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Tournaire MD, Scharff LB, Kramer M, Goss T, Vuorijoki L, Rodriguez‐Heredia M, Wilson S, Kruse I, Ruban A, Balk L. J, Hase T, Jensen P, Hanke GT. Ferredoxin C2 is required for chlorophyll biosynthesis and accumulation of photosynthetic antennae in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Environ 2023; 46:3287-3304. [PMID: 37427830 PMCID: PMC10947542 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxins (Fd) are small iron-sulphur proteins, with sub-types that have evolved for specific redox functions. Ferredoxin C2 (FdC2) proteins are essential Fd homologues conserved in all photosynthetic organisms and a number of different FdC2 functions have been proposed in angiosperms. Here we use RNAi silencing in Arabidopsis thaliana to generate a viable fdC2 mutant line with near-depleted FdC2 protein levels. Mutant leaves have ~50% less chlorophyll a and b, and chloroplasts have poorly developed thylakoid membrane structure. Transcriptomics indicates upregulation of genes involved in stress responses. Although fdC2 antisense plants show increased damage at photosystem II (PSII) when exposed to high light, PSII recovers at the same rate as wild type in the dark. This contradicts literature proposing that FdC2 regulates translation of the D1 subunit of PSII, by binding to psbA transcript. Measurement of chlorophyll biosynthesis intermediates revealed a build-up of Mg-protoporphyrin IX, the substrate of the aerobic cyclase. We localise FdC2 to the inner chloroplast envelope and show that the FdC2 RNAi line has a disproportionately lower protein abundance of antennae proteins, which are nuclear-encoded and must be refolded at the envelope after import.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars B. Scharff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science CentreUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Manuela Kramer
- School of Biological and Behavioural sciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Tatjana Goss
- Department of Plant PhysiologyOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | | | | | - Sam Wilson
- School of Biological and Behavioural sciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Inga Kruse
- Department of Plant PhysiologyOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Alexander Ruban
- School of Biological and Behavioural sciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Toshiharu Hase
- Institute for Protein ResearchOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Poul‐Erik Jensen
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Guy T. Hanke
- School of Biological and Behavioural sciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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Rodriguez-Heredia M, Saccon F, Wilson S, Finazzi G, Ruban AV, Hanke GT. Protection of photosystem I during sudden light stress depends on ferredoxin:NADP(H) reductase abundance and interactions. Plant Physiol 2022; 188:1028-1042. [PMID: 35060611 PMCID: PMC8825262 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant tolerance to high light and oxidative stress is increased by overexpression of the photosynthetic enzyme Ferredoxin:NADP(H) reductase (FNR), but the specific mechanism of FNR-mediated protection remains enigmatic. It has also been reported that the localization of this enzyme within the chloroplast is related to its role in stress tolerance. Here, we dissected the impact of FNR content and location on photoinactivation of photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) during high light stress of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The reaction center of PSII is efficiently turned over during light stress, while damage to PSI takes much longer to repair. Our results indicate a PSI sepcific effect, where efficient oxidation of the PSI primary donor (P700) upon transition from darkness to light, depends on FNR recruitment to the thylakoid membrane tether proteins: thylakoid rhodanase-like protein (TROL) and translocon at the inner envelope of chloroplasts 62 (Tic62). When these interactions were disrupted, PSI photoinactivation occurred. In contrast, there was a moderate delay in the onset of PSII damage. Based on measurements of ΔpH formation and cyclic electron flow, we propose that FNR location influences the speed at which photosynthetic control is induced, resulting in specific impact on PSI damage. Membrane tethering of FNR therefore plays a role in alleviating high light stress, by regulating electron distribution during short-term responses to light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Saccon
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Sam Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant (iRTSV), CEA Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Guy T Hanke
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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3
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Richardson KH, Wright JJ, Šimėnas M, Thiemann J, Esteves AM, McGuire G, Myers WK, Morton JJL, Hippler M, Nowaczyk MM, Hanke GT, Roessler MM. Functional basis of electron transport within photosynthetic complex I. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5387. [PMID: 34508071 PMCID: PMC8433477 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis and respiration rely upon a proton gradient to produce ATP. In photosynthesis, the Respiratory Complex I homologue, Photosynthetic Complex I (PS-CI) is proposed to couple ferredoxin oxidation and plastoquinone reduction to proton pumping across thylakoid membranes. However, little is known about the PS-CI molecular mechanism and attempts to understand its function have previously been frustrated by its large size and high lability. Here, we overcome these challenges by pushing the limits in sample size and spectroscopic sensitivity, to determine arguably the most important property of any electron transport enzyme - the reduction potentials of its cofactors, in this case the iron-sulphur clusters of PS-CI (N0, N1 and N2), and unambiguously assign them to the structure using double electron-electron resonance. We have thus determined the bioenergetics of the electron transfer relay and provide insight into the mechanism of PS-CI, laying the foundations for understanding of how this important bioenergetic complex functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H. Richardson
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - John J. Wright
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK ,grid.14105.310000000122478951Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mantas Šimėnas
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline Thiemann
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XPlant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ana M. Esteves
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gemma McGuire
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - William K. Myers
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John J. L. Morton
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, UCL, London, UK
| | - Michael Hippler
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany ,grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Marc M. Nowaczyk
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XPlant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Guy T. Hanke
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Maxie M. Roessler
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
