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Vandermeersch G, Van Cauwenberghe L, Janssen CR, Marques A, Granby K, Fait G, Kotterman MJJ, Diogène J, Bekaert K, Robbens J, Devriese L. A critical view on microplastic quantification in aquatic organisms. Environ Res 2015; 143:46-55. [PMID: 26249746 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics, plastic particles and fragments smaller than 5mm, are ubiquitous in the marine environment. Ingestion and accumulation of microplastics have previously been demonstrated for diverse marine species ranging from zooplankton to bivalves and fish, implying the potential for microplastics to accumulate in the marine food web. In this way, microplastics can potentially impact food safety and human health. Although a few methods to quantify microplastics in biota have been described, no comparison and/or intercalibration of these techniques have been performed. Here we conducted a literature review on all available extraction and quantification methods. Two of these methods, involving wet acid destruction, were used to evaluate the presence of microplastics in field-collected mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from three different "hotspot" locations in Europe (Po estuary, Italy; Tagus estuary, Portugal; Ebro estuary, Spain). An average of 0.18±0.14 total microplastics g(-1) w.w. for the Acid mix Method and 0.12±0.04 total microplastics g(-1) w.w. for the Nitric acid Method was established. Additionally, in a pilot study an average load of 0.13±0.14 total microplastics g(-1) w.w. was recorded in commercial mussels (Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis) from five European countries (France, Italy, Denmark, Spain and The Netherlands). A detailed analysis and comparison of methods indicated the need for further research to develop a standardised operating protocol for microplastic quantification and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griet Vandermeersch
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Marine Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium.
| | - Lisbeth Van Cauwenberghe
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antonio Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Avenida de Brasília s/n, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kit Granby
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | | | - Michiel J J Kotterman
- Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Center, Ijmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institut de la Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5,5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita E-43540, Spain
| | - Karen Bekaert
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Marine Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Johan Robbens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Marine Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Lisa Devriese
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Marine Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium.
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Vandermeersch G, Lourenço HM, Alvarez-Muñoz D, Cunha S, Diogène J, Cano-Sancho G, Sloth JJ, Kwadijk C, Barcelo D, Allegaert W, Bekaert K, Fernandes JO, Marques A, Robbens J. Environmental contaminants of emerging concern in seafood--European database on contaminant levels. Environ Res 2015; 143:29-45. [PMID: 26123540 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine pollution gives rise to concern not only about the environment itself but also about the impact on food safety and consequently on public health. European authorities and consumers have therefore become increasingly worried about the transfer of contaminants from the marine environment to seafood. So-called "contaminants of emerging concern" are chemical substances for which no maximum levels have been laid down in EU legislation, or substances for which maximum levels have been provided but which require revision. Adequate information on their presence in seafood is often lacking and thus potential risks cannot be excluded. Assessment of food safety issues related to these contaminants has thus become urgent and imperative. A database (www.ecsafeseafooddbase.eu), containing available information on the levels of contaminants of emerging concern in seafood and providing the most recent data to scientists and regulatory authorities, was developed. The present paper reviews a selection of contaminants of emerging concern in seafood including toxic elements, endocrine disruptors, brominated flame retardants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives, microplastics and marine toxins. Current status on the knowledge of human exposure, toxicity and legislation are briefly presented and the outcome from scientific publications reporting on the levels of these compounds in seafood is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griet Vandermeersch
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium.
| | - Helena Maria Lourenço
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Sara Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institute of Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - German Cano-Sancho
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Rovirai Virgili University (URV), Reus, Spain
| | - Jens J Sloth
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Food), Søborg, Denmark
| | - Christiaan Kwadijk
- Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Center, Ijmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wim Allegaert
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Karen Bekaert
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - José Oliveira Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Johan Robbens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
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Cano-Sancho G, Sioen I, Vandermeersch G, Jacobs S, Robbens J, Nadal M, Domingo JL. Integrated risk index for seafood contaminants (IRISC): Pilot study in five European countries. Environ Res 2015; 143:109-115. [PMID: 25795543 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of seafood is one of the most relevant pathways of exposure to environmental pollutants present in food. The list of toxic compounds in seafood is very extensive, including heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In order to quantify the importance of the problem, tools to combine and simplify large data collections are mandatory for risk managers and decision-makers. In this study, the development of a prioritization setting focusing on chemical hazards taken up through seafood was aimed. For this purpose, the toxicity data of several chemicals was integrated with concentration and seafood consumption data, building an integrated risk index for seafood contaminants (IRISC) able to draw a map of risk for each chemical and family of chemicals. A pilot trial was performed on a sample of 74 pollutants, four seafood species and five European countries (Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain). The preliminary results revealed that Portugal and Spain presented the highest IRISC, while Belgium was the region with the lowest IRISC. The contribution of each group of contaminants to the IRISC was very similar among countries, with heavy metals being the major contributor, followed by PCBs, PCDD/Fs and endocrine disrupting compounds. When the contribution of different seafood species to the Risk Indexes (RIs) was compared, the results elucidated the high input from sardines, showing the highest rates (54.9-76.1) in the five countries. The IRISC provides a friendly approach to the chemical risk scene in Europe, establishing normalized prioritization criteria considering toxicity and consumption as well as concentration of each chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Cano-Sancho
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Vandermeersch
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Silke Jacobs
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Robbens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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De Witte B, Devriese L, Bekaert K, Hoffman S, Vandermeersch G, Cooreman K, Robbens J. Quality assessment of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis): comparison between commercial and wild types. Mar Pollut Bull 2014; 85:146-55. [PMID: 24969855 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This study compared species identity, microplastics, chemical and microbial contamination between consumption mussels and wild type mussels, collected at Belgian department stores and Belgian groynes and quaysides, respectively. Species identification based on genetic analysis showed a high number of Mytilus (M.) edulis compared to M. galloprovincialis and M. edulis/galloprovincialis hybrid mussels. The number of total microplastics varied from 2.6 to 5.1 fibres/10 g of mussel. A higher prevalence of orange fibres at quaysides is related to fisheries activities. Chemical contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorobiphenyls could be related to industrial activities and water turbidity, with maximum concentrations at the quayside of port Zeebrugge. The inverse was noted for Escherichia coli contamination, which was relatively low at Zeebrugge quayside with a total count of 3.9 × 10(2)CFU/100 g tissue, due to limited agricultural effluents. Results of this complementary analysis stress the importance of integrated monitoring and quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B De Witte
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Animal Sciences Unit - Aquatic Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium.
| | - L Devriese
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Animal Sciences Unit - Aquatic Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium.
| | - K Bekaert
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Animal Sciences Unit - Aquatic Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium.
| | - S Hoffman
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Animal Sciences Unit - Aquatic Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium.
| | - G Vandermeersch
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Animal Sciences Unit - Aquatic Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium.
| | - K Cooreman
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Animal Sciences Unit - Aquatic Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium.
| | - J Robbens
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Animal Sciences Unit - Aquatic Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium.
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Calm JG, Feijoo J, Feijoo M, Marchetti P, Montrosier A, Olivier P, Vandermeersch G. [Artificial stumps and movable fixed dentures]. Rev Odontoimplantol 1970; 35:42-7. [PMID: 5268756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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