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Askenasy EM, Shushlav Y, Sun Z, Shirwan H, Yolcu ES, Askenasy N. Engineering of bone marrow cells with fas-ligand protein-enhances donor-specific tolerance to solid organs. Transplant Proc 2014; 43:3545-8. [PMID: 22099838 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Effective immunomodulation to induce tolerance to tissue/organ allografts is attained by infusion of donor lymphocytes endowed with killing capacity through ectopic expression of a short-lived Fas-ligand (FasL) protein. The same approach has proven effective in improving hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell engraftment. This study evaluates the possibility of substitution of immune cells for bone marrow cells (BMC) to induce FasL-mediated tolerance to solid organ grafts. Expression of FasL protein on BMC increased the survival of simultaneously grafted vascularized heterotopic cardiac grafts to 90%, as compared to 30% in recipients of naïve BMC. Similar results were obtained for skin allografts implanted into radiation chimeras at 1 week after bone marrow transplantation. Further reduction of preparative conditioning to busulfan resulted in acceptance of donor skin implanted at 2 weeks after transplantation of naïve and FasL-coated BMC, whereas third-party grafts were acutely rejected. The levels of donor chimerism were in the range of 0.7% to 12% at the time of skin grafting, with higher levels in recipients of FasL-coated BMC. It is concluded that FasL-mediated abrogation of alloimmune responses can be effectively attained with BMC. There is no threshold of donor chimerism, but tolerance to solid organs evolves during the process of donor-host mutual acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Askenasy
- Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.
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Zhao H, Woodward KB, Shirwan H, Grimany-Nuno O, Yolcu ES. Posttransplantation systemic immunomodulation with SA-FasL-engineered donor splenocytes has robust efficacy in preventing cardiac allograft rejection in mice. Transplant Proc 2014; 45:1805-7. [PMID: 23769048 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis induced by the engagement of FasL with Fas receptor on the surface of lymphocytes is an important immune homeostatic mechanism that ensures tolerance to self-antigens under normal physiologic conditions. As such, FasL has been extensively tested as a tolerogenic molecule with the use of gene therapy in settings of autoimmunity and transplantation with conflicting outcomes. Although the mechanistic basis of these contradictory observations is largely unknown, the use of wild-type FasL and the means by which the gene was expressed may provide an explanation. To overcome these complications, we generated a chimeric FasL protein with streptavidin (SA-FasL) having potent apoptotic activity and displayed this molecule effectively and rapidly on biotinylated biologic membranes for immunomodulation. In the present study, we displayed SA-FasL on the surface of BALB/c splenocytes and injected 5 × 10(6) cells intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 recipients of BALB/c heart grafts on days 1, 3, and 5 after-transplantation. To control initial graft-reactive immune responses and facilitate FasL-mediated apoptosis, rapamycin was used as an immunosuppressant at 0.2 mg/kg daily for a total of 15 doses immediately after heart transplantation. All mice injected with SA-FasL-engineered donor splenocytes accepted their grafts during the 100-day observation period. In marked contrast, immunomodulation with control streptavidin protein-engineered BALB/c splenocytes had minimal effect on graft survival (mean survival, 21.4 ± 1.5 d). Taken together, these results establish posttransplantation systemic immunomodulation with SA-FasL-engineered donor splenocytes under transient cover of rapamycin as an effective regimen in preventing cardiac allograft rejection in rodents with important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhao
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Yolcu ES, Zhao H, Shirwan H. Immunomodulation with SA-FasL protein as an effective means of preventing islet allograft rejection in chemically diabetic NOD mice. Transplant Proc 2014; 45:1889-91. [PMID: 23769064 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic islet grafts are subject to rejection by both auto- and alloimmune responses when transplanted into diabetic individuals. T cells play a critical role in the initiation and perpetuation of both autoimmunity and allograft rejection. T cells up-regulate Fas and become sensitive to FasL-mediated killing following antigenic stimulation. Therefore, we tested if immunomodulation with an apoptotic form of FasL chimeric with streptavidin (SA-FasL) is effective in preventing the rejection of allogeneic C57BL/6 islet grafts in chemically diabetic NOD mice. C57BL/6 splenocytes and pancreatic islets were biotinylated and engineered to display the SA-FasL protein on their surface. Female NOD mice (6-7 weeks old) were treated with streptozotocin to induce diabetes and transplanted 5 days later with C57BL/6 islets engineered with SA-FasL in conjunction with transient treatment with rapamycin (3.0 mg/kg daily for days 0-19). Graft recipients were also systemically immunomodulated by intraperitoneal injection of 5 × 10(6) donor SA-FasL-engineered splenocytes on days 1, 3, and 5 after islet transplantation. This regimen resulted in the survival of all allogeneic islet grafts for the 250-day observation period, compared with a mean survival time (MST) of 14.2 ± 3.9 days for the control group. The survival effect was SA-FasL specific, with all NOD mice transplanted with control streptavidin protein-engineered islet grafts and treated with SA-engineered splenocytes under transient cover of rapamycin rejecting their grafts with an MST of 39.8 ± 8.5 days (P < .01). Taken together, these data demonstrate that immunomodulation with SA-FasL-engineered allogeneic islet grafts and splenocytes is effective in overcoming rejection in female NOD mice with preexisting autoimmunity with important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Yolcu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
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Yolcu ES, Zhao H, Bandura-Morgan L, Madireddi SM, Shirwan H. Immunomodulation with Allogeneic Pancreatic Islets Engineered to Display on their Surface a Novel Form of FasL Protein Induces Localized Tolerance via Apoptosis/Phagocytes/TGF-β Axes. Transplantation 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/00007890-201211271-00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Singh N, Yolcu ES, Miller RW, Shirwan H, Huseby RM, Kilinc O, Taylor D, Oechsli M, Larocca R. Primary tumor cells from cancer patients “decorated” with a novel form of CD80 protein effectively induce autologous T-cell responses ex-vivo. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. Singh
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; ApoImmune Inc., Louisville, KY; Jewish Hospital, Louisville, KY; Kentuckiana Cancer Institute, Louisville, KY
| | - E. S. Yolcu
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; ApoImmune Inc., Louisville, KY; Jewish Hospital, Louisville, KY; Kentuckiana Cancer Institute, Louisville, KY
| | - R. W. Miller
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; ApoImmune Inc., Louisville, KY; Jewish Hospital, Louisville, KY; Kentuckiana Cancer Institute, Louisville, KY
| | - H. Shirwan