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Shimakawa G, Hanawa H, Wada S, Hanke GT, Matsuda Y, Miyake C. Physiological Roles of Flavodiiron Proteins and Photorespiration in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:668805. [PMID: 34489990 PMCID: PMC8418088 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Against the potential risk in oxygenic photosynthesis, that is, the generation of reactive oxygen species, photosynthetic electron transport needs to be regulated in response to environmental fluctuations. One of the most important regulations is keeping the reaction center chlorophyll (P700) of photosystem I in its oxidized form in excess light conditions. The oxidation of P700 is supported by dissipating excess electrons safely to O2, and we previously found that the molecular mechanism of the alternative electron sink is changed from flavodiiron proteins (FLV) to photorespiration in the evolutionary history from cyanobacteria to plants. However, the overall picture of the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport is still not clear in bryophytes, the evolutionary intermediates. Here, we investigated the physiological roles of FLV and photorespiration for P700 oxidation in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha by using the mutants deficient in FLV (flv1) at different O2 partial pressures. The effective quantum yield of photosystem II significantly decreased at 2kPa O2 in flv1, indicating that photorespiration functions as the electron sink. Nevertheless, it was clear from the phenotype of flv1 that FLV was dominant for P700 oxidation in M. polymorpha. These data suggested that photorespiration has yet not replaced FLV in functioning for P700 oxidation in the basal land plant probably because of the lower contribution to lumen acidification, compared with FLV, as reflected in the results of electrochromic shift analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginga Shimakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan
- Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hanawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinya Wada
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Japan
| | - Guy T. Hanke
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yusuke Matsuda
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Chikahiro Miyake
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Japan
- *Correspondence: Chikahiro Miyake,
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5
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Schorsch M, Kramer M, Goss T, Eisenhut M, Robinson N, Osman D, Wilde A, Sadaf S, Brückler H, Walder L, Scheibe R, Hase T, Hanke GT. A unique ferredoxin acts as a player in the low-iron response of photosynthetic organisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E12111-E12120. [PMID: 30514818 PMCID: PMC6304933 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810379115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron chronically limits aquatic photosynthesis, especially in marine environments, and the correct perception and maintenance of iron homeostasis in photosynthetic bacteria, including cyanobacteria, is therefore of global significance. Multiple adaptive mechanisms, responsive promoters, and posttranscriptional regulators have been identified, which allow cyanobacteria to respond to changing iron concentrations. However, many factors remain unclear, in particular, how iron status is perceived within the cell. Here we describe a cyanobacterial ferredoxin (Fed2), with a unique C-terminal extension, that acts as a player in iron perception. Fed2 homologs are highly conserved in photosynthetic organisms from cyanobacteria to higher plants, and, although they belong to the plant type ferredoxin family of [2Fe-2S] photosynthetic electron carriers, they are not involved in photosynthetic electron transport. As deletion of fed2 appears lethal, we developed a C-terminal truncation system to attenuate protein function. Disturbed Fed2 function resulted in decreased chlorophyll accumulation, and this was exaggerated in iron-depleted medium, where different truncations led to either exaggerated or weaker responses to low iron. Despite this, iron concentrations remained the same, or were elevated in all truncation mutants. Further analysis established that, when Fed2 function was perturbed, the classical iron limitation marker IsiA failed to accumulate at transcript and protein levels. By contrast, abundance of IsiB, which shares an operon with isiA, was unaffected by loss of Fed2 function, pinpointing the site of Fed2 action in iron perception to the level of posttranscriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schorsch
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Kramer
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Tatjana Goss
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion Eisenhut
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nigel Robinson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Deenah Osman
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Annegret Wilde
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shamaila Sadaf
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hendrik Brückler
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lorenz Walder
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Plant Physiology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Toshiharu Hase
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Guy T Hanke
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom;
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6
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Kozuleva M, Goss T, Twachtmann M, Rudi K, Trapka J, Selinski J, Ivanov B, Garapati P, Steinhoff HJ, Hase T, Scheibe R, Klare JP, Hanke GT. Ferredoxin:NADP(H) Oxidoreductase Abundance and Location Influences Redox Poise and Stress Tolerance. Plant Physiol 2016; 172:1480-1493. [PMID: 27634426 PMCID: PMC5100767 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In linear photosynthetic electron transport, ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase (FNR) transfers electrons from ferredoxin (Fd) to NADP+ Both NADPH and reduced Fd (Fdred) are required for reductive assimilation and light/dark activation/deactivation of enzymes. FNR is therefore a hub, connecting photosynthetic electron transport to chloroplast redox metabolism. A correlation between FNR content and tolerance to oxidative stress is well established, although the precise mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the impact of altered FNR content and localization on electron transport and superoxide radical evolution in isolated thylakoids, and probed resulting changes in redox homeostasis, expression of oxidative stress markers, and tolerance to high light in planta. Our data indicate that the ratio of Fdred to FNR is critical, with either too much or too little FNR potentially leading to increased superoxide production, and perception of oxidative stress at the level of gene transcription. In FNR overexpressing plants, which show more NADP(H) and glutathione pools, improved tolerance to high-light stress indicates that disturbance of chloroplast redox poise and increased free radical generation may help "prime" the plant and induce protective mechanisms. In fnr1 knock-outs, the NADP(H) and glutathione pools are more oxidized relative to the wild type, and the photoprotective effect is absent despite perception of oxidative stress at the level of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kozuleva
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, 142290 Russia (M.K., B.I.)
