The Effect of Eucalyptus globulus Hydroalcoholic Extract on LH, FSH and Testosterone Concentrations and Sperm Morphology

Scientists have been paying attention to the life-giving properties of medicinal plants for many years. Among these plants is the eucalyptus plant. This plant has various compounds such as cineole and terpenes. It also contains compounds such as flavonoids, aliphatic aldehydes, sesquiterpene, quinotanen, catechins, salts, and vitamins. In the present study, the hydroalcoholic extract of Eucalyptus leaves with concentrations of 175, 350, and 700 mg/kg body weight, and spermatogenesis were studied in 40 adult Wistar rats in five groups of eight. Adult male mice received the extract at the above concentrations by gavage for 28 days. Control mice received only solvent and water, while control mice received no substance other than municipal tap water and normal food. After the last administration of the drug, the animals were weighed and anesthetized, and then blood samples were taken from their hearts. Concentrations of LH, FSH, and testosterone were measured by an ELISA kit. The results showed that body weight and testis, seminiferous tube diameter, Leydig cell diameter, epithelium thickness, number of Leydig cells, spermatogonium, spermatocytes, spermatids, sperm, and testosterone concentration increased significantly with the group. But no significant difference was observed in the concentration of FSH and LH hormones or the number of Sertoli cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that eucalyptus leaf extract may increase the proliferation of sex cells in the seminiferous tubules of rats.

Recent advances in cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) for breast cancer therapy

The serious problems of conventional breast cancer therapy strategies such as drug resistance, severe side effects, and lack of selectivity prompted the development of various cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) devices. Due to its advanced technology, CAP can produce a unique environment rich in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), photons, charged ions, and an electric field, making it a promising revolutionary platform for cancer therapy. Despite substantial technological successes, CAP-based therapeutic systems are encounter with distinct limitations, including low control of the generated RONS, poor knowledge about its anticancer mechanisms, and challenges concerning designing, manufacturing, clinical translation, and commercialization, which must be resolved. The latest developments in CAP-based therapeutic systems for breast cancer treatment are discussed in this review. More significantly, the integration of CAP-based medicine approaches with other breast cancer therapies, including chemo- and nanotherapy is thoroughly addressed.

Various types of electrochemical biosensors for leukemia detection and therapeutic approaches

Leukemia often initiates following dysfunctions in hematopoietic stem cells lineages. Various types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), and human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) can thus call for different diagnosis and treatment options. One of the most important subjects in leukemia is the early detection of the disease for effective therapeutic purposes. In this respect, biosensors detecting the molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as analytes are called genosensors or DNA biosensors. Electrochemical sensors, as the most significant approach, also involve reacting of chemical solutions with sensors to generate electrical signals proportional to analyte concentrations. Biosensors can further help detect cancer cells in the early stages of the disease. Moreover, electrochemical biosensors, developed based on various nanomaterials (NMs), can increase sensitivity to the detection of leukemia-related genes, e.g., BCR/ABL as a fusion gene and promyelocytic leukemia/retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML/RARα). Therefore, the present review reflects on previous studies recruiting different NMs for leukemia detection.

Protective effects of summer savory (Satureja hortensis) oil on growth, biochemical, and immune system performance of common carp exposed to pretilachlor herbicide

There are many reports on the deleterious effects of herbicides on aquatic organisms which lead to tremendous biological, environmental and economical damage. In this regard, in the present study, the protective effect of summer savory (Satureja hortensis) essential oil (SEO) against pretilachlor, one of the most used herbicides was investigated in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish assigned to six treatment groups (T₁: control treatment; T₂: 25% LC₅₀ pretilachlor herbicide; T₃: 50% LC₅₀ pretilachlor herbicide; T₄: 1% SEO; T₅: 25% LC₅₀ pretilachlor herbicide + 1% SEO; and T₆: 25% LC₅₀ pretilachlor herbicide + 1% SEO) for 21 days. The results showed that the SEO-containing treatments significantly increased the survival rate (SR) (P < 0.05). The highest final weight (FW), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in the T₄ treatment (P < 0.05). There was a significant increase in glucose (GLU) level in pretilachlor treatments and a significant decrease in SEO-containing treatments compared to the control (P < 0.05). The significantly highest total protein (TP) content was observed in T₄ treatment containing SEO. Cholesterol (CHOL) and triglyceride (TRIG) levels decreased in SEO-containing treatments with the lowest level in T₄ treatment (P < 0.05). Alternative complement pathway activity (ACH₅₀), activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GP_X) showed an increasing trend in SEO-containing treatments with the highest level in T₄ treatment (P < 0.05). The activity of liver enzymes showed a significantly lowest level in T₄ treatment. To conclude, our findings revealed that the use of SEO in fish exposed to pretilachlor herbicide could improve growth, strengthen the immune system and exert a protective effect on common carp.