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; ApoImmune Inc., Louisville, KY; Jewish Hospital, Louisville, KY; Kentuckiana Cancer Institute, Louisville, KY
| | - R. M. Huseby
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; ApoImmune Inc., Louisville, KY; Jewish Hospital, Louisville, KY; Kentuckiana Cancer Institute, Louisville, KY
| | - O. Kilinc
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; ApoImmune Inc., Louisville, KY; Jewish Hospital, Louisville, KY; Kentuckiana Cancer Institute, Louisville, KY
| | - D. Taylor
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; ApoImmune Inc., Louisville, KY; Jewish Hospital, Louisville, KY; Kentuckiana Cancer Institute, Louisville, KY
| | - M. Oechsli
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; ApoImmune Inc., Louisville, KY; Jewish Hospital, Louisville, KY; Kentuckiana Cancer Institute, Louisville, KY
| | - R. Larocca
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; ApoImmune Inc., Louisville, KY; Jewish Hospital, Louisville, KY; Kentuckiana Cancer Institute, Louisville, KY
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Singh
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Cherradi SL, Shirwan H. Expression of FasL as a stable cell-surface molecule is important to its apoptotic function. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:259. [PMID: 11266808 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Cherradi
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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Yolcu E, Fang J, Shirwan H. Autoimmune responses regulate alloimmunity for prolonged cardiac allograft survival. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:93. [PMID: 11266721 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01920-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Yolcu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Shirwan H, Mhoyan A, Yolcu E, Ibrahim S. Intrathymic immune regulation with donor class I allopeptides leads to the development of immunoregulatory cells that maintain tolerance to cardiac allografts. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:80. [PMID: 11266712 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Huang Y, Ildstad ST, Neipp M, Shirwan H. Mouse xenoantigens contribute to rat T-cell Vbeta repertoire generation in mixed xenogeneic bone marrow chimeras. Immunology 2000; 100:317-25. [PMID: 10929053 PMCID: PMC2327025 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that rat bone-marrow-derived cells in mixed xenogeneic chimeras (rat + mouse --> mouse) contribute to peripheral selection of mouse T-cell receptor (TCR) variable betas (Vbetas) repertoire. In this study, we analysed rat T cells that developed in the chimeras to assess the contribution of mouse xenoantigens to the development of rat TCR repertoire. The expression of rat Vbetas was analysed using flow cytometry and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method that allows for both semiquantitative analysis of rat Vbeta gene expression and size heterogeneity of the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) domain. Three distinct patterns of Vbeta expression were detected. Partial deletion was observed for Vbeta5, 7, 12, 14, 16, 17 and 20 that exhibited reduced levels of peripheral expression by 3.4-, 1.8-, 8.7-, 2.0-, 7.8-, 9.5- and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared with the levels of Vbetas in naYve rats. Higher levels of peripheral expression were detected for three rat Vbeta genes; Vbeta6 (2.2-fold), Vbeta8.2 (3.2-fold), and Vbeta9 (1.7-fold). The relative expression of the other 10 known rat Vbeta families in chimeras was unchanged as compared with that of normal rats. We did not observe detectable changes in the pattern of CDR3 expression in chimeras, suggesting that the mouse xenogeneic environment exerted its influence on the development of rat T cells via the Vbeta-encoded CDR1/2 domains. Our data demonstrate that the rat T-cell repertoire in chimeras is shaped by both contractions as well as expansions of selected Vbetas and suggest that mouse xenoantigens and/or superantigens of endogenous mouse retroviruses may contribute as ligands for these selection processes
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Abstract
Chronic rejection has been the major obstacle to the long-term allograft survival in the clinic. Although the etiology of this rejection reaction is multifactorial, alloantigen-specific immune activation plays the most critical role. We herein hypothesize that CD4+ Th2 cells that are preferentially induced by the indirect recognition of allogeneic histocompatibility antigens late in transplantation may play the most critical role in the initiation and/or maintenance of chronic allograft rejection. Immunosuppression used to prevent acute rejection and the nature of antigen-presenting cells and alloligands in the graft may all contribute to immune deviation to the Th2 response. This response may be further perpetuated by type 2 cytokines conceivably produced by activated macrophages, NK cells, and CD8+ T cells in the graft. Cytokines and growth factors induced by this type 2 response, in turn, allow for activation of B, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells that collectively contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic allograft rejection by producing alloantibodies and growth hormones required for interstitial fibrosis, extracellular matrix deposition, and vascular neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Huang Y, Neipp M, Ildstad ST, Shirwan H. Rat peripheral T-cell receptor V beta repertoire in F344-to-B10 (rat-to-mouse) mixed xenogeneic chimeras. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:978-9. [PMID: 10083435 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences 19036, USA
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Shirwan H, Barwari L, Khan NS. Immune nonresponsiveness to cardiac allografts by intrathymic inoculation of donor class I allopeptides is associated with high levels of transcripts for Th2 cytokines in the graft. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:123-4. [PMID: 10083039 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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Mhoyan A, Wu GD, Que X, Cramer DV, Shirwan H. Modulation of alloimmunity with class I MHC peptides: mechanisms of action. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:1189-91. [PMID: 10083530 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Mhoyan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Shirwan H, Barwari L, Khan NS. Predominant expression of T helper 2 cytokines and altered expression of T helper 1 cytokines in long-term allograft survival induced by intrathymic immune modulation with donor class I major histocompatibility complex peptides. Transplantation 1998; 66:1802-9. [PMID: 9884279 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199812270-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently demonstrated that three synthetic peptides corresponding to the alpha-helices of the alpha1 and alpha2 domains of the donor class I RT1.Aa molecule served as efficient CD4+ T-cell epitopes for indirect recognition of this molecule during cardiac allograft rejection in the PVG.R8-toPVG.1U rat strain combination. These peptides induce long-term graft survival when injected into the thymus 7 days before transplantation under the cover of transient immunosuppression with anti-rat lymphocyte serum. In this study, we analyzed intragraft cytokine gene expression to test whether immune deviation to the T helper (Th) 2 response is associated with long-term allograft survival