- Department of Plant Physiology (T.G., M.T., J.T., J.S., P.G., R.S., G.T.H.) and Department of Biophysics (K.R., H.-J.S., J.P.K.), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (T.H.); and
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (G.T.H.)
| | - Tatjana Goss
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, 142290 Russia (M.K., B.I.)
- Department of Plant Physiology (T.G., M.T., J.T., J.S., P.G., R.S., G.T.H.) and Department of Biophysics (K.R., H.-J.S., J.P.K.), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (T.H.); and
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (G.T.H.)
| | - Manuel Twachtmann
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, 142290 Russia (M.K., B.I.)
- Department of Plant Physiology (T.G., M.T., J.T., J.S., P.G., R.S., G.T.H.) and Department of Biophysics (K.R., H.-J.S., J.P.K.), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (T.H.); and
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (G.T.H.)
| | - Katherina Rudi
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, 142290 Russia (M.K., B.I.)
- Department of Plant Physiology (T.G., M.T., J.T., J.S., P.G., R.S., G.T.H.) and Department of Biophysics (K.R., H.-J.S., J.P.K.), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (T.H.); and
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (G.T.H.)
| | - Jennifer Trapka
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, 142290 Russia (M.K., B.I.)
- Department of Plant Physiology (T.G., M.T., J.T., J.S., P.G., R.S., G.T.H.) and Department of Biophysics (K.R., H.-J.S., J.P.K.), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (T.H.); and
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (G.T.H.)
| | - Jennifer Selinski
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, 142290 Russia (M.K., B.I.)
- Department of Plant Physiology (T.G., M.T., J.T., J.S., P.G., R.S., G.T.H.) and Department of Biophysics (K.R., H.-J.S., J.P.K.), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (T.H.); and
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (G.T.H.)
| | - Boris Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, 142290 Russia (M.K., B.I.)
- Department of Plant Physiology (T.G., M.T., J.T., J.S., P.G., R.S., G.T.H.) and Department of Biophysics (K.R., H.-J.S., J.P.K.), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (T.H.); and
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (G.T.H.)
| | - Prashanth Garapati
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, 142290 Russia (M.K., B.I.)
- Department of Plant Physiology (T.G., M.T., J.T., J.S., P.G., R.S., G.T.H.) and Department of Biophysics (K.R., H.-J.S., J.P.K.), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (T.H.); and
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (G.T.H.)
| | - Heinz-Juergen Steinhoff
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, 142290 Russia (M.K., B.I.)
- Department of Plant Physiology (T.G., M.T., J.T., J.S., P.G., R.S., G.T.H.) and Department of Biophysics (K.R., H.-J.S., J.P.K.), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (T.H.); and
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (G.T.H.)
| | - Toshiharu Hase
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, 142290 Russia (M.K., B.I.)
- Department of Plant Physiology (T.G., M.T., J.T., J.S., P.G., R.S., G.T.H.) and Department of Biophysics (K.R., H.-J.S., J.P.K.), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (T.H.); and
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (G.T.H.)
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, 142290 Russia (M.K., B.I.)
- Department of Plant Physiology (T.G., M.T., J.T., J.S., P.G., R.S., G.T.H.) and Department of Biophysics (K.R., H.-J.S., J.P.K.), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (T.H.); and
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (G.T.H.)
| | - Johann P Klare
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, 142290 Russia (M.K., B.I.)
- Department of Plant Physiology (T.G., M.T., J.T., J.S., P.G., R.S., G.T.H.) and Department of Biophysics (K.R., H.-J.S., J.P.K.), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (T.H.); and
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (G.T.H.)
| | - Guy T Hanke
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, 142290 Russia (M.K., B.I.);
- Department of Plant Physiology (T.G., M.T., J.T., J.S., P.G., R.S., G.T.H.) and Department of Biophysics (K.R., H.-J.S., J.P.K.), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany;
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (T.H.); and
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (G.T.H.)
