoergocriptine (CB-154), a dopamine agonist, were administered to pseudopregnant ferrets to alter prolactin (PRL) concentrations daily beginning the day after ovulation. The control group received the vehicle solution only. Corpora lutea taken on Day 13 after ovulation were dissociated and the cells were incubated with canine lipoproteins, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and 5-cholesten-3 beta-25-diol (25-OH-cholesterol). Canine high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) stimulated progesterone accumulation by luteal cells from pimozide-treated animals but not from CB-154-treated ferrets. However, when 25-OH-cholesterol, which bypasses the LDL receptor, was provided as the substrate, steroidogenesis was stimulated in all groups. Together these observations suggest that dopaminergic alteration of PRL levels preferentially affects the utilization of lipoproteins. The uptake of canine HDL and LDL by luteal cells was saturable, and a high degree of cross-reactivity was observed. Heparin released surface-bound HDL and LDL, suggesting that HDL was binding to the LDL receptor. The quantity of LDL which could be released from luteal cells by heparin treatment was greater in animals treated with pimozide and decreased by treatment with CB-154, relative to luteal cells from control animals. It was concluded that the chronic administration of pimozide or CB-154 alters serum PRL levels in vivo, and influences the subsequent binding and utilization of lipoproteins by luteal cells in vitro. PRL may increase the number of LDL binding sites in luteal cells, thereby enhancing lipoprotein uptake for progesterone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rajkumar
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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