MiR-940 inhibits the progression of NSCLC by targeting FAM83F

OBJECTIVE

We investigate whether miR-940 could target family sequence similarity 83 member F (FAM83F) and further inhibit the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The expression levels of miR-940 and FAM83F in tumor tissues and paracancerous tissues of 72 NSCLC patients were detected through quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The relationship between their expression levels, tumor size, and prognosis of NSCLC was analyzed. Transfection plasmids were constructed to knockdown or overexpress miR-940 in H1299 cells (inhibitor group) and SK-MES-1 cells (mimic group). The viability of H1299 cells and SK-MES-1 cells was evaluated using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay after transfection. The combination of miR-940 and Ago2 was confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) experiment. The binding condition of miR-940 in FAM83F-WT and FAM83F-MUT groups was verified by luciferase reporter gene assay.

RESULTS

MiR-940 expression was noticeably decreased, while FAM83F expression was distinctly upregulated in NSCLC tissues than that of paracancerous tissues. The overall survival rate of NSCLC patients with highly-expressed miR-940 was significantly higher than those with lowly-expressed miR-940. Besides, miR-940 level was negatively correlated with tumor stage and size of NSCLC patients. Knockdown of miR-940 evidently enhanced the activity of H1299 cells, while overexpression of miR-940 decreased the viability of SK-MES-1 cells. In addition, miR-940 was confirmed to combine with FAM83F. Luciferase activity of cells co-transfected with FAM83F-WT and miR-940 mimic was significantly decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-940 inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells by targeting FAM83F and further restrained the progression of NSCLC.

Evaluation and comparison of the diagnostic performance of routine blood tests in predicting liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B infection

Background & aims: Biopsy is the gold standard for staging liver fibrosis, but it may be accompanied by complications. As an alternative, non-invasive markers such as transient elastography (for liver fibrosis) and certain combinations of routine blood markers (liver function tests, full blood count) have been developed although their clinical significance remains controversial. Here, we compare the diagnostic values of non-invasive markers for liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Methods: Transient elastography and routine laboratory tests were performed in 196 patients. Diagnostic performances were compared and were assessed based on the area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: Elevated GGT to platelet ratio (GPR), the fibrosis index FIB-4 [based on age, AST, platelets and ALT], platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and total bilirubin were independent predictors of liver stiffness defined by transient elastography (all P < 0.001). The AUCs of GPR in predicting both advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis were significantly larger than that of FIB-4 (P = 0.037 and P = 0.008, respectively) and AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) (P = 0.008 and P = 0.005). FIB-4, APRI and red cell volume distribution width-to-platelet ratio (RPR) had similar diagnostic values in discriminating different levels of liver fibrosis. Conclusions: GPR showed the best diagnostic value and RPR and PLR are easily available and inexpensive markers in evaluating fibrosis and cirrhosis. The diagnostic values of these laboratory markers are useful in diagnosing advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, and in confirming the different levels of liver fibrosis.

A new route of transendocardial stem cell injection: from femoral vein to left ventricle through atrial septa

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility and safety of a new route of transendocardial stem cell injection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Atrial septal puncture was performed in six young male pigs, and then a 6F syringe was passed through the puncture to reach the left atrium. Meanwhile, a guide wire was inserted into the left ventricle through the femoral artery, and echocardiography was used to confirm the relative position of the guide wire with the syringe.

RESULTS

After atrial puncture through femoral vein, the syringe could reach the left atrium and finally the left ventricle. Echocardiography confirmed that both the guide wire and the syringe were located in the left ventricle. The diameter of atrial septa puncture and the diameter of the syringe implantation were 4.1 ± 0.5 mm and 8.4 ± 0.7 mm, respectively. But there is no difference in Left ventricle end-systolic dimension (LVES), left ventricle end-diastolic dimension (LVED) and left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) before surgery, after atrial septa puncture, after syringe implantation or one month after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

It is feasible to perform transendocardial stem cell injection by 6F syringe inserted through femoral vein. The surgery may cause atrial septa tearing but does not jeopardize myocardial function.

Intraosseous Venous Malformations of the Facial Bone: A Retrospective Study in 11 Patients

Objectives:

To investigate the clinical symptoms, computed tomography (CT) features and treatments of intraosseous venous malformations (IVM) that occur in the facial bone.

Methods and Results:

Eleven patients with facial IVM were treated with two surgical techniques, excision ( n = 4) or curettage ( n = 7). No recurrence was encountered at follow-up (45.8 ± 16.0 months). Postoperative deformities were left in two paediatric patients who were treated with excision.

Conclusions:

The diagnosis of IVM can be difficult and is mainly based on clinical symptoms and CT features. IVM should be differentiated from other lesions, including ameloblastoma, odontogenic cysts, osteosarcoma, aneurysmal bone cysts and arteriovenous malformations, among others. Conventional block biopsy should be replaced by fine needle aspiration cytology for further diagnosis. Curettage is a more appropriate method for IVM compared with excessive en-bloc osteotomy, while transosseous embolo-sclerotherapy may be a promising alternative method. Finally, the terminological confusion between ‘intraosseous haemangioma’ and ‘intraosseous venous malformation’ should be avoided according to the binary classification.