in this model. METHODS Intragraft cytokine gene expression was analyzed using a competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method we developed for this study. Cytokine gene expression was quantified in control allografts (n=5) with acute rejection and allografts from intrathymically manipulated recipients with acute rejection (n=5), delayed rejection (n=7), or no rejection (n=8). RESULTS Long-surviving allografts expressed high levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and undetectable levels of IL-2. Allografts that were rejected in a delayed fashion expressed mostly IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TGF-beta with low or undetectable levels of IL-4 and IL-10. Acutely rejected allografts from unmanipulated controls or peptide-manipulated recipients expressed high levels of IL-2, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta and undetectable levels of IL-4 or IL-10. All allografts also expressed T-cell receptor Cbeta gene, providing evidence for the presence of T-cell infiltrates in the grafts. CONCLUSIONS These observations demonstrate that acute graft rejection in this model is associated with the expression of Th1 cytokines, IL-2, and IFN-gamma, whereas long-term survival is associated with predominant expression of Th2 cytokines, IL-4, and IL-10. The expression of IFN-gamma in long-surviving allografts in the absence of IL-2 provides evidence for altered activation of the Th1 response in this intrathymic immune modulation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylavania 19102, USA
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Cramer DV, Wu GD, Kearns-Jonker M, Gochi E, Wakiyama S, Shirwan H, Borie D. The humoral response to xenografts is controlled by a restricted repertoire of immunoglobulin VH genes. Transplantation 1998; 66:1375-83. [PMID: 9846525 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199811270-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early phases of the host immune response to xenografts are dominated by anti-donor antibodies. The immunological pathways responsible for mediating the host humoral responses to xenografts are largely unknown, and this report addresses the nature of the immunoglobulin genes controlling the host antibody response to xenografts. METHODS cDNA libraries established from rat anti-hamster monoclonal antibodies and splenic lymphocytes from LEW rats rejecting hamster heart xenografts were used to clone, sequence, and identify the immunoglobulin genes responsible for encoding rat xenoantibodies to hamster heart grafts. Libraries for germline variable region heavy chain (VH) genes encoding the anti-hamster xenograft antibodies were established by genomic DNA cloning and analyzed by nucleotide sequencing. The frequency of Ig VH gene usage for controlling the antibody responses to hamster xenografts was examined by colony-filter dot hybridization. The nucleic acid structure of these genes was then compared to their genomic progenitors to identify the number and structural diversity expressed by the Ig VH genes used to mediate the response. RESULTS Rat monoclonal antibodies selected for their ability to precipitate the rejection of hamster xenografts exclusively use a closely related group of VH genes. The VH genes used by these antibodies are restricted to a single family of germline genes (VHHAR) for which 15 family members have been identified. The frequency of VHHAR gene usage in splenic IgM-producing B cells from LEW rats rapidly expands from 0.8% in naive animals to 13% in recipients 4 days after xenotransplantation. cDNA libraries expressing VHHAR genes were established from splenic lymphocytes derived from naive or xenograft recipients at 4 and 21 days after transplantation. Examination of 20 cDNA clones revealed that the majority (75%) of these clones express VHHAR genes displaying limited somatic mutation. CONCLUSIONS The use of a closely related group of Ig VH genes in a germline configuration to control the early humoral response to xenografts suggests that this response may represent the utilization of a primitive, T cell-independent pathway of antibody production by the graft recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Cramer
- Transplantation Biology Research Laboratory, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
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Shirwan H, Wu GD, Barwari L, Liu A, Cramer DV. Induction of allograft nonresponsiveness after intrathymic inoculation with donor class I allopeptides. II. Evidence for persistent chronic rejection despite high levels of donor microchimerism. Transplantation 1997; 64:1671-6. [PMID: 9422400 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199712270-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that three synthetic peptides corresponding to the donor class I RT1.Aa molecule induce long-term survival of cardiac allografts in the PVG.R8-to-PVG.1U rat strain combination (disparate for one isolated class I, RT1.A, molecule) when presented to the recipient immune system in the thymus. Long-term graft survivors had measurable levels of donor-reactive alloantibodies in their serum. In this study, we examined long-term allografts for the presence of chronic rejection and donor microchimerism to assess whether this regimen of immune modulation establishes true tolerance and whether this tolerance is dependent upon the presence of donor-recipient microchimerism. Histological examination of long-term heart grafts (>100 days) demonstrated chronic rejection, including a mild degree of myocardial infiltration by mononuclear cells, mild to moderate myocardial fibrosis, and various vascular changes ranging from focal intimal thickening to total vascular lumen blockade due to smooth muscle cell proliferation. In contrast, long-term syngeneic hearts transplanted under similar experimental conditions lacked these pathological manifestations. Donor microchimerism was analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction with a pair of oligonucleotides specific for the donor class I RT1.Aa gene and genomic DNA harvested from various tissues from graft recipients. We detected high levels of donor microchimerism in the heart, kidney, liver, skin, bone marrow, thymus, and lymph nodes of long-term graft recipients. Donor microchimerism was also detected in unmanipulated control graft recipients at rejection (7 days) and in intrathymically manipulated recipients that rejected allografts in a delayed fashion (12-82 days). These data clearly demonstrate that intrathymic inoculation of donor class I allopeptides induces long-term graft survival but does not prevent chronic rejection. Allograft rejection occurred despite high levels of donor microchimerism, providing direct evidence that donor-recipient microchimerism is not sufficient for the prevention of acute or chronic rejection in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192, USA