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7
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Busch KB, Deckers-Hebestreit G, Hanke GT, Mulkidjanian AY. Dynamics of bioenergetic microcompartments. Biol Chem 2014; 394:163-88. [PMID: 23104839 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of life on earth is dependent on harvesting electrochemical potentials over membranes for the synthesis of ATP. Generation of membrane potential often relies on electron transport through membrane protein complexes, which vary among the bioenergetic membranes found in living organisms. In order to maximize the efficient harvesting of the electrochemical potential, energy loss must be minimized, and this is achieved partly by restricting certain events to specific microcompartments, on bioenergetic membranes. In this review we will describe the characteristics of the energy-converting supramolecular structures involved in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and bacteria, and photophosphorylation. Efficient function of electron transfer pathways requires regulation of electron flow, and we will also discuss how this is partly achieved through dynamic re-compartmentation of the membrane complexes into different supercomplexes. In addition to supercomplexes, the supramolecular structure of the membrane, and in particular the role of water layers on the surface of the membrane in the prevention of wasteful proton escape (and therefore energy loss), is discussed in detail. In summary, the restriction of energetic processes to specific microcompartments on bioenergetic membranes minimizes energy loss, and dynamic rearrangement of these structures allows for regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin B Busch
- Mitochondrial Dynamics, University of Osnabruck, D-49069 Osnabruck, Germany
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8
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Zachgo S, Hanke GT, Scheibe R. Plant cell microcompartments: a redox-signaling perspective. Biol Chem 2014; 394:203-16. [PMID: 23241667 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This review describes how transient protein-protein interactions can contribute to direct information flow between subsequent steps of metabolic and signaling pathways, focusing on the redox perspective. Posttranslational modifications are often the basis for the dynamic nature of such macromolecular aggregates, named microcompartments. The high cellular protein concentration promotes these interactions that are prone to disappear upon the extraction of proteins from cells. Changes of signaling molecules, such as metabolites, effectors or phytohormones, or the redox state in the cellular microenvironment, can modulate them. The signaling network can, therefore, respond in a very flexible and appropriate manner, such that metabolism, stress responses, and developmental steps are integrated by multiple and changing contacts between functional modules. This allows plants to survive and persist by continuously and flexibly adapting to a challenging or even adverse environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Zachgo
- Department of Botany , University of Osnabruck, D-49069 Osnabruck, Germany
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9
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Lehtimäki N, Koskela MM, Dahlström KM, Pakula E, Lintala M, Scholz M, Hippler M, Hanke GT, Rokka A, Battchikova N, Salminen TA, Mulo P. Posttranslational modifications of FERREDOXIN-NADP+ OXIDOREDUCTASE in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 2014; 166:1764-76. [PMID: 25301888 PMCID: PMC4256869 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.249094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid responses of chloroplast metabolism and adjustments to photosynthetic machinery are of utmost importance for plants' survival in a fluctuating environment. These changes may be achieved through posttranslational modifications of proteins, which are known to affect the activity, interactions, and localization of proteins. Recent studies have accumulated evidence about the crucial role of a multitude of modifications, including acetylation, methylation, and glycosylation, in the regulation of chloroplast proteins. Both of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf-type FERREDOXIN-NADP(+) OXIDOREDUCTASE (FNR) isoforms, the key enzymes linking the light reactions of photosynthesis to carbon assimilation, exist as two distinct forms with different isoelectric points. We show that both AtFNR isoforms contain multiple alternative amino termini and undergo light-responsive addition of an acetyl group to the α-amino group of the amino-terminal amino acid of proteins, which causes the change in isoelectric point. Both isoforms were also found to contain acetylation of a conserved lysine residue near the active site, while no evidence for in vivo phosphorylation or glycosylation was detected. The dynamic, multilayer regulation of AtFNR exemplifies the complex regulatory network systems controlling chloroplast proteins by a range of posttranslational modifications, which continues to emerge as a novel area within photosynthesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lehtimäki
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (N.L., M.M.K., E.P., M.L., N.B., P.M.);Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (K.M.D., T.A.S.);Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48143 Muenster, Germany (M.S., M.H.);Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076 Osnabruck, Germany (G.T.H.); andTurku Centre for Biotechnology, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (A.R.)
| | - Minna M Koskela
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (N.L., M.M.K., E.P., M.L., N.B., P.M.);Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (K.M.D., T.A.S.);Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48143 Muenster, Germany (M.S., M.H.);Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076 Osnabruck, Germany (G.T.H.); andTurku Centre for Biotechnology, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (A.R.)
| | - Käthe M Dahlström
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (N.L., M.M.K., E.P., M.L., N.B., P.M.);Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (K.M.D., T.A.S.);Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48143 Muenster, Germany (M.S., M.H.);Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076 Osnabruck, Germany (G.T.H.); andTurku Centre for Biotechnology, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (A.R.)
| | - Eveliina Pakula
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (N.L., M.M.K., E.P., M.L., N.B., P.M.);Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (K.M.D., T.A.S.);Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48143 Muenster, Germany (M.S., M.H.);Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076 Osnabruck, Germany (G.T.H.); andTurku Centre for Biotechnology, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (A.R.)
| | - Minna Lintala
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (N.L., M.M.K., E.P., M.L., N.B., P.M.);Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (K.M.D., T.A.S.);Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48143 Muenster, Germany (M.S., M.H.);Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076 Osnabruck, Germany (G.T.H.); andTurku Centre for Biotechnology, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (A.R.)
| | - Martin Scholz
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (N.L., M.M.K., E.P., M.L., N.B., P.M.);Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (K.M.D., T.A.S.);Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48143 Muenster, Germany (M.S., M.H.);Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076 Osnabruck, Germany (G.T.H.); andTurku Centre for Biotechnology, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (A.R.)
| | - Michael Hippler
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (N.L., M.M.K., E.P., M.L., N.B., P.M.);Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (K.M.D., T.A.S.);Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48143 Muenster, Germany (M.S., M.H.);Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076 Osnabruck, Germany (G.T.H.); andTurku Centre for Biotechnology, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (A.R.)