Tumor development is associated with decrease of TET gene expression and 5-methylcytosine hydroxylation

The TET (ten-eleven translocation) family of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent dioxygenases catalyzes the sequential oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine, leading to eventual DNA demethylation. The TET2 gene is a bona fide tumor suppressor frequently mutated in leukemia, and TET enzyme activity is inhibited in IDH1/2-mutated tumors by the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, an antagonist of α-KG, linking 5mC oxidation to cancer development. We report here that the levels of 5hmC are dramatically reduced in human breast, liver, lung, pancreatic and prostate cancers when compared with the matched surrounding normal tissues. Associated with the 5hmC decrease is the substantial reduction of the expression of all three TET genes, revealing a possible mechanism for the reduced 5hmC in cancer cells. The decrease of 5hmC was also observed during tumor development in different genetically engineered mouse models. Together, our results identify 5hmC as a biomarker whose decrease is broadly and tightly associated with tumor development.

Sclerotherapy of voluminous venous malformation in head and neck with absolute ethanol under digital subtraction angiography guidance

OBJECTIVES

Venous malformation (VM) is the most common symptomatic low-flow vascular malformation, which predominantly occurs in the head and neck region. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the results of endovascular sclerotherapy of voluminous VM, when the lesion is either >or=15 cm in maximum diameter or the lesion invades more than one anatomical space, in the head and neck region using absolute ethanol under digital subtraction angiography (DSA) guidance.

METHODS

A total of 23 patients with head and neck VMs between October 2005 and December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients received direct puncture ethanol sclerotherapy under DSA guidance. Follow-up assessments were performed at 3-25 months after therapies were completed, and complications were reported in some cases.

RESULTS

All patients were satisfied with the results of therapy. Seventeen patients (73.9%) achieved excellent responses and six patients (26.1%) achieved good responses in magnetic resonance imaging assessments. Minor complications developed during the procedures, all of which were successfully managed with full recovery during follow-ups. Serious complications such as acute pulmonary hypertension, cardiovascular collapse and pulmonary embolism were not encountered.

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that sclerotherapy with absolute ethanol under DSA guidance is an important alternative therapy for voluminous and extensive VM, as the procedure is reasonably safe and offers good therapeutic results.

Hepatitis B virus X protein induces hypermethylation of p16(INK4A) promoter via DNA methyltransferases in the early stage of HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis

The aim of the present study was to authenticate the involvement of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) in the process of HBx induced p16(INK4A) promoter hypermethylation in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their corresponding noncancerous liver tissues. Eighty-eight fresh tissue specimens of surgically resected HBV-associated HCC and their corresponding noncancerous liver tissues were studied. The methylation status of the p16(INK4A) promoter was determined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). Reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed the expression of DNMTs, MBD2 and HBx. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used for the protein analysis of HBx, DNMT1, DNMT3A and P16. Tissue HBV-DNA levels were determined by RT-PCR. HBV genotype was examined by nested PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). In the corresponding noncancerous liver tissues, higher HBx expression was associated with the hypermethylation of the p16(INK4A) promoter. HBx was positively correlated with the DNMT1 and DNMT3A at both the mRNA and protein level. Furthermore, HBx, DNMT1 and DNMT3A protein expression were negatively correlated with p16 protein expression. In HCC tissues, HBx was positively correlated with DNMT1 and DNMT3A at both mRNA and protein level, but HBx expression did not correlate with hypermethylation of the p16(INK4A) promoter or p16 protein expression. The methylation status of the p16(INK4A) promoter did not correlate with clinicopathological characteristics. DNMT1 and DNMT3A may play important roles in the process of HBx inducing hypermethylation of the p16(INK4A) promoter in the early stages of HBV-associated HCC. HBx-DNMTs-p16(INK4A) promoter hypermethylation may constitute a mechanism for tumorigenesis during HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.

Clonal analysis of gastric carcinoma and precancerous lesions and its relation to Ki-67 protein expression

The pathogenesis of intestinal carcinoma is characterized as progressing through multiple steps, which begin with atrophic gastritis followed by intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma. However, the clonal status of gastric precancerous lesions and its association with proliferative kinetics have not been fully understood. In this study, gastric lesions and normal epithelial cells were isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues using a laser capture microdissection (LCM) system, the clonality was analyzed with human androgen receptor gene (HUMARA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the PCR products were examined using Applied Biosystems 3730 DNA Analyzer. The relationship between the clonal status and Ki-67 protein expression was also investigated. Ki-67 was detected by two-step immunohistochemical staining. 5/32 intestinal metaplasia lesions, 10/45 low grade intraepithelial neoplasia, 25/36 high grade intraepithelial neoplasia and 20/20 intestinal gastric carcinoma were of monoclonal origin. Similar to monoclonal inactivation, the expression rate of Ki-67 also increased along the multi-step gastric carcinogenesis. Clonal status was associated with the expression rate of Ki-67 to a certain extent, which may be useful in assessing susceptibility to gastric carcinoma. Key words: gastric carcinoma; precancerous lesion; clonal analysis; Ki-67.