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Mhoyan A, Cramer DV, Baquerizo A, Shirwan H. Induction of allograft nonresponsiveness after intrathymic inoculation with donor class I allopeptides. I. Correlation of graft survival with antidonor IgG antibody subclasses. Transplantation 1997; 64:1665-70. [PMID: 9422399 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199712270-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that cardiac allograft rejection in the PVG.R8-to-PVG.1U rat strain combination involves the recognition of a isolated class I (RT1.Aa) molecules as peptides in the context of the recipient MHC molecules. Three synthetic peptides (P1, P2, and P3) corresponding to the alpha-helices of the RT1.Aa molecule served as T-cell epitopes for graft rejection. In this study, we demonstrate that two of these peptides (P2 and P3) are sufficient to induce immune nonresponsiveness (median survival time >237 days) to cardiac allografts when presented to the recipient immune system in the thymus 7 days before transplantation. This effect was time dependent, as intrathymic inoculation 60 days before transplantation did not prolong graft survival (median survival time=12 days). Previous studies have demonstrated a critical role for alloantibody responses in mediating graft rejection in this rat strain combination. We, therefore, studied the role alloantibody responses may play in the observed immune nonresponsiveness. The titers of alloantibody in serum samples harvested from graft recipients at different times after transplantation were measured. We used recipient primary aortic endothelial cells genetically manipulated to express the donor RT1.Aa molecule as targets in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High titers of anti-RT1.Aa IgM antibody were detected in unmanipulated controls at the time of graft rejection. The IgM antibody switched to high IgG titers in intrathymically inoculated rats with accelerated or delayed rejection. Graft rejection in intrathymically manipulated recipients that had achieved a transient state of immunological nonresponsiveness correlated with higher titers of the IgG2b alloantibody. In marked contrast, the long-term graft survivors expressed undetectable or low levels of the IgG2b antibody and moderate to high levels of the IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses. These data suggest that the IgG2b alloantibody may contribute to the rejection reaction, whereas IgG1 and IgG2a may be involved in active enhancement of graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mhoyan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192, USA
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Abstract
We have recently shown that T cells infiltrating cardiac allografts early in graft rejection use a limited T-cell receptor (TCR) V beta repertoire. In this study we tested whether this limited repertoire of V beta genes is important for graft rejection. A cell line, AL2-L3, was established from LEW lymphocytes infiltrating ACI heart allografts 2 days after transplantation. This cell line is composed of CD4+ T cells that primarily recognize the class II RTI.B major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule expressed by the donor graft. This cell line precipitated acute rejection of donor hearts with a median survival time (MST) of 10.5 days following adoptive transfer to sublethally irradiated LEW recipients. This rate of graft rejection was significantly (P < 0.0007) accelerated when compared with a MST of 60 days for allografts in irradiated control recipients. The AL2-L3-mediated acceleration of graft rejection was donor specific as WF third-party heart allografts were rejected with a delayed tempo (MST = 28.5 days). The V beta repertoire of this cell line was primarily restricted to the expression of V beta 4, 15 and 19 genes. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the beta-chain cDNAs from this cell line demonstrated that the restricted use of the V gene repertoire was not shared with the N, D and J regions. A wide variety of CDR3 loops and J beta genes were used in association with selected V beta genes. These data provide evidence for the role a restricted repertoire of V beta genes plays in cardiac allograft rejection in this model. The restricted usage of the V beta repertoire in an early T-cell response to allografts may provide the opportunity to therapeutically disrupt the rejection reaction by targeting selected T-cell populations for elimination at the time of organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Transplantation Biology Research Laboratory, National Institute of Transplantation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Transplantation Biology Research Laboratory, NIT, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA
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21
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Wu GD, Cramer DV, Shirwan H, Borie D, Chapman FA. Genetic evidence that the antibody response to xenografts is directed at a restricted number of target antigens. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:954. [PMID: 9123604 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G D Wu
- Transplantation Biology Research Laboratory, St Vincent Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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22
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- Gene Expression
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Heart Transplantation/immunology
- Heart Transplantation/pathology
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred ACI
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Transplantation Biology Research Laboratory, NIT, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA
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23
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Shirwan H, Mhoyan A, Leamer M, Wang C, Cramer DV. The role of donor class I major histocompatibility complex peptides in the induction of allograft tolerance. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:1134-5. [PMID: 9123235 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Transplantation Biology Research Laboratory, National Institute of Transplantation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Baquerizo A, Mhoyan A, Shirwan H, Swensson J, Busuttil RW, Demetriou AA, Cramer DV. Xenoantibody response of patients with severe acute liver failure exposed to porcine antigens following treatment with a bioartificial liver. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:964-5. [PMID: 9123610 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Baquerizo
- Transplantation Biology Research Laboratory, St Vincent Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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25
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Shirwan H, Wang HK, Barwari L, Makowka L, Cramer DV. Pretransplant injection of allograft recipients with donor blood or lymphocytes permits allograft tolerance without the presence of persistent donor microchimerism. Transplantation 1996; 61:1382-6. [PMID: 8629301 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199605150-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Donor-recipient microchimerism has recently been suggested to play a critical role in the induction and maintenance of allograft tolerance. In this study we sought evidence for this hypothesis using the LEW-to-ACI cardiac allograft as a model system. Donor-specific tolerance to cardiac allografts was induced by intravenous or intraportal injection of graft recipients with donor peripheral blood, T cells, or B cells 7 days before transplantation. All the graft recipients injected with donor antigens accepted donor heart grafts indefinitely when compared with control recipients that rejected donor allografts in 12 days. Long-term graft survivors rejected third-party BN heart allografts in 14 days without an adverse effect on the survival of the first LEW heart allografts, demonstrating the specificity of the tolerance. Tissue lysates prepared from heart, kidney, liver, bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen of tolerant (>120 days) graft recipients were analyzed for the presence of donor