| | - Guy T Hanke
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (N.L., M.M.K., E.P., M.L., N.B., P.M.);Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (K.M.D., T.A.S.);Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48143 Muenster, Germany (M.S., M.H.);Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076 Osnabruck, Germany (G.T.H.); andTurku Centre for Biotechnology, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (A.R.)
| | - Anne Rokka
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (N.L., M.M.K., E.P., M.L., N.B., P.M.);Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (K.M.D., T.A.S.);Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48143 Muenster, Germany (M.S., M.H.);Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076 Osnabruck, Germany (G.T.H.); andTurku Centre for Biotechnology, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (A.R.)
| | - Natalia Battchikova
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (N.L., M.M.K., E.P., M.L., N.B., P.M.);Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (K.M.D., T.A.S.);Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48143 Muenster, Germany (M.S., M.H.);Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076 Osnabruck, Germany (G.T.H.); andTurku Centre for Biotechnology, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (A.R.)
| | - Tiina A Salminen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (N.L., M.M.K., E.P., M.L., N.B., P.M.);Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (K.M.D., T.A.S.);Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48143 Muenster, Germany (M.S., M.H.);Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076 Osnabruck, Germany (G.T.H.); andTurku Centre for Biotechnology, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (A.R.)
| | - Paula Mulo
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (N.L., M.M.K., E.P., M.L., N.B., P.M.);Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (K.M.D., T.A.S.);Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48143 Muenster, Germany (M.S., M.H.);Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076 Osnabruck, Germany (G.T.H.); andTurku Centre for Biotechnology, FI-20520 Turku, Finland (A.R.)
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Selinski J, König N, Wellmeyer B, Hanke GT, Linke V, Neuhaus HE, Scheibe R. The plastid-localized NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase is crucial for energy homeostasis in developing Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Mol Plant 2014; 7:170-86. [PMID: 24198233 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of photosynthesis, ATP is imported into chloroplasts and non-green plastids by ATP/ADP transporters or formed during glycolysis, the latter requiring continuous regeneration of NAD(+), supplied by the plastidial isoform of NAD-MDH. During screening for T-DNA insertion mutants in the plNAD-MDH gene of Arabidopsis, only heterozygous plants could be isolated and homozygous knockout mutants grew only after complementation. These heterozygous plants show higher transcript levels of an alternative NAD(+)-regenerating enzyme, NADH-GOGAT, and, remarkably, improved growth when ammonium is the sole N-source. In situ hybridization and GUS-histochemical staining revealed that plNAD-MDH was particularly abundant in male and female gametophytes. Knockout plNAD-MDH pollen exhibit impaired tube growth in vitro, which can be overcome by adding the substrates of NADH-GOGAT. In vivo, knockout pollen is able to fertilize the egg cell. Young siliques of selfed heterozygous plants contain both green and white seeds corresponding to wild-type/heterozygous (green) and homozygous knockout mutants (white) in a (1:2):1 ratio. Embryos of the homozygous knockout seeds only reached the globular stage, did not green, and developed to tiny wrinkled seeds. Complementation with the gene under the native promoter rescued this defect, and all seeds developed as wild-type. This suggests that a blocked major physiological process in plNAD-MDH mutants stops both embryo and endosperm development, thus avoiding assimilate investment in compromised offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Selinski
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB 5, University of Osnabrueck, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
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11
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Blanco NE, Ceccoli RD, Vía MVD, Voss I, Segretin ME, Bravo-Almonacid FF, Melzer M, Hajirezaei MR, Scheibe R, Hanke GT. Expression of the minor isoform pea ferredoxin in tobacco alters photosynthetic electron partitioning and enhances cyclic electron flow. Plant Physiol 2013; 161:866-79. [PMID: 23370717 PMCID: PMC3561025 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.211078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxins (Fds) are ferrosulfoproteins that function as low-potential electron carriers in plants. The Fd family is composed of several isoforms that share high sequence homology but differ in functional characteristics. In leaves, at least two isoforms conduct linear and cyclic photosynthetic electron transport around photosystem I, and mounting evidence suggests the existence of at least partial division of duties between these isoforms. To evaluate the contribution of different kinds of Fds to the control of electron fluxes along the photosynthetic electron transport chain, we overexpressed a minor pea (Pisum sativum) Fd isoform (PsFd1) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. The transplastomic OeFd1 plants exhibited variegated leaves and retarded growth and developmental rates. Photosynthetic studies of these plants indicated a reduction in carbon dioxide assimilation rates, photosystem II photochemistry, and linear electron flow. However, the plants showed an increase in nonphotochemical quenching, better control of excitation pressure at photosystem II, and no evidence of photoinhibition, implying a better dynamic regulation to remove excess energy from the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Finally, analysis of P700 redox status during illumination confirmed that the minor pea Fd isoform promotes enhanced cyclic flow around photosystem I. The two novel features of this work are: (1) that Fd levels achieved in transplastomic plants promote an alternative electron partitioning even under greenhouse light growth conditions, a situation that is exacerbated at higher light intensity measurements; and (2) that an alternative, minor Fd isoform has been overexpressed in plants, giving new evidence of labor division among Fd isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás E Blanco
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE 901 87 Umea, Sweden.