Malignant solitary fibrous tumors of the head and neck: a clinicopathological study of nine consecutive patients

Malignant solitary fibrous tumor (MSFT) is one of the angiosarcomas arising from or resembling the components of blood vessels. Because of its rarity, the diagnosis is difficult. Between 1998 and 2008, 24 patients were diagnosed as having hemangiopericytomas (16) and solitary fibrous tumors (8). Nine of them were confirmed to be MSFT and treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. All patients were treated with surgery as the primary modality. Eight patients received postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy. The average follow-up duration was 4.6 years (range: 6 months-10 years). Of the nine patients reviewed in this study, three died of locoregional or distant metastasis, six survived 6 months-6 years (four survived over 4 years). The size of primary tumor, the number of mitoses per 10 high powered fields and cervical lymph node metastasis seemed to be correlated with poor prognosis in MSFT patients, although the small number of patients did not permit the performance of statistical analysis.

Carotid artery resection and reconstruction: clinical experience of 28 consecutive cases

The aim of this study was to analyse the experience at a single institution in carotid artery resection with or without reconstruction performed as part of an oncological procedure or emergency haemostasis. A total of 28 patients were included in this retrospective study; 17 underwent ligation or resection of the carotid artery, and 11 underwent reconstruction of the carotid artery. The perioperative complications and surgical outcomes were recorded and analysed. Of the 17 patients with ligation or resection of the carotid artery, 4 developed neurologic deficit within 2 weeks postoperatively. Three patients with malignant tumours died 1 month (1) and 4 months (2) postoperatively. Of the 11 patients undergoing carotid reconstruction, no major cerebral complications were noted after operation. Colour Doppler showed patent vascular graft 1 year postoperatively in nine patients. Due to the higher complication rates both in short and long term with ligation or resection of the carotid artery, resection and revascularization of the carotid artery is advocated for patients with carotid artery involvement when possible.

Detection of serum Cyfra 21-1 in patients with primary oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant tumour in the oral and maxillofacial region, and has a poor prognosis. Cyfra 21-1 is a useful tumour marker for squamous cell carcinoma, but the clinical value of Cyfra 21-1 in OSCC has not been confirmed. In order to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum Cyfra 21-1 in primary OSCC patients, the preoperative serum Cyfra 21-1 concentration of 100 OSCC patients and 56 healthy subjects was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cut-off value was calculated with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and prognostic analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression models. The preoperative serum Cyfra 21-1 concentration in OSCC patients (1.18+/-1.20 microg/L) was significantly higher (t=6.585, P<0.001) than that in healthy subjects (0.40+/-0.16 microg/L). With a cut-off value of 0.65 microg/L, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was 0.570 and 0.964, respectively. There was significant correlation with tumour recurrence and survival rate: the higher the serum Cyfra 21-1; the higher the tumour recurrence rate and lower the survival rate. Serum Cyfra 21-1 was an independent prognostic factor for OSCC using univariate and multivariate Cox models.

Clonality analysis of intraductal proliferative lesions using the human androgen receptor assay

Recently, it is accepted that invasive breast carcinoma is of monoclonal origin. Ductal intraepithelial neoplasia (DIN) may progress toward invasive carcinoma with an increased risk. However, it is not fully understood whether DIN is polyclonal or monoclonal. In this current study, we detected clonal origin of DIN using x-inactivation at the human androgen receptor (HUMARA) locus. Lesional and normal breast gland cells were microdissected from paraffin-embedded tissues using a laser capture microdissection system. Genomic DNA was extracted. After digestion by restriction enzyme Hpa II, the HUMARA exon1 was amplified by a fluorescent nested-PCR procedure and the PCR products were separated on DNA sequencer and analyzed the fluorescent intensity of the two HUMARA alleles. DNA from 88 of 101(87%) patients was able to be amplified at the HUMARA locus and 68 of them (77.3%) were heterozygous and informative. 9/12 usual ductal hyperplasia (UDH) and 5/18 DIN 1A showed a polyclonal inactivation. 3/12 UDH, 13/18 DIN 1A, 28/28 DIN 1B, 10/10 carcinoma in situ are of monoclonal origin. Taken together, DIN 1A, 1B and carcinoma in situ, are monoclonal and DIN 1, but not UDH, represents the obligate and direct precursor of DCIS.

Gene expression profile of transgenic mouse kidney reveals pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus associated nephropathy

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated nephritis has been reported worldwide. Immune complex deposition has been accepted as its pathogenesis, although the association between the presence of local HBV DNA and viral antigen and the development of nephritis remains controversial. To understand better the roles played by HBV protein expression in the kidney, the global gene expression profile was studied in the kidney tissue of a lineage of HBV transgenic mouse (#59). The mice expressed HBsAg in serum, and HBsAg and HBcAg in liver and kidney, but without virus replication. Full-length HBV genome (adr subtype, C genotype) isolated from a chronic HBV carrier was used to establish the transgenic mice #59. Similarly manipulated mice that did not express HBV viral antigens served as controls. Southern blotting, hybridization with HBV probe, and immuno-histochemical staining were used to study HBV gene expression. mRNA extracted from the kidney tissue was analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays. HBsAg and HBcAg were located mainly in the cytoplasm of tubular epithelium. Altogether 520 genes were "up-regulated" more than twofold and 76 genes "down-regulated" more than twofold in the kidney. The complement activation, blood coagulation, and acute-phase response genes were markedly "up-regulated". Compared to the controls, the level of serum C3 protein was decreased in #59 mice, while the level of C3 protein from kidney extract was increased. Results indicate that expression of HBsAg and HBcAg in tubular epithelial cells of the kidney per se can up-regulate complement-mediated inflammatory gene pathways, in addition to immune complex formation.