DNA using LEW T cell receptor C beta gene-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction that detects donor DNA at > or = 1:10,000 dilution. Donor DNA was detected in 77% of tolerant graft recipients. Chimeric recipients showed variations in the levels and presence of donor DNA in different tissues. The status of donor microchimerism, with respect to its presence and tissue distribution, was dependent upon the donor cell type and route of injection used for the induction of tolerance. Intraportal injection of the graft recipients with donor peripheral blood resulted in the highest degree of chimerism, whereas intravenous injection with donor B cells did not induce detectable microchimerism in this group of recipients. These data clearly demonstrate that the presence of microchimerism is common following administration of donor cells, but that its presence is not an absolute requirement for the long-term survival of allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Transplantation Biology Research Laboratory, St. Vincent Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Cramer DV, Wu GD, Borie DC, Shirwan H, Miller L, Makowka L. Germline VH gene usage in xenoreactive monoclonal antibody. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:541-2. [PMID: 8623256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D V Cramer
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
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27
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Cramer DV, Wu GD, Borie DC, Shirwan H, Makowka L. The rejection of hamster xenografts by rats is mediated by a restricted repertoire of Ig heavy chain variable genes. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:569-70. [PMID: 8623276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D V Cramer
- Transplantation Biology Research Laboratory, St. Vincent Medical Center, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
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28
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Borie DC, Cramer DV, Shirwan H, Wu GD, Rodriguez O, Chapman FA, Makowka L. Genetic control of the humoral immune response to xenografts. II. Monoclonal antibodies that cause rejection of heart xenografts are encoded by germline immunoglobulin genes. Transplantation 1995; 60:1504-10. [PMID: 8545882 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199560120-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The early phases of the rejection of xenografts exchanged between closely related species are dominated by a vigorous humoral immune response. We have recently used a linker-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LM-PCR) to generate Ig heavy and light chain-specific cDNA libraries to examine the Ig gene control of a prototypic IgM monoclonal antibody, HAR-1, that causes the hyperacute rejection of hamster xenografts. Recombinant clones from the library were screened directly from bacterial colonies by PCR and the nucleic acid sequences of the clones established. Our results demonstrate that the HAR-1 hybridoma is encoded by Ig VH and JH genes in a germline configuration. Comparison of the cDNA sequence for HAR-1 VH with the germline equivalent of this gene isolated from newborn LEW liver (provisionally designated VHHAR-1) showed that the two VH sequences share a nucleic acid identity of 99.3%. Similarly, the HAR-1 monoclonal uses a Ig JH gene that is 98.2% identical with the JH1 nucleic acid sequence available in the GeneBank. The use of Ig VH and JH genes in a germline configuration is similar to that seen with polyreactive natural antibodies to infectious agents and autoantibodies. These humoral responses are thought to be the result of the stimulation of a T cell-independent subset of B cells, the B-1a/B-1b subset, that is responsible for producing antibodies that serve as a primitive humoral (natural antibody) defense mechanism against infectious diseases. Our results suggest that the humoral component of the rejection of xenografts in the hamster-to-rat model may represent the stimulation of this type of B cell antibody response by xenogeneic target antigens that share antigenic epitopes with bacteria and other infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Borie
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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29
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Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the immune response to cardiac allografts in the ACI-to-LEW rat strain combination involves a limited use of the TCR V beta gene repertoire. In the present study we analyzed the expression of V beta genes by T cells infiltrating kidney and liver allografts to test whether a limited use of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is a common denominator for immune responses to allografts. Graft-infiltrating lymphocytes (GIL) were isolated from allografts on different days after transplantation and analyzed for the expression of V beta genes using a semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) without manipulations in tissue culture. We detected a limited expression of the V beta gene repertoire in fresh GIL harvested from both kidney and liver allografts early in graft rejection. The level of TCR repertoire usage, however, was influenced by the type of graft. The rejection of heart and kidney allografts was associated with more limited use of the V beta gene repertoire when compared with that seen for the rejection of liver allografts. The limited use of the V beta gene repertoire was only apparent when analyzed early in graft rejection; as the rejection reaction progressed T cells using a more diverse V beta repertoire infiltrated the graft. The limited use of TCR repertoire of the early T cell response to allografts may provide the opportunity to therapeutically disrupt the rejection reaction by targeting selected T cell populations for elimination at the time of organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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30
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Shirwan H, Leamer M, Wang HK, Makowka L, Cramer DV. Peptides derived from alpha-helices of allogeneic class I major histocompatibility complex antigens are potent inducers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell and B cell responses after cardiac allograft rejection. Transplantation 1995; 59:401-10. [PMID: 7871571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We studied the rejection of cardiac allografts in a rat strain combination (PVG.R8 to PVG.1U) disparate for a single class I MHC antigen (RT1.Aa) to test the extent by which this molecule is recognized as peptides in association with recipient MHC molecules during graft rejection and the contribution of this recognition process to the rejection reaction. Three synthetic peptides that correspond to the portions of alpha-helices of the alpha 1 (P1, P2) and alpha 2 (P3) domains of the donor RT1.Aa molecule were used in this study. Splenocytes from heart allograft recipients at rejection responded in a proliferation assay to all 3 peptides and in a cytotoxic assay to peptides P1 and P2. The peptide-mediated proliferation and cytolytic reactions were blocked by antibodies against CD4/class II MHC and CD8 molecules. Serum from graft recipients at rejection contained significant titers of antibodies to peptides. Presensitization of graft recipients with the peptides resulted in a marked increase in peptide-mediated T cell and antibody responses. Although all 3 peptides were