Metronidazole, acyclovir and tetrahydrobiopterin may be promising to treat COVID-19 patients, through interaction with interleukin-12

COVID-19 patients have shown overexpressed serum levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to a high mortality rate due to numerous complications. Also, previous studies demonstrated that the metronidazole (MTZ) administration reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and improved the treatment outcomes for inflammatory disorders. However, the effect and mechanism of action of MTZ on cytokines have not been studied yet. Thus, the current study aimed to identify anti-cytokine therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm. The interaction of MTZ with key cytokines was investigated using molecular docking studies. MTZ-analogues, and its structurally similar FDA-approved drugs were also virtually screened against interleukin-12 (IL-12). Moreover, their mechanism of inhibition regarding IL-12 binding to IL-12 receptor was investigated by measuring the change in volume and area. IL-12-metronidazole complex is found to be more stable than all other cytokines under study. Our study also revealed that the active sites of IL-12 are inhibited from binding to its target, IL-12 receptor, by modifying the position of the methyl and hydroxyl functional groups in MTZ. Three MTZ analogues, metronidazole phosphate, metronidazole benzoate, 1-[1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-5-nitroimidazol-2-yl]-N-methylmethanimine-oxide, and two FDA-approved drugs acyclovir (ACV), and tetrahydrobiopterin (THB) were also found to prevent binding of IL-12 to IL-12 receptor similar to MTZ by changing the surface and volume of IL-12 upon IL-12-drug/ligand complex formation. According to the RMSD results, after 100 ns MD simulations of human IL-12-MTZ/ACV/THB drug complexes, it was also observed that each complex was swinging within a few Å compared to their corresponding docking poses, indicating that the docking poses were reliable. The current study demonstrates that three FDA-approved drugs, namely, metronidazole, acyclovir and tetrahydrobiopterin, are potential repurposable treatment options for overexpressed serum cytokines found in COVID-19 patients. Similar approach is also useful to develop therapeutics against other human disorders.

Transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes using cellulose filter paper-supported Pd/C by filtration as well as sealed methods

A reductive filter paper for selective nitro reduction has been prepared by modification of a pristine cellulose filter paper by Pd/C nanoparticles, as a portable catalyst. The reaction was performed in two different set-ups including (i) filtration and (ii) sealed systems, in the presence of ammonium formate and ex situ generated hydrogen gas reducing agents, respectively. In the sealed system in the presence of H₂ gas, the halogenated nitroarenes were completely reduced, while in the filtration system, different derivatives of the nitroarenes were selectively reduced to aryl amines. In both systems, the reduction of nitroarenes to aryl amines was performed with high efficiency and selectivity, comparable to a heterogeneous system. Reaction parameters were comprehensively designed using Design Expert software and then studied. The properties of the catalytic filter paper were studied in detail from the points of view of swellability, shrinkage, reusability, and stability against acidic, alkaline, and oxidative reagents.

A novel and efficient catalytic filtration has been developed for the selective reduction of nitro compounds on a Pd/C-doped cellulose filter paper.

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and their exosomes application in the treatment of intervertebral disc disease: A promising frontier

Today, the application of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and their exosomes to treat degenerative diseases has received attention. Due to the characteristics of these cells, such as self-renewability, differentiative and immunomodulatory effects, their use in laboratory and clinical studies shows promising results. However, the allogeneic transplantation problems of MSCs limit the use of these cells in the clinic. Scientists propose the application of exosomes to use from the therapeutic effect of MSCs and overcome their defects. These vesicles change the target cell behaviour and transcription profile by transferring various cargo such as proteins, mi-RNAs, and lipids. One of the degenerative tissue diseases in which MSCs and their exosomes are used in their treatment is intervertebral disc disease (IDD). Different factors such as genetics, nutrition, ageing, and environmental factors play a significant role in the onset and progression of this disease. These factors affect the cellular and molecular properties of the disc, leading to tissue destruction. Nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) are among the most important cells involved in the pathogenesis of disc degeneration. MSCs exert their therapeutic effects by differentiating, reducing apoptosis, increasing proliferation, and decreasing senescence in NPCs. In addition, the use of MSCs and their exosomes also affects the annulus fibrosus and cartilaginous endplate cells in disc tissue and prevents disc degeneration progression.