[Reconstruction of the common carotid artery with freeze dried arterial allografts in goats]

OBJECTIVE

To observe the patency rate and histopathologic changes at different times after implantation of freeze dried arterial allografts.

METHODS

4 healthy adult goats were used as the experimental models. A segment of the common carotid artery 2 cm in length was surgically removed and bridged with freeze-dried graft of common carotid artery from another goat. The eight necks of 4 animals were divided into A and B group randomly, each containing 4 arteries. In group A, both cut ends of the carotid artery were anastomosed end to end with the arterial allograft. In group B, the proximal end of the carotid artery was anastomosed end to side with the allograft. The patency of the graft was monitored with Laser Doppler Flowmeter within one week and carotid angiography was performed in selected animal. The allografts with anastomoses were harvested at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after implantation, respectively. The surgical fresh specimens were prepared and subject to histopathologic evaluation under light microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope.

RESULTS

In Group A, 2 grafts were patent at 1 week and 2 weeks, respectively. One graft was not patent at 3 months, one was largely occluded at 6 months, only 1/4 part of the graft was patent. In Group B, 3 grafts were patent at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 months, respectively. One graft was occluded at 6 months. There was no significant difference in patency rate between the two groups. Histopathologic examinations showed that in freezed dried arterial homograft, the endothelial cells were lost but the matrix was complete. One week after implantation, mononuclear macrophages were infiltrated into the wall in large amount and adventitia of loose connective tissues was formed. After 2 weeks of implantation, intimia was noted, intimal hyperplasia was also noted at the anastomotic sites and migrated toward the central portions of the graft. At 3 months, the homograft displayed a complete endothelial cell coverage with only small areas of fresh fibrin and endothelial disruption. The rejection reaction was diminished prominently. The medial matrix was largely substituted by proliferation of smooth muscle cells, the homograft was near normal in structure.

CONCLUSION

Reconstruction of carotid artery defect with freeze dried arterial homografts was feasible. The rejection reaction was not significant. If the endothelial lining does not regenerate within 3 months, long term graft patency is hardly achieved.

[Reconstruction of the common carotid artery with autogenous external jugular vein graft in goats]

OBJECTIVE

To establish a method for reconstruction of carotid artery defect with autogenous graft of external jugular vein, to investigate the patency rate and histopathologic changes at different times after implantation.

METHODS

3 healthy adult goats were used as the experimental models. A segment of 2 cm autogenous external jugular vein was used to bridge a surgical defect of the common carotid artery (2 cm long). The six necks of the three animals were divided into A and B group randomly. In Group A, both cut ends of the artery were anastomosed end to end with the venous graft. In Group B, the proximal end of the artery was anastomosed end to side with the venous graft. The patency rate was recorded at different times. The venous grafts with anastomotic sites were harvested at 2 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after implantation, respectively, for histopathologic examinations.

RESULTS

The grafts in Group A were patent at 2 weeks and 3 months, but occluded at 6 months. The grafts in Group B were patent at 2 weeks and 6 months, but not patent at 3 months. Chi-square test demonstrated insignificant difference in patency rate between Group A and Group B. Histopathologic examinations showed intimal hyperplasia and venous arterialization in venous autografts. The venous wall was loose and edematous, intimal and subintimal hyperplasia was prominent at 2 weeks. Proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cell was found at 3 months after implantation. At 6 months, the venous media was predominantly composed of smooth muscle. Intimal hyperplasia was most prominent adjacent to the anastomosis.

CONCLUSION

Reconstruction of the common carotid artery with autogenous graft of external jugular vein had a higher patency rate. The main histopathologic changes after implantation is intimal hyperplasia and venous arterialization. Intimal hyperplasia is the result of proliferation and migration of host arterial smooth muscle cell, which passes through the anastomosis to the intima of the vein graft.

[Concentration of arsenic trioxide in animal tongue tissue by transartery catheterization]

OBJECTIVE

To compare the differences of As(2)O(3) concentration in rabbit tongue tissue between arterial infusion and intravenous injection.

METHODS

4 clean rabbits were divided into the artery group and the vein group at random. The rabbits in both groups received arsenic trioxide of the same concentration and same volume. The tongue tissue from tip to the base of the rabbit were resected at 30,60,120,240 minutes after medication. The concentration in tissue of As(2)O(3) was determined with Gas Chromatography.

RESULTS

The concentration of As(2)O(3) in artery group is significantly higher than that in vein group (P<0.01). The average concentration was 7.9 micromol/L in artery group and 1.4 micromol/L in vein group.

CONCLUSION

The concentration of As(2)O(3) infused by transartery catheterization was greatly enhanced in local tissue, it reached the concentration that can effectively inhibit the cell proliferation of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

The identification and toxicity of the microcystin in the waterbloom obtained from an eutrophied lake

The water of "J" lake has been seriously eutrophied; concentration of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a were all far above the 3rd level of the National Standard of Ground Water of China. The concentration of microcystin (MCYST) of the water at one site (M) was 1865 micrograms/l. There were 2.36 micrograms MCYST-LR per mg dry waterbloom powder.