effective in eliciting active immune responses, the P3-mediated response was minimal when compared with those mediated by P1 and P2. Recipients presensitized with the peptides rejected their grafts in 5 days compared with 6 days for unsensitized animals. Recipients presensitized with donor-irradiated splenocytes and aortic endothelial cells, on the other hand, rejected their grafts in 1 and 3 days, respectively, which suggests that immunization with the whole RT1.Aa molecule is required to stimulate accelerated rejection of the graft. This rejection was associated with high titers of donor cell-specific antibodies that exhibited moderate cross-reactivity with the peptides. Our results clearly demonstrate that (1) the donor RT1.Aa molecule is recognized as peptides in the context of recipient class I and class II MHC molecules during the rejection of heart allografts, and (2) peptides derived from this molecule are highly immunogenic in that they contain epitopes recognized by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and alloantibodies. Immune responses elicited by these peptides, however, did not significantly affect the rate of rejection. These results suggest that acute rejection of allografts may be mediated primarily by the direct recognition of intact MHC molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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31
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Shirwan H, Barwari L, Fuss I, Makowka L, Cramer DV. Structure and repertoire usage of rat TCR alpha-chain genes in T cells infiltrating heart allografts. J Immunol 1995; 154:1964-72. [PMID: 7836776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the structure and diversity of TCR alpha-chain genes used by graft-infiltrating lymphocytes (GIL) in the ACI-to-LEW rat cardiac allograft model. We previously reported the structure of 16 different V alpha and 17 different J alpha genes isolated in two different cDNA libraries established from LEW thymocytes and GIL. In this report, we obtained new sequence information for 17 additional V alpha and J alpha genes from the GIL cDNA library. This study completes our characterization of 33 different V alpha and 23 different J alpha genes in rats. The V alpha genes are classified into 14 different families. Nucleotide sequence comparison with mouse alpha genes revealed the existence of mouse homologues for all the J alpha and 32 of the 33 V alpha genes. One of the rat V alpha genes seemed to have no known mouse counterpart and is classified here as a V alpha 24 gene family. The definition of rat TCR alpha-chain genes derived from these studies should facilitate a better understanding of the T cell role in pathologic conditions including autoimmune diseases and graft rejection. As for the TCR alpha-chain repertoire usage in allograft rejection, we completed the characterization of 36 productively rearranged TCR alpha-chain cDNA clones from the GIL cDNA library and found 31 different V alpha and 23 different J alpha genes among these clones. Unlike the TCR beta-chain that uses a limited repertoire, the alpha-chain repertoire usage seems to be relatively more diverse in this allograft model. These results suggest that the interaction of beta-chain with allogeneic MHC-encoded determinants may dictate the T cell reaction to the heart allograft in this model.
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MESH Headings
- Abdomen
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Heart Transplantation/immunology
- Heart Transplantation/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred ACI
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/chemistry
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterotopic
- Transplantation, Homologous/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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32
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Shirwan H, Barwari L, Fuss I, Makowka L, Cramer DV. Structure and repertoire usage of rat TCR alpha-chain genes in T cells infiltrating heart allografts. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.154.4.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have studied the structure and diversity of TCR alpha-chain genes used by graft-infiltrating lymphocytes (GIL) in the ACI-to-LEW rat cardiac allograft model. We previously reported the structure of 16 different V alpha and 17 different J alpha genes isolated in two different cDNA libraries established from LEW thymocytes and GIL. In this report, we obtained new sequence information for 17 additional V alpha and J alpha genes from the GIL cDNA library. This study completes our characterization of 33 different V alpha and 23 different J alpha genes in rats. The V alpha genes are classified into 14 different families. Nucleotide sequence comparison with mouse alpha genes revealed the existence of mouse homologues for all the J alpha and 32 of the 33 V alpha genes. One of the rat V alpha genes seemed to have no known mouse counterpart and is classified here as a V alpha 24 gene family. The definition of rat TCR alpha-chain genes derived from these studies should facilitate a better understanding of the T cell role in pathologic conditions including autoimmune diseases and graft rejection. As for the TCR alpha-chain repertoire usage in allograft rejection, we completed the characterization of 36 productively rearranged TCR alpha-chain cDNA clones from the GIL cDNA library and found 31 different V alpha and 23 different J alpha genes among these clones. Unlike the TCR beta-chain that uses a limited repertoire, the alpha-chain repertoire usage seems to be relatively more diverse in this allograft model. These results suggest that the interaction of beta-chain with allogeneic MHC-encoded determinants may dictate the T cell reaction to the heart allograft in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - L Barwari
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - I Fuss
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - L Makowka
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - D V Cramer
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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Cosenza CA, Shirwan H, Cramer DV, Sher L, Podesta L, Makowka L. Intragraft cytokine gene expression in human liver allografts. Liver Transpl Surg 1995; 1:16-22. [PMID: 9346536 DOI: 10.1002/lt.500010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are thought to play an important role in the inflammatory and immune responses of allograft rejection. We evaluated the pattern of cytokine gene expression in 36 liver biopsy specimens obtained from 20 recipients of primary orthotopic liver allografts. Specific mRNA expression was identified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers specific for human interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 Interferon (IFN) gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and beta-actin. We detected IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IFN-gamma cytokine message most consistently in patients with rejecting liver allografts. TNF-alpha and IL-2 were also observed in rejecting livers, but only during the early phases of the reaction. IL-4 was expressed in the majority of liver allograft biopsy specimens, regardless of the presence or absence of clinical or pathological evidence of rejection. Sequential biopsy specimens in rejecting allografts showed decreased cytokine expression after the induction of a positive response to immunosuppressive therapy. The analysis of biopsy specimens from stable liver grafts showed a predominance in the expression of IL-10. These results may reflect a differential production of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in response to liver allograft rejection in transplant recipients. They suggest that three cytokines, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IFN-gamma, may play an important role as markers for liver allograft rejection. Conversely, IL-10 expression was noted in patients with stable graft function. This pattern of expression may correlate with host immune responses that allow for prolonged, rejection-free survival of the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Cosenza