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12
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Ceccoli RD, Blanco NE, Segretin ME, Melzer M, Hanke GT, Scheibe R, Hajirezaei MR, Bravo-Almonacid FF, Carrillo N. Flavodoxin displays dose-dependent effects on photosynthesis and stress tolerance when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. Planta 2012; 236:1447-58. [PMID: 22763502 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxins are iron-sulfur proteins involved in various one-electron transfer pathways. Ferredoxin levels decrease under adverse environmental conditions in photosynthetic organisms. In cyanobacteria, this decline is compensated by induction of flavodoxin, an isofunctional flavoprotein. Flavodoxin is not present in higher plants, but transgenic Nicotiana tabacum lines accumulating Anabaena flavodoxin in plastids display increased tolerance to different sources of environmental stress. As the degree of tolerance correlated with flavodoxin dosage in plastids of nuclear-transformed transgenic tobacco, we prepared plants expressing even higher levels of flavodoxin by direct plastid transformation. A suite of nuclear- and chloroplast-transformed lines expressing a wide range of flavodoxin levels, from 0.3 to 10.8 μmol m(-2), did not exhibit any detectable growth phenotype relative to the wild type. In the absence of stress, the contents of both chlorophyll a and carotenoids, as well as the photosynthetic performance (photosystem II maximum efficiency, photosystem II operating efficiency, electron transport rates and carbon assimilation rates), displayed a moderate increase with flavodoxin concentrations up to 1.3-2.6 μmol flavodoxin m(-2), and then declined to wild-type levels. Stress tolerance, as estimated by the damage inflicted on exposure to the pro-oxidant methyl viologen, also exhibited a bell-shaped response, with a significant, dose-dependent increase in tolerance followed by a drop in the high-expressing lines. The results indicate that optimal photosynthetic performance and stress tolerance were observed at flavodoxin levels comparable to those of endogenous ferredoxin. Further increases in flavodoxin content become detrimental to plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina D Ceccoli
- División Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
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13
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Twachtmann M, Altmann B, Muraki N, Voss I, Okutani S, Kurisu G, Hase T, Hanke GT. N-terminal structure of maize ferredoxin:NADP+ reductase determines recruitment into different thylakoid membrane complexes. Plant Cell 2012; 24:2979-91. [PMID: 22805436 PMCID: PMC3426127 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.094532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To adapt to different light intensities, photosynthetic organisms manipulate the flow of electrons through several alternative pathways at the thylakoid membrane. The enzyme ferredoxin:NADP(+) reductase (FNR) has the potential to regulate this electron partitioning because it is integral to most of these electron cascades and can associate with several different membrane complexes. However, the factors controlling relative localization of FNR to different membrane complexes have not yet been established. Maize (Zea mays) contains three chloroplast FNR proteins with totally different membrane association, and we found that these proteins have variable distribution between cells conducting predominantly cyclic electron transport (bundle sheath) and linear electron transport (mesophyll). Here, the crystal structures of all three enzymes were solved, revealing major structural differences at the N-terminal domain and dimer interface. Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana of maize FNRs as chimeras and truncated proteins showed the N-terminal determines recruitment of FNR to different membrane complexes. In addition, the different maize FNR proteins localized to different thylakoid membrane complexes on expression in Arabidopsis, and analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence and photosystem I absorbance demonstrates the impact of FNR location on photosynthetic electron flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Twachtmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabruck 49076, Germany
| | - Bianca Altmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabruck 49076, Germany
| | - Norifumi Muraki
- Laboratory of Protein Crystalography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ingo Voss
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabruck 49076, Germany
| | - Satoshi Okutani
- Laboratory for the Regulation of Biological Reactions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Genji Kurisu
- Laboratory of Protein Crystalography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Hase
- Laboratory for the Regulation of Biological Reactions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Guy T. Hanke
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabruck 49076, Germany
- Laboratory for the Regulation of Biological Reactions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Bowsher CG, Eyres LM, Gummadova JO, Hothi P, McLean KJ, Munro AW, Scrutton NS, Hanke GT, Sakakibara Y, Hase T. Identification of N-terminal regions of wheat leaf ferredoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase important for interactions with ferredoxin. Biochemistry 2011; 50:1778-87. [PMID: 21265508 DOI: 10.1021/bi1014562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wheat leaves contain two isoproteins of the photosynthetic ferredoxin:NADP(+) reductase (pFNRI and pFNRII). Truncated forms of both enzymes have been detected in vivo, but only pFNRII displays N-terminal length-dependent changes in activity. To investigate the impact of N-terminal truncation on interaction with ferredoxin (Fd), recombinant pFNRII proteins, differing by deletions of up to 25 amino acids, were generated. During purification of the isoproteins found in vivo, the longer forms of pFNRII bound more strongly to a Fd affinity column than did the shorter forms, pFNRII(ISKK) and pFNRII[N-2](KKQD). Further truncation of the N-termini resulted in a pFNRII protein which failed to bind to a Fd column. Similar k(cat) values (104-140 s(-1)) for cytochrome c reduction were measured for all but the most truncated pFNRII[N-5](DEGV), which had a k(cat) of 38 s(-1). Stopped-flow kinetic studies, examining the impact of truncation on electron flow between mutant pFNRII proteins and Fd, showed there was a variation in k(obs) from 76 to 265 s(-1) dependent on the pFNRII partner. To analyze the sites which contribute to Fd binding at the pFNRII N-terminal, three mutants were generated, in which a single or double lysine residue was changed to glutamine within the in vivo N-terminal truncation region. The mutations affected binding of pFNRII to the Fd column. Based on activity measurements, the double lysine residue change resulted in a pFNRII enzyme with decreased Fd affinity. The results highlight the importance of this flexible N-terminal region of the pFNRII protein in binding the Fd partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Bowsher