[Anatomical and histologic study of the cervical vessels in goats]

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the normal anatomic relations and histologic features of the cervical arteries and veins of goat, with the aim of providing a basis for resection and reconstruction of the common carotid artery.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surgical dissection was performed on 15 healthy adult goats under general anaesthesia. The external diameters of the common carotid artery (CCA) and external jugular vein(EJV) were measured at their midpoints. 1 cm of the CCA and EJV was subject to light microscopic examination. Direct carotid angiography was performed on 2 selected goats to observe the course and branches of the carotid artery and normal blood flow mapping of the CCA was recorded using Laser Doppler Flowmeter. RESULTS:The average external diameter of the EJV was 5.4 mm for the left side and 5.3 mm for the right side. The average external diameter of the CCA was 3.8 mm for the left side and 3.6 mm for the right side. Histologic examinations found that the media of the carotid artery had 10-15 layers of smooth muscles. The EJV had valvulae, its wall was thin, only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle were contained in its medium. CONCLUSION:The CCA and EJV of the goat had a longer course in the neck, and a larger diameter (3-5 mm). Their histologic structures were similar to that of the human being, which makes it advantageous to be more often used as an animal model in experimental surgery.

Fibronectin and malignant disease-associated DNA-binding protein 2 in hepatocarcinogenesis in rats

Changes in the plasma concentration of malignant disease-associated DNA-binding protein 2 (MAD2) and in the distribution of fibronectin and MAD2 in liver tissue were studied in Fisher-344 rats with diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. The concentration of plasma MAD2 significantly increased as pre-cancerous lesions developed into hepatocellular carcinoma. We believe that the increased plasma concentration of MAD2 is caused by an increase in the degradation of fibronectin within hepatocellular carcinoma tumors. Therefore MAD2 may be a useful marker for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma.

[Application of Continuous Wave Nd:YAG Laser Irradiation in the Management of Cavernous Hemangioma of Deep Oral-Maxillofacial Regions]

OBJECTIVE:Based on our previous clinical report of Nd:YAG laser irradiation as the means for deeling with cavernous hemangioma in deep oral-maxillofacial regions, this article detailed futher clinical application of this laser, trying to set up a non-surgical method for treatment of ang ioma. The relationship of laser dosage and therapeutic effect and possible surrounding tissue thermal damages were investigated.METHODS:Clinical study was carried out on 31 cases of deep hemangiomas involving different areas. Nd:YAG laser irradiation was delivered after surgical elevation of the flaps. All cases surveyed a follow up of 1.5 to 3 years.RESULTS:Posttherapeutic clinical and imaging examinations were taken to compare the findings before and after treatment. There are 29 cases with complete regression (93.55%), 2 cases with partial regression (6.45%). No complication occurred.CONCLUSION:Nd:YAG laser irradiation after flap elevation has been confirmed to be a valuable means to treat deep hemangiomas. It has the advantages of target tissue selection and normal tissue preservation, simplified manipulation and less bleeding, fewer complications and hihger successful rate.

[Rabbit facial nerve damager after Nd: YAG laser irradiation: an experimental study]

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the change effects of rabbit facial nerve after Nd:YAG laser irradiation.METHODS: According to therapeutic laser energy density,the facial nerves of 28 rabbits were irradiated by Nd:YAG laser with 5 different laser dosages.RESULTS: The facial nerves were functionally intact with mild degeneration histologically at three weeks postoperatively,when the energy density of Nd: YAG laserlaser lower than 70J/cm(2).In the group with energy density of 140J/cm(2),facial nerve density functionally impaired with moderate degeneration which rehabilitated within six weeks. While the laser power increaseed to more than 240J/cm(2),irreversible nerve damages happened.CONCLUSION: laser thermal effect is the main cause of nerve damage,there is a positive correlation between laser dosage and nerve impairment.

[lnhibition of arsenic trioxide on human tongue cancer cell line Tca8113 cells in Scid mice in vivo]

OBJECTIVE:To explore the antitumor effect of As(2)O(3) in Scid mice.METHODS:Human tongue cancer cell line Tca8113 cells were transp lanted to the subcutaneous tissues of Scid mice to produce tumors.The tumor inhibition rate (TIR) of As(2)O(3) was observed in Scid mice. RESULTS:The TIR of As(2)O(3) was 49.16%,Cytomorphologic study showed that arsenic trioxide induced apoptosis of Tca8113 cells.CONCLUSION: As(2)O(3) may have a good treating effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Genotoxicity of microcystic cyanobacteria extract of a water source in China

The water pollution of toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) is a worldwide problem and worsens with industrialization. Microcystins are potent cyclic heptapeptidic hepatotoxins produced mainly by Microcystis aeruginosa, and their hepatotoxicity has been well-documented. In contrast, information on the genotoxic effects of microcystins is relatively scarce. In our present study, the genotoxicity of microcystic cyanobacteria extract (MCE) of a water source in China was studied using Salmonella typhimurium assay (Ames test), comet assay (Single cell gel electrophoresis) and mouse micronucleus test. Results from Ames test indicated that MCE had strong mutagenicity regardless of the presence of S9. Moreover, MCE was able to induce DNA damage in primary cultured rat hepatocytes examined by comet assay. In addition, MCE also enhanced bone marrow micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in mice. The analysis of HPLC showed that the main component of MCE was microcystin-LR. The understanding of the potent genotoxicity of MCE will help to establish the possible link between water cyanobacteria contamination and high risk of primary liver cancer found in some endemic areas.