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Beverly Hills, CA 90048, USA
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34
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Shirwan H, Leamer M, Makowka L, Cramer DV. A polymerase chain reaction-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for relative quantitation of T cell receptor beta-gene expression. Its application to the analysis of T cell receptor repertoire usage in alloreactive responses. Transplantation 1994; 58:1047-50. [PMID: 7526496 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199411150-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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35
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Shirwan H, Makowka L, Blankenhorn EP, Cramer DV. Polymerase chain reaction detection of chimerism in rats based on an allelic polymorphism for T cell antigen receptor C beta genes. Transpl Immunol 1994; 2:253-6. [PMID: 8000854 DOI: 10.1016/0966-3274(94)90068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Transplantation Biology Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
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36
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Shirwan H, Cosenza CA, Wang HK, Wu GD, Makowka L, Cramer DV. Prevention of orthotopic liver allograft rejection in rats with a short-term brequinar sodium therapy. Analysis of intragraft cytokine gene expression. Transplantation 1994; 57:1072-80. [PMID: 8165706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Brequinar sodium (BQR) is a new immunosuppressive drug that is highly effective in preventing graft rejection in several different experimental settings, including primary allografts and xenografts. A short course of BQR treatment during the onset of allograft rejection can induce the permanent survival of liver and kidney allografts in rats. To study the molecular basis of BQR-induced prolongation of allograft survival, we analyzed the intragraft pattern of IL-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF gene expression in the ACI-to-LEW liver allograft model. A semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction was developed to measure cytokine gene expression in control and BQR-treated liver graft recipients at various days after transplantation. Untreated control liver allografts expressed all of the cytokines analyzed. There was a marked increase in the steady state level of transcripts for each cytokine as graft rejection proceeded. The treatment of liver graft recipients with 12 mg/kg/day of BQR on days 6, 7, and 8 after transplantation suppressed the expression of all these cytokines within 24 hr of administration. The early suppression of cytokine expression was associated with a modest but distinct reduction in the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the liver grafts. The reduction in the level of transcripts for IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 persisted in long-term survivors (30 days after transplantation). In contrast, there was a significant increase in the level of transcripts for IL-1 alpha, IL-2, and IL-2R in these long-term survivors. Our results demonstrated clearly that the pattern of cytokine gene expression during allograft rejection is significantly altered by a 3-day course of therapy with BQR. The temporary down-regulation of cytokine gene expression may be responsible for an altered immunological state that results in the prolonged survival of liver allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Transplantation Biology Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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37
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Tabaczewski P, Shirwan H, Lewis K, Stroynowski I. Alternative splicing of class Ib major histocompatibility complex transcripts in vivo leads to the expression of soluble Qa-2 molecules in murine blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:1883-7. [PMID: 8127900 PMCID: PMC43268 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.5.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Class Ib Qa-2 molecules are expressed in tissue culture cells as approximately 40-kDa membrane-bound, glycophosphatidylinositol-linked antigens and as approximately 39-kDa soluble polypeptides. Recently, alternative splicing events which delete exon 5 from a portion of Qa-2 transcripts were demonstrated to give rise to truncated secreted Qa-2 molecules in transfected cell lines. To determine whether this mechanism operates in vivo and to find out whether Qa-2 can be detected in soluble form in circulation, murine blood samples were analyzed. Critical to these experiments was preparation of an anti-peptide antiserum against an epitope encoded by a junction of exon 4 and exon 6. We find that supernatants of splenocytes cultured in vitro as well as serum or plasma contain two forms of soluble Qa-2 molecules. One form corresponds to a secreted molecule translated from transcripts from which exon 5 has been deleted; the other is derived from membrane-bound antigens or their precursors. The levels of both soluble forms of Qa-2 are inducible upon stimulation of the immune system, suggesting an immunoregulatory role for these molecules or for the mechanism leading to the reduction of cell-associated Qa-2 antigens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tabaczewski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-8854
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38
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Shirwan H, Chi D, Makowka L, Cramer DV. Lymphocytes infiltrating rat cardiac allografts express a limited repertoire of T cell receptor V beta genes. J Immunol 1993; 151:5228-38. [PMID: 8228221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The T cell response to many self-MHC-restricted nominal Ag involves limited use of the TCR repertoire. The status of the TCR repertoire in allogeneic responses remains unclear. In this report, we have studied the TCR V beta gene repertoire involved in the rejection of cardiac allografts disparate for major and minor histocompatibility Ag in rats. Graft-infiltrating lymphocytes (GIL) were isolated from rejecting heart allografts and analyzed for the expression of the V beta repertoire using a cDNA library and a semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We report here that GIL isolated at early stages of the rejection reaction preferentially use the V beta 4 gene. First, V beta 4 comprised 36.4% (8/22) of randomly sequenced cDNA clones isolated from a TCR-beta chain-specific cDNA library established from GIL harvested 3 days posttransplantation. The V beta 4 gene in these clones was found in conjunction with several different J beta and N regions, suggesting a dominant role for the V beta 4 encoded domains in the recognition of allograft Ag. Second, the V beta 4 message comprised 56.6 to 65.7% of the transcripts expressed by the 20 rat V beta genes in three T cell lines established from GIL isolated 2 days posttransplantation. Third, fresh, unmanipulated GIL harvested at days 2 and 3 posttransplantation predominantly expressed the V beta 4 gene. Fourth, the expression of V beta 4 in naive splenocytes constituted only 5.4% of the V beta detected, suggesting that the predominant use of the V beta 4 gene by GIL was not a consequence of its high level of expression in the periphery. The limited use of the TCR repertoire in allograft rejection may provide the opportunity to interrupt the rejection process and induce donor-specific tolerance by targeting a select population of T cells for inactivation or elimination.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- Gene Expression