Study on the role of nano antibacterial materials in orthodontics (a review)

Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles with a diameter of fewer than 100 nanometers. Two main methods have been utilized in orthodontic therapy to avoid microbial adherence or enamel demineralization. Certain NPs are included in orthodontic adhesives or acrylic resins (fluorohydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, hydroxyapatite, SiO2, TiO2, silver, nanofillers), and NPs (i.e., a thin layer of nitrogen-doped TiO2 on the bracket surfaces) are coated on the surfaces of orthodontic equipment. Although using NPs in orthodontics may open up modern facilities, prior research looked at antibacterial or physical characteristics for a limited period of time, ranging from one day to several weeks, and the limits of in vitro studies must be understood. The long-term effectiveness of nanotechnology-based orthodontic materials has not yet been conclusively confirmed and needs further study, as well as potential safety concerns (toxic effects) associated with NP size.

Chemical and physical features of biological fluids in treatment of hydatid disease

The aim of this paper is to better understand the dynamics of crystallogenic and starting activity in biological fluids of patients throughout surgery and the late postoperative phase in alveococcosis. Samples of saliva from 22 individuals with alveococcosis were included in the research. Biological fluid samples were taken at the time of admission and before the patient was discharged. Following that, slides were made utilizing the teziocrystalloscopy method, which incorporates the investigation of the crystal forming activity of mixed saliva with its starting characteristics using a 0.9 percent sodium chloride solution as the foundation ingredient. Using our own set of criteria, we evaluated the outcomes of crystalloscopic and tezigraphic experiments. Specrophotometric examination of tezigraphic and crystalloscopic facies was done using a PowerWave XS microplate spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 400, 350, and 300 nm to augment the results from ocular morphometry of dried saliva micro slides. Surgical therapy results in a partial normalization of physical and chemical parameters, as well as the composition of the patient's biological fluids after the patient is discharged from the hospital.

Investigating fullerene-oxide nanostructure as an adsorbent of ammonia: Complexation efficiency by density functional theory

A model of OC20 fullerene-oxide (FO) was investigated in this work for adsorbing the ammonia (NH3) substance by the hypothesis of formations of bimolecular complexes of the two substances. To affirm such hypothesis, the models of singular NH3 and FO were optimized to reach the minimized energy structures and all possibilities of their interactions configurations were examined. As a consequence, three NH3@FO bimolecular complex models were obtained for reaching the point of complex formations. Details of interactions indicated both direct and indirect contributions of the oxidized region of FO to interactions with both H and N atomic sites of NH3. In this regard, CPLX3 with two types of H. . . O and N. . . C interactions was seen to be at the highest strength of adsorption and complex formation in comparison with CPLX1 and CPLX2 models including only one interaction of each of H. . . O and N. . . C type, respectively. Moreover, the obtained electronic molecular orbital features revealed the sensor function of FO material versus the NH3 substance. As a consequence, the hypothesis of NH3@FO complexes formation was affirmed with two proposed functions of removal and detection for the investigated FO material. All results of this work were obtained by details through performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Cloning and Embryo Splitting in Mammalians: Brief History, Methods, and Achievements

Embryo splitting is one of the newest developed methods in reproductive biotechnology. In this method, after splitting embryos in 2-, 4-, and even 8-cell stages, every single blastomere can be developed separately, but the embryos are genetically identical. Embryo splitting, as an approach in reproductive cloning, is extensively employed in reproductive medicine studies, such as investigating human diseases, treating sterility, embryo donation, and gene therapy. In the present study, cloning in mammalians and cloning approaches are briefly reviewed. In addition, embryo splitting and the methods commonly used in embryo splitting and recent achievements in this field, as well as the applications of embryo splitting into livestock species, primate animals, and humans, are outlined. Finally, a perspective of embryo splitting is provided as the conclusion.

Support for Islamic Understanding from Families Information of Piety for The Millennial Generation

Guiding the younger generation in understanding Islam from the family informing the piety of the millennial generation is essential even though the government and society have established Islamic religious schools. To ascertain the extent to which Muslim families have carried out such guidance, we have obtained supporting data from various literature sources, including findings published in international journals that we have searched electronically on the Google Scholar application from the 2010 issue to the most recent 2021. Furthermore, our analysis process involves evaluating, coding, and critical interpretation under a phenomenological approach. During the reporting, we choose a descriptive analysis system. All of our data depend on secondary, considering that this study was carried out when Indonesia was implementing PPKM, namely the period of the national public movement restriction policy. After the process of discussing the results, we can summarize that the task of guidance and family responsibilities in children's education lies with parents in the family, including things such as the motivation or encouragement of love that animates the relationship between parents and children and the provision of motivation for moral obligations as the consequences of the position of parents to their offspring so that the hope that someday the children will become pious and pious children. Thus, these findings should be part of efforts to educate children in the millennial era.