Microcystic cyanobacteria causes mitochondrial membrane potential alteration and reactive oxygen species formation in primary cultured rat hepatocytes

Cyanobacteria contamination of water has become a growing public health problem worldwide. Microcystis aeruginosa is one of the most common toxic cyanobacteria. It is capable of producing microcystins, a group of cyclic heptapeptide compounds with potent hepatotoxicity and tumor promotion activity. The present study investigated the effect of microcystic cyanobacteria on primary cultured rat hepatocytes by examining mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) changes and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in cells treated with lyophilized freshwater microcystic cyanobacteria extract (MCE). Rhodamine 123 (Rh-123) was used as a fluorescent probe for changes in mitochondrial fluorescence intensity. The mitochondrial Rh-123 fluorescence intensity in MCE-treated hepatocytes, examined using a laser confocal microscope, responded in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The results thus indicate that the alteration of MMP might be an important event in the hepatotoxicity caused by cyanobacteria. Moreover, the parallel increase of ROS formation detected using another fluorescent probe, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate also suggests the involvement of oxidative stress in the hepatotoxicity caused by cyanobacteria. The fact that MMP changes precede other cytotoxic parameters such as nuclear staining by propidium iodide and cell morphological changes suggests that mitochondrial damage is closely associated with MCE-induced cell injury in cultured rat hepatocytes.

Studies on oxidative damage induced by cyanobacteria extract in primary cultured rat hepatocytes

Contamination of water by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) is a serious health problem around the world, largely due to the toxic effects of microcystins, a group of potent hepatotoxins. However, the mechanisms responsible for the cytotoxicity of microcystins have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, oxidative damage caused by lyophilized freshwater cyanobacteria extract was evaluated on primary cultured rat hepatocytes. A time- and dose-dependent increase of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was observed in hepatocytes treated with cyanobacteria extract. Lipid peroxidation, a main manifestation of oxidative damage, was also studied and a time- and dose-dependent increase in malondiadehyde was observed. In addition, by using a fluorescent probe, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, it was found that cyanobacteria extract was able to enhance intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, desferrioxamine, a specific iron chelator, could significantly decrease LDH leakage and ROS production caused by cyanobacteria extract treatment. These findings thus provide experimental evidence that oxidative damage is involved in cyanobacteria extract-induced hepatotoxicity. The understanding of this mechanism is believed to be beneficial to the prevention and control of the toxicity of microcystin and cyanobacteria contamination.

[Surgical approach plus Nd:YAG laser irradiation for the management of hemangioma in deep maxillofacial region]

This article introduces a new method for the management of cavernous hemangioma in deep maxillofacial region.Common surgical approach was carried out to expose the mass of hemangioma,then Nd:YAG laser was irradiated it without tumor removal.Immediatelly shrinking of hemangioma can be seen in all these seven cases.The therapeutic effect was satisfied in 3-12 months follow up.With the basic research of the rabbit facial nerve's Nd:YAG laser injured detecting experiment.We discussed its indication,advantage and interaction between laser and peripheral tissue.Our result shown that this new way is a good method for hemangioma in deep maxillofacial region as its advantages of skin preventing and peripheral normal tissue preserving

[Experiment study on biological and immunological characteristics of modified DNL of oral squamous cell carcinoma with TNF-alpha gene]

Growing characteristic of gene-transduced and nontransduced DNL in medium of containing rIL-2 was compared,and growing characteristic of gene-transduced DNL in medium of non containing rIL-2 was analyzed.DNA index (DI),cell cycle and immunologic phenotypes of gene-transduced and nontransduced DNL were analyzed with FACS.The results revealed interfered with growth,DL,cell cycle and immunologic phenotypes of DNL,and gene-transduced DNL couldn't growing infinitely.

Chemospecificity and cross-reactivity of target cell recognition by human CD56+ NK and LAK cells

Inhibition of specific cytotoxicity of highly purified (> 95%) human CD56+ NK and LAK cells against K562 tumour cells was studied with various sugar acetates. Maximum inhibitory specificity was obtained with 60%-deacetylated penta-acetates of mannose, galactose, glucose, or 80%-deacetylated penta-O-acetate of N-acetyl neuraminic acid. The inhibition was strictly dosedependent and 100% inhibition was achieved in the concentration range of 500-1000 nmoles/ml with all four sugar acetate samples. Enhancement of specific cytotoxicity in the presence of rhamnogalacturonan (RG; 500 ng/ml), acting as a bridging molecule, was also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner with the same inhibitory specificity and within the same concentration range indicating involvement of the same number of sugar acetate-specific receptors. Moreover, formation of lytic CD56+ effector cell/tumour cell (E/T) conjugates was equally well inhibited whereas formation of total E/T conjugates was only partially inhibited (NK: 44-73%; LAK: 46-50%). E/T conjugate formation in the presence of RG was enhanced. Inhibition of the enhancement of formation of lytic E/T conjugates in the presence of RG was again completely accomplished with the same inhibitory specificity and within the same concentration ranges as recorded for E/T conjugate formation in the absence of RG. However, inhibition of total E/T conjugate formation was again only partially achieved at the given concentrations. The data support the assumption of an NK cell receptor with specificity for acetylated carbohydrate moieties on target cells or on bridging molecules such as RG.

