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Yang EY, Howard GR, Brock A, Yankeelov TE, Lorenzo G. Mathematical characterization of population dynamics in breast cancer cells treated with doxorubicin. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:972146. [PMID: 36172049 PMCID: PMC9510895 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.972146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of chemoresistance remains a significant cause of treatment failure in breast cancer. We posit that a mathematical understanding of chemoresistance could assist in developing successful treatment strategies. Towards that end, we have developed a model that describes the cytotoxic effects of the standard chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. We assume that treatment with doxorubicin induces a compartmentalization of the breast cancer cell population into surviving cells, which continue proliferating after treatment, and irreversibly damaged cells, which gradually transition from proliferating to treatment-induced death. The model is fit to experimental data including variations in drug concentration, inter-treatment interval, and number of doses. Our model recapitulates tumor cell dynamics in all these scenarios (as quantified by the concordance correlation coefficient, CCC > 0.95). In particular, superior tumor control is observed with higher doxorubicin concentrations, shorter inter-treatment intervals, and a higher number of doses (p < 0.05). Longer inter-treatment intervals require adapting the model parameterization after each doxorubicin dose, suggesting the promotion of chemoresistance. Additionally, we propose promising empirical formulas to describe the variation of model parameters as functions of doxorubicin concentration (CCC > 0.78). Thus, we conclude that our mathematical model could deepen our understanding of the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin and could be used to explore practical drug regimens achieving optimal tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Y. Yang
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Grant R. Howard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Amy Brock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Thomas E. Yankeelov
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Oncology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Guillermo Lorenzo
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Guillermo Lorenzo, ,
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Howard GR, Jost TA, Yankeelov TE, Brock A. Quantification of long-term doxorubicin response dynamics in breast cancer cell lines to direct treatment schedules. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009104. [PMID: 35358172 PMCID: PMC9004764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While acquired chemoresistance is recognized as a key challenge to treating many types of cancer, the dynamics with which drug sensitivity changes after exposure are poorly characterized. Most chemotherapeutic regimens call for repeated dosing at regular intervals, and if drug sensitivity changes on a similar time scale then the treatment interval could be optimized to improve treatment performance. Theoretical work suggests that such optimal schedules exist, but experimental confirmation has been obstructed by the difficulty of deconvolving the simultaneous processes of death, adaptation, and regrowth taking place in cancer cell populations. Here we present a method of optimizing drug schedules in vitro through iterative application of experimentally calibrated models, and demonstrate its ability to characterize dynamic changes in sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin in three breast cancer cell lines subjected to treatment schedules varying in concentration, interval between pulse treatments, and number of sequential pulse treatments. Cell populations are monitored longitudinally through automated imaging for 600–800 hours, and this data is used to calibrate a family of cancer growth models, each consisting of a system of ordinary differential equations, derived from the bi-exponential model which characterizes resistant and sensitive subpopulations. We identify a model incorporating both a period of growth arrest in surviving cells and a delay in the death of chemosensitive cells which outperforms the original bi-exponential growth model in Akaike Information Criterion based model selection, and use the calibrated model to quantify the performance of each drug schedule. We find that the inter-treatment interval is a key variable in determining the performance of sequential dosing schedules and identify an optimal retreatment time for each cell line which extends regrowth time by 40%-239%, demonstrating that the time scale of changes in chemosensitivity following doxorubicin exposure allows optimization of drug scheduling by varying this inter-treatment interval. Acquired chemoresistance is a common cause of treatment failure in cancer. The scheduling of a multi-dose course of chemotherapeutic treatment may influence the dynamics of acquired chemoresistance, and drug schedule optimization may increase the duration of effectiveness of a particular chemotherapeutic agent for a particular patient. Here we present a method for experimentally optimizing an in vitro drug schedule through iterative rounds of experimentation and computational analysis, and demonstrate the method’s ability to improve the performance of doxorubicin treatment in three breast carcinoma cell lines. Specifically, we find that the interval between drug exposures can be optimized while holding drug concentration and number of treatments constant, suggesting that this may be a key variable to explore in future drug schedule optimization efforts. We further use this method’s model calibration and selection process to extract information about the underlying biology of the doxorubicin response, and find that the incorporation of delays on both cell death and regrowth are necessary for accurate parameterization of cell growth data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Howard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tyler A. Jost