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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15
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Voss I, Goss T, Murozuka E, Altmann B, McLean KJ, Rigby SEJ, Munro AW, Scheibe R, Hase T, Hanke GT. FdC1, a novel ferredoxin protein capable of alternative electron partitioning, increases in conditions of acceptor limitation at photosystem I. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:50-9. [PMID: 20966083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.161562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin (Fd) proteins are the unique electron acceptors from photosystem I (PSI). Fds are soluble, and distribute electrons to many enzymes, including Fd:NADP(H) reductase (FNR), for the photoreduction of NADP(+). In addition to well studied [2Fe-2S] Fd proteins, higher plants also possess genes for significantly different, as yet uncharacterized Fd proteins, with extended C termini (FdCs). Whether these FdC proteins function as photosynthetic electron transfer proteins is not known. We examined whether these proteins play a role as alternative electron acceptors at PSI, using quantitative RT-PCR to follow how their expression changes in response to acceptor limitation at PSI, in mutant Arabidopsis plants lacking 90-95% of photosynthetic [2Fe-2S] Fd. Expression of the gene encoding one FdC protein, FdC1, was identified as being strongly up-regulated. We confirmed that this protein was chloroplast localized and increased in abundance on PSI acceptor limitation. We purified the recombinant FdC1 protein, which exhibited a UV-visible spectrum consistent with a [2Fe-2S] cluster, confirmed by EPR analysis. Measurements of electron transfer show that FdC1 is capable of accepting electrons from PSI, but cannot support photoreduction of NADP(+). Whereas FdC1 was capable of electron transfer with FNR, redox potentiometry showed that it had a more positive redox potential than photosynthetic Fds by around 220 mV. These results indicate that FdC1 electron donation to FNR is prevented because it is thermodynamically unfavorable. Based on our data, we speculate that FdC1 has a specific function in conditions of acceptor limitation at PSI, and channels electrons away from NADP(+) photoreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Voss
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbara Strasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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16
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Gou P, Hanke GT, Kimata-Ariga Y, Standley DM, Kubo A, Taniguchi I, Nakamura H, Hase T. Higher order structure contributes to specific differences in redox potential and electron transfer efficiency of root and leaf ferredoxins. Biochemistry 2007; 45:14389-96. [PMID: 17128978 DOI: 10.1021/bi061779d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant type ferredoxin (Fd) is a small [2Fe-2S] cluster containing electron-transfer protein with a highly negative redox potential. Higher plants contain different iso-protein types of Fd in roots and leaves, reflecting the difference in redox cascades between these two tissues. We have combined subdomains of leaf and root Fds in recombinant chimeras, to examine structural effects and the relationship between groups of residues on redox potential, electron transfer, and protein-protein interactions. All chimeras had redox potentials that were intermediate to the wild type leaf and root Fds. Surprisingly, the largest differences resulted from exchange of the N-terminus, the region farthest from the redox center. Homology modeling and energy minimization calculations suggest that the N-terminal chimeras may indirectly influence redox potentials by structurally perturbing the active site. Measurements of electron transport and protein interaction indicate that synergistic interaction between the C- and N-terminal of root Fd bestows a specific high affinity for accepting electrons in the root type electron cascade, and that there is discrimination against photosynthetic electron donation to root Fd based on the C-terminus of the molecule. Taken together, the experimental and computational studies support a model in which higher order structure contributes to iso-protein specific interaction and electron-transfer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gou
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Bowsher CG, Lacey AE, Hanke GT, Clarkson DT, Saker LR, Stulen I, Emes MJ. The effect of Glc6P uptake and its subsequent oxidation within pea root plastids on nitrite reduction and glutamate synthesis. J Exp Bot 2007; 58:1109-18. [PMID: 17220512 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erl269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In roots, nitrate assimilation is dependent upon a supply of reductant that is initially generated by oxidative metabolism including the pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). The uptake of nitrite into the plastids and its subsequent reduction by nitrite reductase (NiR) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) are potentially important control points that may affect nitrate assimilation. To support the operation of the OPPP there is a need for glucose 6-phosphate (Glc6P) to be imported into the plastids by the glucose phosphate translocator (GPT). Competitive inhibitors of Glc6P uptake had little impact on the rate of Glc6P-dependent nitrite reduction. Nitrite uptake into plastids, using (13)N labelled nitrite, was shown to be by passive diffusion. Flux through the OPPP during nitrite reduction and glutamate synthesis in purified plastids was followed by monitoring the release of (14)CO(2) from [1-(14)C]-Glc6P. The results suggest that the flux through the OPPP is maximal when NiR operates at maximal capacity and could not respond further to the increased demand for reductant caused by the concurrent operation of NiR and GOGAT. Simultaneous nitrite reduction and glutamate synthesis resulted in decreased rates of both enzymatic reactions. The enzyme activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the enzyme supporting the first step of the OPPP, was induced by external nitrate supply. The maximum catalytic activity of G6PDH was determined to be more than sufficient to support the reductant requirements of both NiR and GOGAT. These data are discussed in terms of competition between NiR and GOGAT for the provision of reductant generated by the OPPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline G Bowsher