Enhancement of MHC-unrestricted cytotoxic activity of human CD56+ CD3- natural killer (NK) cells and CD3+ T cells by rhamnogalacturonan: target cell specificity and activity against NK-insensitive targets

Rhamnogalacturonan-mediated enhancement of MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity was studied with freshly isolated CD56+CD3- natural killer (NK) cells, interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated CD56+ lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells und IL-2/anti-CD3-activated T cells as effector cells using NK-sensitive and NK-insensitive tumor cells as targets. The rhamnogalacturonan fractions IM, IP, and IQ were prepared from commercially available extracts of Viscum album. The dose/response relation of IM, IP, and IQ demonstrated the presence of various concentrations of cytotoxicity-enhancing compounds in all three fractions that were identified as rhamnogalacturonans by degradation studies with poly-alpha-D-galacturonidase (EC 3.2.1.15) and alpha-1,6-rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40). Specific cytotoxicity of all three effector cell populations as well as the respective rhamnoagalacturonan-mediated cytotoxicity enhancement was readily inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by 60%-deacetylated mannose pentaacetate. Rhamnogalacturonan-mediated enhancement of cytotoxicity of fresh CD56+ NK cells was also observed with four of five NK-insensitive tumor cells as targets, indicating that the effector-cell/tumor-cell bridging activity of rhamnogalacturonans renders NK-insensitive targets susceptible to NK-mediated lysis. Moreover, the rhamnogalacturonan-mediated cytotoxicity enhancement became even more prominent when lymphokine-activated CD56+ LAK and CD3+ T cells were assayed with the NK-insensitive tumor cell targets.

Signal requirement for induction of MHC-unrestricted antitumor cytotoxicity of human T cell CD4+/CD8+ subpopulations

The role of cosignalling in the generation of MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity of T cells was studied with CD4+ and CD8+ sub-populations highly purified (> 98%) by immunomagnetic cell sorting using OKT4 mab, Dynal anti-CD4 mab, OKT8 mab, Dynal anti-CD8 mab, and OKT3 mab. Cytotoxicity was determined in 4 h cytotoxicity assays against K562 tumor cells known to lack expression of MHC class 1 and class 2 antigens, thus avoiding interference with anti-CD4- or anti-CD8-mediated signalling. Signal transfer was induced via CD4, CD8, CD3, IL-2 receptor and RG receptor specifically interacting with a plant rhamnogalacturonan (RG). In CD8+ cells, the first signal delivered by the sorting mab (immobilized OKT8 or Dynal anti-CD8 or OKT3) only induced low MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity but committed the cells to develop largely enhanced cytolytic potential upon stimulation with a second (IL-2 or RG) or third (OKT3, IL-2, RG) signal. The highest cytolytic potential was achieved by cumulative signalling via CD8, CD3, IL-2 receptor and RG receptor. The generation of MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity of CD8+ cells correlated with increased effector cell/target cell conjugate formation. In CD4+ cells, OKT4 as sorting mab induced very low cytolytic potential, and a moderate committment to IL-2 signals but a stronger one to RG signals, yielding further cytotoxicity enhancement. The highest cytolytic potential was obtained by cumulative signalling via CD4, IL-2 receptor and RG receptor. Dynal anti-CD4 mab was inefficient and OKT3, as sorting mab of CD4+ cells from CD8-depleted PNAC, appeared to block subsequent OKT4-induced generation of MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity by delivering a negative signal. Immobilized OKT3 as second signal present in cultures of OKT4-sorted CD4+ cells was inefficient. Surprisingly, soluble OKT3 together with IL-2 delivered a positive signal in cultures of OKT4-sorted CD4+ cells.

[Clinical study on xinkening in treating asymptomatic myocardial ischemia in coronary heart disease]

31 cases of asymptomatic myocardial ischemia in coronary heart disease were studied. According to Cohn's classification system, 4 cases were totally asymptomatic (type 1), 18 cases were asymptomatic with previous myocardial infarction (type 2) and 9 cases were asymptomatic ischemia with angina (type 3). Randomized crossing self-controlled observation methods were applied. Xinkening were used in treated group, while persantin and aspirin were used in control group. The result showed that ST-segment depression were reduced in treated and control group in comparing with those obtained before treatment, difference was significant (P < 0.01). The efficacy of treated group compared with control also were significantly different (P < 0.01), the former was better. Total time of ST-segment depression showed similar result. There was no adverse effect to heart, liver, kidney and blood. No allergic reaction was found in this observation.