- Graft Rejection
- Heart Transplantation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred ACI
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Spleen/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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Shirwan H, Chi D, Makowka L, Cramer DV. Lymphocytes infiltrating rat cardiac allografts express a limited repertoire of T cell receptor V beta genes. The Journal of Immunology 1993. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.151.10.5228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The T cell response to many self-MHC-restricted nominal Ag involves limited use of the TCR repertoire. The status of the TCR repertoire in allogeneic responses remains unclear. In this report, we have studied the TCR V beta gene repertoire involved in the rejection of cardiac allografts disparate for major and minor histocompatibility Ag in rats. Graft-infiltrating lymphocytes (GIL) were isolated from rejecting heart allografts and analyzed for the expression of the V beta repertoire using a cDNA library and a semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We report here that GIL isolated at early stages of the rejection reaction preferentially use the V beta 4 gene. First, V beta 4 comprised 36.4% (8/22) of randomly sequenced cDNA clones isolated from a TCR-beta chain-specific cDNA library established from GIL harvested 3 days posttransplantation. The V beta 4 gene in these clones was found in conjunction with several different J beta and N regions, suggesting a dominant role for the V beta 4 encoded domains in the recognition of allograft Ag. Second, the V beta 4 message comprised 56.6 to 65.7% of the transcripts expressed by the 20 rat V beta genes in three T cell lines established from GIL isolated 2 days posttransplantation. Third, fresh, unmanipulated GIL harvested at days 2 and 3 posttransplantation predominantly expressed the V beta 4 gene. Fourth, the expression of V beta 4 in naive splenocytes constituted only 5.4% of the V beta detected, suggesting that the predominant use of the V beta 4 gene by GIL was not a consequence of its high level of expression in the periphery. The limited use of the TCR repertoire in allograft rejection may provide the opportunity to interrupt the rejection process and induce donor-specific tolerance by targeting a select population of T cells for inactivation or elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - D Chi
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - L Makowka
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - D V Cramer
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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Shirwan H, Makowka L, Cramer DV. Analysis of the T-cell receptor V beta repertoire in rejecting rat cardiac allografts using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Transplant Proc 1993; 25:2780-1. [PMID: 8212233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Shirwan H, Ohanjanian M, Burcham G, Makowka L, Cramer DV. Structure and diversity of rat T cell receptor alpha-chain genes. J Immunol 1993; 150:2295-304. [PMID: 8095511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have sequenced 22 TCR-alpha clones isolated from two cDNA libraries derived from rat thymocytes and heart allograft-infiltrating lymphocytes. Sixteen different V alpha and 17 J alpha genes were characterized in these clones. The V alpha genes could be divided into nine subfamilies, each containing from one to three members. Nucleotide sequence comparisons to mouse alpha genes revealed the existence of mouse homologues for all the J alpha s and 8 of 9 V alpha subfamilies. One of the rat V alpha subfamilies appeared to have no known mouse counterpart. Southern blot analysis of germ-line DNA with cDNA probes specific for six different subfamilies demonstrated the existence of two to nine V alpha genes per subfamily. A minimum number of 35 V alpha genes was estimated for the nine rat subfamilies characterized. These analyses also detected two different RFLP patterns among five different inbred rat strains, including strain-specific loss of hybridization bands for some V alpha, indicating that deletion events may have occurred in the rat alpha gene locus. The characterization of rat TCR V alpha genes should facilitate a better understanding of T cell role in pathologic conditions such as autoimmune diseases and graft rejection.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/isolation & purification
- Genes
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/isolation & purification
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/isolation & purification
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred ACI
- Rats, Inbred BN
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/isolation & purification
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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Shirwan H, Ohanjanian M, Burcham G, Makowka L, Cramer DV. Structure and diversity of rat T cell receptor alpha-chain genes. The Journal of Immunology 1993. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.150.6.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have sequenced 22 TCR-alpha clones isolated from two cDNA libraries derived from rat thymocytes and heart allograft-infiltrating lymphocytes. Sixteen different V alpha and 17 J alpha genes were characterized in these clones. The V alpha genes could be divided into nine subfamilies, each containing from one to three members. Nucleotide sequence comparisons to mouse alpha genes revealed the existence of mouse homologues for all the J alpha s and 8 of 9 V alpha subfamilies. One of the rat V alpha subfamilies appeared to have no known mouse counterpart. Southern blot analysis of germ-line DNA with cDNA probes specific for six different subfamilies demonstrated the existence of two to nine V alpha genes per subfamily. A minimum number of 35 V alpha genes was estimated for the nine rat subfamilies characterized. These analyses also detected two different RFLP patterns among five different inbred rat strains, including strain-specific loss of hybridization bands for some V alpha, indicating that deletion events may have occurred in the rat alpha gene locus. The characterization of rat TCR V alpha genes should facilitate a better understanding of T cell role in pathologic conditions such as autoimmune diseases and graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirwan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - M Ohanjanian
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - G Burcham
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - L Makowka
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - D V Cramer
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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