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 3.614 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Gummadova JO, Fletcher GJ, Moolna A, Hanke GT, Hase T, Bowsher CG. Expression of multiple forms of ferredoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase in wheat leaves. J Exp Bot 2007; 58:3971-3985. [PMID: 18162629 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants there are two forms of ferredoxin NADP(+) oxidoreductase (FNR), a photosynthetic pFNR primarily required for the photoreduction of NADP(+), and a heterotrophic hFNR which generates reduced ferredoxin by utilizing electrons from NADPH produced during carbohydrate oxidation. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of multiple forms of FNR in wheat leaves and the capacity of FNR isoforms to respond to changes in reductant demand through varied expression and N-terminal processing. Two forms of pFNR mRNA (pFNRI and pFNRII) were expressed in a similar pattern along the 12 cm developing primary wheat leaf, with the highest levels observed in plants grown continuously in the dark in the presence (pFNRI) or absence (pFNRII) of nitrate respectively. pFNR protein increased from the leaf base to tip. hFNR mRNA and protein was in the basal part of the leaf in plants grown in the presence of nitrate. FNR activity in plants grown in a light/dark cycle without nitrate was mainly due to pFNR, whilst hFNR contributed significantly in nitrate-fed plants. The potential role of distinct forms of FNR in meeting the changing metabolic capacity and reductant demands along the linear gradient of developing cells of the leaf are discussed. Furthermore, evidence for alternative N-terminal cleavage sites of pFNR acting as a means of discriminating between ferredoxins and the implications of this in providing a more effective flow of electrons through a particular pathway in vivo is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Gummadova
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 3. 614 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Okutani S, Hanke GT, Satomi Y, Takao T, Kurisu G, Suzuki A, Hase T. Three maize leaf ferredoxin:NADPH oxidoreductases vary in subchloroplast location, expression, and interaction with ferredoxin. Plant Physiol 2005; 139:1451-9. [PMID: 16244136 PMCID: PMC1283780 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.070813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, ferredoxin (Fd):NADPH oxidoreductase (FNR) catalyzes reduction of NADP+ in the final step of linear photosynthetic electron transport and is also implicated in cyclic electron flow. We have identified three leaf FNR isoenzymes (LFNR1, LFNR2, and LFNR3) in maize (Zea mays) chloroplasts at approximately equivalent concentrations. Fractionation of chloroplasts showed that, while LFNR3 is an exclusively soluble enzyme, LFNR1 is only found at the thylakoid membrane and LFNR2 has a dual location. LFNR1 and LFNR2 were found to associate with the cytochrome b6f complex following its partial purification. We cloned LFNR3 and produced all three isoenzymes as stable, soluble proteins. Measurement of Fd reduction ability showed no significant differences between these recombinant enzymes. Column chromatography revealed variation between the interaction mechanisms of LFNR1 and LFNR2 with Fd, as detected by differential dependence on specific intermolecular salt bridges and variable sensitivity of interactions to changes in pH. A comparison of LFNR transcripts in leaves of plants grown on variable nitrogen regimes revealed that LFNR1 and LFNR2 transcripts are relatively more abundant under conditions of high demand for NADPH. These results are discussed in terms of the functional differentiation of maize LFNR isoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okutani
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
During the evolution of higher-plant root and leaf-type-specific Fd : FNR complexes from an original cyanobacterial type progenitor, rearrangement of molecular interaction has altered the relative orientation of prosthetic groups and there have been changes in complex induced conformational change. Selection has presumably worked on mutation of residues responsible for interaction between the two proteins, favoring optimized electron flow in a specific direction, and efficient dissociation following specific oxidation of leaf Fd and reduction of root Fd. Major changes appear to be: loss in both leaf and root complexes of a cyanobacterial mechanism that ensures Fd dissociation from the complex following change in Fd redox state, development of a structural rearrangement of Fd on binding to leaf FNR that results in a negative shift in Fd redox potential favorable to photosynthetic electron flow, creation of a vacant space in the root Fd:FNR complex that may allow access to the redox centers of other enzymes to ensure efficient channeling of heterotrophic reductant into bioassimilation. Further structural analysis is essential to establish how root type FNR distinguishes between Fd isoforms, and discover how residues not directly involved in intermolecular interactions may affect complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy T Hanke
- Division of Enzymology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan,
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Abstract
The chloride channel antagonists anthracene-9-carboxylic acid, ethacrynic acid and niflumic acid were found to be fungistatic and morphogenic when tested against the ascomycete Neurospora crassa. Potency increased with decreasing pH, suggesting that the protonated forms of the compounds were active. Niflumic acid produced the most pronounced growth aberrations which may reflect an ability to acidify the cytoplasm and block the plasma membrane anion channel of N. crassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Hanke
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, UK
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