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Yankeelov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amy Brock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Johnson KE, Howard GR, Morgan D, Brenner EA, Gardner AL, Durrett RE, Mo W, Al’Khafaji A, Sontag ED, Jarrett AM, Yankeelov TE, Brock A. Integrating transcriptomics and bulk time course data into a mathematical framework to describe and predict therapeutic resistance in cancer. Phys Biol 2020; 18:016001. [PMID: 33215611 PMCID: PMC8156495 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abb09c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A significant challenge in the field of biomedicine is the development of methods to integrate the multitude of dispersed data sets into comprehensive frameworks to be used to generate optimal clinical decisions. Recent technological advances in single cell analysis allow for high-dimensional molecular characterization of cells and populations, but to date, few mathematical models have attempted to integrate measurements from the single cell scale with other types of longitudinal data. Here, we present a framework that actionizes static outputs from a machine learning model and leverages these as measurements of state variables in a dynamic model of treatment response. We apply this framework to breast cancer cells to integrate single cell transcriptomic data with longitudinal bulk cell population (bulk time course) data. We demonstrate that the explicit inclusion of the phenotypic composition estimate, derived from single cell RNA-sequencing data (scRNA-seq), improves accuracy in the prediction of new treatments with a concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) of 0.92 compared to a prediction accuracy of CCC = 0.64 when fitting on longitudinal bulk cell population data alone. To our knowledge, this is the first work that explicitly integrates single cell clonally-resolved transcriptome datasets with bulk time-course data to jointly calibrate a mathematical model of drug resistance dynamics. We anticipate this approach to be a first step that demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating multiple data types into mathematical models to develop optimized treatment regimens from data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
| | - Grant R Howard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
| | - Daylin Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
| | - Eric A Brenner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
| | - Andrea L Gardner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
| | - Russell E Durrett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
| | - William Mo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
| | - Aziz Al’Khafaji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
| | - Eduardo D Sontag
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University,
Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Program in Therapeutics
Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
| | - Angela M Jarrett
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences,
The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Thomas E Yankeelov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences,
The University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, The University of Texas
at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
- Department of Imaging Physics, The MD Anderson Cancer
Center Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America
| | - Amy Brock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
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Howard GR, Johnson KE, Rodriguez Ayala A, Yankeelov TE, Brock A. A multi-state model of chemoresistance to characterize phenotypic dynamics in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12058. [PMID: 30104569 PMCID: PMC6089904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30467-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of resistance to chemotherapy is a major cause of treatment failure in breast cancer. While mathematical models describing the dynamics of resistant cancer cell subpopulations have been proposed, experimental validation has been difficult due to the complex nature of resistance that limits the ability of a single phenotypic marker to sufficiently identify the drug resistant subpopulations. We address this problem with a coupled experimental/modeling approach to reveal the composition of drug resistant subpopulations changing in time following drug exposure. We calibrate time-resolved drug sensitivity assays to three mathematical models to interrogate the models' ability to capture drug response dynamics. The Akaike information criterion was employed to evaluate the three models, and it identified a multi-state model incorporating the role of population heterogeneity and cellular plasticity as the optimal model. To validate the model's ability to identify subpopulation composition, we mixed different proportions of wild-type MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR resistant cells and evaluated the corresponding model output. Our blinded two-state model was able to estimate the proportions of cell types with an R-squared value of 0.857. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to combine experimental time-resolved drug sensitivity data with a mathematical model of resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Howard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Areli Rodriguez Ayala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Thomas E Yankeelov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
- Institute for Computational Engineering Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Diagnostic Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Amy Brock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
- Institute for Computational Engineering Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Two patients, a 13-year-old girl and a 31-year-old man, had an orbital dermoid tumor located in the lateral rectus muscle. This unusual location of dermoid tumors has not been reported previously. METHODS Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a cystic mass within the belly of the lateral rectus in each patient. Surgical excision through a lateral orbitotomy showed a well-circumscribed mass surrounded by lateral rectus fibers. No periorbital attachment was noted. RESULTS Results of histopathologic evaluations showed a dermoid cyst. Postoperatively, the diplopia and proptosis resolved. In one patient, an unusual subconjunctival deposition of fat droplets was seen. CONCLUSION The findings in patients demonstrate an unusual presentation of dermoid cysts and make an addition to the differential diagnosis of enlarged extraocular muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Howard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425
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Soparkar CN, Patrinely JR, Cuaycong MJ, Dailey RA, Kersten RC, Rubin PA, Linberg JV, Howard GR, Donovan DT, Matoba AY. The silent sinus syndrome. A cause of spontaneous enophthalmos. Ophthalmology 1994; 101:772-8. [PMID: 8152774 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(94)31267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Spontaneous enophthalmos and hypoglobus, in the absence of other symptoms and unrelated to trauma or surgery, may be alarming to both physician and patient. The authors describe the clinicopathologic features of a benign syndrome ("silent sinus syndrome") with this constellation of features and discuss the possible pathophysiology. METHODS A multicenter retrospective search for similar clinical cases was performed. All clinical records, computed tomographs, and pathology reports for each case were reviewed at one center. A literature search for similar cases also was conducted. RESULTS Nineteen cases of a new syndrome are presented. This syndrome affects individuals at approximately the fourth decade of life (average age, 36 years; range, 29-46 years); is characterized by bone resorption and remodeling of the orbital floor due to otherwise asymptomatic maxillary sinus disease; is associated with ipsilateral maxillary sinus hypoplasia; and is not fully explained by any previously described, classic cystic lesion of the maxillary antrum. CONCLUSION Enophthalmos and hypoglobus unassociated with prior trauma, surgery, or other symptoms may represent "silent sinus syndrome," which is ipsilateral maxillary sinus hypoplasia and orbital floor resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Soparkar
- Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Snider
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Dermatology, Charleston 29425-2215
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Howard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
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Abstract
Six patients with malpositioned or surgically excised medial canthal tendons underwent repair with titanium microplate, and two patients underwent repair with titanium miniplate fixation. The T-shaped rigid fixation plates were chosen for medial canthal reconstruction to allow for stabilization of the plate along the anterior lacrimal crest and extension of the plate over the posterior lacrimal crest. The medial canthal tissue was reattached to the titanium plate with 3.0 polypropylene (Prolene) suture. This technique appears to be safer, faster, and, in many cases, more effective than traditional techniques for reconstruction of the medial canthus after tendon avulsion or loss from excision of cutaneous carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Howard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425
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Howard GR, Nerad JA, Carter KD, Whitaker DC. Clinical characteristics associated with orbital invasion of cutaneous basal cell and squamous cell tumors of the eyelid. Am J Ophthalmol 1992; 113:123-33. [PMID: 1550179 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over a six-year period, between 1984 and 1990, 622 patients with basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids were examined at our institution. Thirteen patients had orbital invasion at initial examination. The average age of patients at orbital invasion was 75.8 years. Ten patients were men, eight of whom had basal cell carcinoma and two of whom had squamous cell carcinoma. Most patients had an orbital mass and incomitant strabismus at initial examination. Invasive basal cell carcinoma developed in 11 patients, and squamous cell carcinoma developed in two patients. Ten patients were treated for cutaneous carcinoma at the site of invasion before examination at our institution. The average duration between onset of a cutaneous lesion and our examination for orbital invasion was 9.8 years for basal cell carcinoma and one year for squamous cell carcinoma. Radiologic and histopathologic features were reviewed. The clinical characteristics of these patients were reviewed and orbital exenteration was recommended to all 13 patients. Nine patients underwent exenteration and four refused the operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Howard
- Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery Service, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242
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Wofford JL, Kahl FR, Howard GR, McKinney WM, Toole JF, Crouse JR. Relation of extent of extracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis as measured by B-mode ultrasound to the extent of coronary atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11:1786-94. [PMID: 1931880 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.11.6.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The extent of carotid artery atherosclerosis as measured by B-mode ultrasound has been shown to be strongly and independently correlated with the presence or absence of coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD), but no studies to date have used carotid B-mode ultrasound to compare the extent of atherosclerotic disease in the two arterial circulations. We used data from a registry of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and B-mode ultrasound of the carotid arteries to compare the extent of CAD (number of major coronary vessels with 50% or greater stenosis as judged by a consensus interpretation) with the extent of extracranial carotid atherosclerosis. Four hundred thirty-four patients (234 men, 200 women) greater than 40 years of age were stratified by gender and then divided into quartiles on the basis of a B-mode score that was derived by summing arterial wall thickness at nine sites in the left and nine sites in the right carotid arteries. Evaluation of extent of CAD for the four B-mode quartiles showed that men in the lowest B-mode quartile were over six times more likely to have normal coronary arteries than three- to four-vessel CAD, while men in the highest B-mode quartile were over 10 times more likely to have three- to four-vessel CAD than normal coronary arteries. The findings were similar for women but not as dramatic. Gender-specific discriminant function models using traditional risk factors alone or in combination with B-mode score were developed to predict the extent of CAD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wofford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27103
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Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator was used to evaluate the clearance of traumatic hyphema in a rabbit model. A neodymium-YAG laser was used to disrupt iris vessels, creating a traumatic hyphema. Tissue plasminogen activator (1800 IU/0.1 mL) was injected into the anterior chamber 24 hours after creation of the hyphema. Two control groups (one receiving balanced salt solution and one receiving no treatment) were used for comparison. A multivariate analysis of covariance indicated that the greatest difference in hyphema clearance between the groups occurred at days 3, 4, and 5. Five days after tissue plasminogen activator treatment, the mean size of the clot remaining in the anterior chamber was 27% of that of the original hyphema. In control eyes, almost 60% of the original clot remained at day 5. Treatment of animals with tissue plasminogen activator doses of 5000 IU and 10,000 IU produced a substantial increase in repeated bleeding episodes in our rabbit model. We concluded that although the use of tissue plasminogen activator in our rabbit model of traumatic hyphema significantly improved clearance of blood from the anterior chamber, the remaining clot was of such size that the clinical benefit was questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Howard
- Department of Ophthalmology, UIC Eye Center, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612
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Affiliation(s)
- K P West
- International Center for Epidemiologic and Preventive Ophthalmology, Dana Center of the Wilmer Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
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