[Lingualoplasty with modified forearm flap: A preliminary report with 6 cases]

A modified technic with forearm flap for lingualoplasty after ablative surgery for tongue cancer is reported.The tongure flap is pedicaled with the root of tongue by the residual excixion margin,and an oblique incision is made on the side of the placed forearm flap.Finally,the tongue flap is inlaid into the forearm flap in order to increasing the moving activity and function of the flap.This method has been applied to treat 6 patients of the tongue cancer.For them,the objective comments for function of the tongue after operation was given.

Activation of human monocyte/macrophage cytotoxicity by IL-2/IFN gamma is linked to increased expression of an antitumor receptor with specificity for acetylated mannose

Spontaneous cytotoxicity of human monocytes (purity: 92-95%) against K562 tumor cells was only observed in 31% healthy donors but, in the presence of rhamnogalacturonan (500 ng/ml), enhanced cytotoxicity was recorded for 79% (n = 14) of the donors. Monocytes activated by culturing with interleukin-2 and/or IFN gamma showed increased antitumor cytotoxicity against K562 tumor cells in 86% (n = 21) of the donors exhibiting additional increases in specific cytotoxicity when the cytotoxicity assays were carried out in the presence of rhamnogalacturonan. Increases of monocyte cytotoxicity achieved by activation with cytokines coincided with increased formation of monocyte/tumor cell conjugates. Similarly, increased monocyte cytotoxicity mediated by rhamnogalacturonan also correlated with increased monocyte/tumor cell conjugate formation most likely due to effector cell/target cell bridging as was originally described for rhamnogalacturonan interacting with CD56+ natural killer or lymphokine-activated killer cells and tumor cells. The chemospecificity of the monocyte-based receptors responsible for cytotoxicity and for monocyte/tumor cell conjugate formation, as well as for their rhamnogalacturonan-mediated enhancements, appears to be identical since all these effects could be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by partially deacetylated (60%) mannose pentaacetate.

Induction of NK-like activity in T cells by IL-2/anti-CD3 is linked to expression of a new antitumour receptor with specificity for acetylated mannose

The generation of MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity of highly enriched human CD3+ T cells (95-99%) by treatment with IL-2 and/or anti-CD3 antibodies was studied. T cells obtained by positive immunomagnetic sorting (anti-CD3) developed comparable specific cytotoxicities against K562 and Daudi cells when cultured with IL-2 and anti-CD3 for 96 h (80% of donors; n = 25). This increase of MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity correlated fairly well with an increased formation of T cell/tumour cell conjugates. Moreover, simultaneous expression of a rhamnogalacturonan-binding receptor on activated T cells could be demonstrated. Rhamnogalacturonan was reported to enhance cytotoxicity of CD56+ NK cells by effector cell/target cell bridging. Untreated CD3+ cells hardly reacted with rhamnogalacturonan and IL-2-activated T cells showed only a moderate enhancement of cytotoxicity in the presence of rhamnogalacturonan. However, when CD3+ T cells had interacted with anti-CD3 antibodies during cell-sorting or during subsequent culturing with IL-2, enhancement in cytotoxicity and increased formation of lytic effector cell/tumour cell conjugates in the presence of rhamnogalacturonan could be readily demonstrated, indicating a bridging effect analogous to CD56+ NK cells. The conjugate formation of activated T cells with tumour cells as well as the additional rhamnogalacturonan-mediated bridging must be based on the expression of receptors with acetyl mannose specificity, since enhancements of MHC-unrestricted T cell cytotoxicity and conjugate formation were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner when acetylated mannose was present in the assays.

Different susceptibility of lung cell lines to inhibitors of tumor promotion and inducers of differentiation

Histologically distinct lung tumor and normal cell lines were treated with a variety of potential inhibitors of cell growth such as inducers of cell differentiation, inhibitors of protein kinase C and inhibitors of tumor promotion. The response was assessed by 3H thymidine incorporation and cloning efficiency. Both phorbol retinoate acetate and mezerein stimulated growth in lung normal cell lines (human fibroblastic PEH cells and rat epithelial TP9 cells) while inhibiting growth in lung tumor cell lines (human small-cell cancer-derived cell line IRSC-10M and adenocarcinoma-derived cell line A549). Likewise, the hydrophobic peptide melittin did not inhibit growth and cloning efficiency of normal cells at 1 microM, a concentration which prevented proliferation in tumor cells. Protein kinase C inhibitors, chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine and 1-(5 isoquinolinylsulfonyl) 2-methylpiperazine, were much more effective on proliferation of IRSC-1OM than of A549 cells. In contrast, the latter cells were more susceptible to anti-promoters such as glycyrrhetic acid, an anti-inflammatory agent, and 3,4',2', 4'-tetrahydroxychalcone or 2,3,5-trimethyl-6 (12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone, two inhibitors of lipoxygenase, a key enzyme in arachidonate metabolism. Our results provide evidence that small-cell carcinoma-derived cells, in contrast with adenocarcinoma-derived cells, are growth-inhibited by protein kinase C inhibitors and poorly dependent on the arachidonate metabolism. This difference in responsiveness suggests that different growth signalling pathways are preferentially triggered in these histologically distinct lung tumor cell lines. As a consequence, the proper susceptibility of tumor cells to phenotype modifiers has to be taken into account in cancer therapy.