Humoral immune mechanisms involved in protective and pathological immunity during COVID-19

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 is associated with excessive inflammation, as a main reason for severe condition and death. Increased inflammatory cytokines and humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 correlate with COVID-19 immunity and pathogenesis. Importantly, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines that increase profoundly in systemic circulation appear as part of the clinical pictures of two overlapping conditions, sepsis and the hemophagocytic syndromes. Both conditions can develop lethal inflammatory responses that lead to tissue damage, however, in many patients hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) can be differentiated from sepsis. This is a key issue because the life-saving aggressive immunosuppressive treatment, required in the HLH therapy, is absent in sepsis guidelines. This paper aims to describe the pathophysiology and clinical relevance of these distinct entities in the course of COVID-19 that resemble sepsis and further highlights two effector arms of the humoral immune response (inflammatory cytokine and immunoglobulin production) during COVID-19 infection.

The association between prenatal and or post natal growth disorder and lipid profile in adolescents aged 12 - 15 years old in Tanjungsari Subdistrict, Sumedang, West Java

AIM

to investigate association between growth disorders in pre and post natal period and abnormal lipid profile in adolescents aged 12 -15 years old in Tanjungsari population.

METHODS

a cohort study was conducted in 3350 children who were born in 1988-1990 in Tanjungsari Subdistrict, Sumedang, West Java. A complete anthropometric data since their birth were collected from October 2002-February 2003.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

Children who had birth weight in the range of +/- 3 of standard deviation (SD). Post natal growth disorder based on Z score of height according to age group and height changes at the age of 0-12 months and 12-36 months. SGA criteria were determined based on cross tabulation between weight and birth length at birth. Study subjects were divided into control group, groups of pre natal, post natal and pre-postnatal growth disorder. All subjects were checked for lipid profiles. Statistical calculation used analysis of variance, t test and logistic regression. 312 subjects were included in this study, 73 were in control group, 90 subjects in postnatal, 96 subjects were in pre natal and 53 subjects were in pre-post natal growth disorder group.

RESULTS

this study has not shown significant difference in risk factor of having abnormal lipid profile between normal control group and growth disorder group except for those in prenatal growth disorder group with RR = 2.375 (p = 0.014).

CONCLUSION

the post natal growth disorder had not influenced lipid profile in adolescents with SGA. Recent BMI was an additional risk factor for pre-post natal growth disorder group.

ACL reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone press-fit fixation: 10-year clinical results

Multiple techniques for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are currently available, most of which use hardware or resorbable material for fixation of the graft inside or outside the bony tunnels. In this study, the long-term results of 95 patients at a mean follow-up of 10.7 years were assessed. The ACL was reconstructed using a patellar tendon autograft with a press-fit fixation. Between 1987 and 1991, 159 patients were operated by the senior author (PH), 95 could be seen for follow-up. Evaluation included detailed history, physical examination, functional knee ligament testing, KT-1000 arthrometer testing, the IKDC standard evaluation form, Lysholm, Flandry, and Tegner scoring systems. Radiographs were obtained preoperatively and at follow-up to assess the grade of osteoarthritis. Subjectively, none of the patients that were seen for follow-up complained of instability. Numbness of the skin was reported by 54% of the patients and pain during knee walking was described as mild in 25% and severe in 2%. The mean Flandry score was 243 (max: 280). The mean Lysholm score was 93.2 at follow-up and the Tegner activity level was 6.8 preinjury and 6.0 postoperatively. The average KT-1000 side-to-side difference was 1.8 mm on a manual maximum pull. The IKDC knee scoring revealed 84% of the patients with normal (A) or nearly normal (B) knee joints, 15% were (C), 1% was (D). Radiographically, joint space narrowing was found in 19%, 15%, and 25% for the patello-femoral, medial, and lateral compartments, respectively. Meniscus surgery was a determining factor. This study presents long-term clinical data on a press-fit fixation for ACL reconstruction. Results were excellent and good in more then 80% of the followed patients. The advantages of the press-fit fixation are direct bone-to-bone healing of the graft, decreased donor site morbidity, cost-effectiveness and ease for revision surgery.