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Zheng WB, Gui BZ, Long HB, Chen YW, Zhu XQ, Wang SL, Liu GH. Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in Edward's Long-Tailed Rats ( Leopoldamys edwardsi). Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:539-542. [PMID: 31259631 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic parasite infecting humans and various animals with a worldwide distribution. However, limited information is available on T. gondii infection in wild rats. The present study aimed to examine the prevalence and characterize the genotypes of T. gondii in wild rats in two regions of China. Brain tissues were collected from 111 Edward's long-tailed rats (Leopoldamys edwardsi) and 117 Bower's white-toothed rats (Berylmys bowersi) between November 2017 and January 2018. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified by PCR targeting the T. gondii B1 gene. B1 gene-positive samples were genotyped at 10 genetic markers (SAG1, SAG2 [5', 3'] and [alternative], SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico) using multilocus nested polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism. Six (5.41%, 6/111) Edward's long-tailed rats from Chongqing Municipality were positive for T. gondii B1 gene, whereas no T. gondii infection was detected in Bower's white-toothed rats (n = 117) from Guangdong province. T. gondii prevalence in female and male rats was 1.77% (2/113) and 3.48 (4/115), respectively. Four of the six positive DNA samples were completely genotyped at 10 genetic loci and were identified as ToxoDB#20. The present study revealed the occurrence of T. gondii infection in Edward's long-tailed rats. These findings raised public health concerning about T. gondii infection in wild rats. These results provide reference data for understanding the distribution of T. gondii genotypes in wild rats in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Zheng
- 1Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,2State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bin-Ze Gui
- 1Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hai-Bin Long
- 3Guangzhou General Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Wei Chen
- 1Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- 1Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,2State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shui-Lian Wang
- 4Hunan Engineering Technology, Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- 1Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Long HB, Bai C, Peng J, Zeng FY. First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii Infecting Jujube in China. Plant Dis 2014; 98:1451. [PMID: 30704003 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-14-0370-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an economically-important fruit crop grown in Europe, Australia, and southern/eastern Asia. In China, it is often called red date and the fruit is used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine and wine. In February 2014, jujube plants growing in a sandy soil in Sanya, Hainan Province, China, were observed exhibiting symptoms of decline, including stunting, wilting, and no flowering or fruit set. Roots systems of sick plants (n = 20) had many galls, the typical symptoms of root-knot nematode infection, and the incidence of infection was 100%. These galls were formed in the primary, secondary, and tertiary roots. Meloidogyne spp. females and egg masses were dissected from the symptomatic roots. Each root contained about 72 females on average (n = 20). The perineal patterns of females (n = 10) were oval shaped with moderate to high dorsal arches and mostly lacking obvious lateral lines. Second-stage juveniles (n = 20) had large and triangular lateral lips and broad, bluntly rounded tail tips. These morphological characteristics are the same as those for Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang & Eisenback 1983 (5). Identification was further confirmed after DNA extraction from 12 nematodes. Part of the rDNA spanning the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1, 5.8S gene, and ITS2 was amplified with primers V5367/26S (TTGATTACGTCCCTGCCCTTT/TTTCACTCGCCGTTACTAAGG) (4). A 764-bp fragment was amplified, which was 100% identical to sequences of M. enterolobii (GenBank Accession Nos. KJ146863, KF418369, JQ082448, and JX024149) in GenBank. Species identification was confirmed by using PCR to amplify mitochondrial (mt) DNA and rDNA intergenic spacers (IGS) 2 with primers C2F3/1108 (GGTCAATGTTCAGAAATTTGTGG/TACCTTTGACCAATCACGCT) (3) and M. enterolobii specific primers Me-F/Me-R (AACTTTTGTGAAAGTGCCGCTG/TCAGTTCAGGCAGGATCAACC), respectively (2). The PCR products were approximately 700 bp for mtDNA and 200 bp for rDNA-IGS2, which were also identical to those previously reported for M. enterolobii (2,3). M. enterolobii is considered as one of the most damaging root-knot nematode species due to its wide host range, high reproduction rate, and ability to overcome the resistance genes (Mi-1, Mh, Mir1, N, Tabasco, and Rk) in several crops (1). It is reported that over 20 plant species from eight families (Annonaceae, Apiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Convolvulaceae, Fabaceae, Marantaceae, Myrtaceae, and Solanaceae) in China are hosts for M. enterolobii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of jujube as a host of M. enterolobii and the first record of M. enterolobii as a parasite of a plant in the family Rhamnaceae in China. References: (1) P. Castagnone-Sereno. Nematology 14:133, 2002. (2) H. Long et al. Acta Phytopathol. Sinica 36:109, 2006. (3) T. O. Powers and T. S. Harris. J. Nematol. 25:1, 1993. (4) T. C. Vrain et al. Fundam. Appl. Nematol. 15:565, 1992. (5) B. Yang and J. D. Eisenback. J. Nematol. 15:381, 1983.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Long
- Key Laboratory of Pests Comprehensive Governance for Tropical crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Hainan Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China. Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (No. 201501014) and Hainan Nature Sciences Foundation (314103)
| | - C Bai
- Key Laboratory of Pests Comprehensive Governance for Tropical crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Hainan Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China. Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (No. 201501014) and Hainan Nature Sciences Foundation (314103)
| | - J Peng
- Key Laboratory of Pests Comprehensive Governance for Tropical crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Hainan Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China. Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (No. 201501014) and Hainan Nature Sciences Foundation (314103)
| | - F Y Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pests Comprehensive Governance for Tropical crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Hainan Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China. Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (No. 201501014) and Hainan Nature Sciences Foundation (314103)
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Slieker LJ, Brooke GS, DiMarchi RD, Flora DB, Green LK, Hoffmann JA, Long HB, Fan L, Shields JE, Sundell KL, Surface PL, Chance RE. Modifications in the B10 and B26-30 regions of the B chain of human insulin alter affinity for the human IGF-I receptor more than for the insulin receptor. Diabetologia 1997; 40 Suppl 2:S54-61. [PMID: 9248702 DOI: 10.1007/s001250051402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inversion of the natural sequence of the B chain of human insulin (HI) from ProB28LysB29 to LysB28ProB29 generates an insulin analogue with reduced tendency to self-associate. Since this substitution increases the homology of insulin to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), we have examined the affinity of a series of insulin analogues with the general modified structure XaaB28ProB29 HI for binding to both human placental insulin and IGF-I receptors. The XaaB28ProB29 HI series is approximately equipotent to HI in binding to the insulin receptor with the exception of when Xaa = Phe, Trp, Leu, Ile, and Gly (40-60% relative to HI). Substitution with basic residues in the B28 position increased the relative affinity to the IGF-I receptor approximately 1.5-2-fold (ArgB28ProB29 > OrnB28ProB29 = LysB28ProB29). Substitution with acidic residues reduced relative affinity for the IGF-I receptor approximately 2-fold (CyaB28ProB29 = GluB28ProB29 > AspB28ProB29). Combination of AspB10 substitution in conjunction with a modification in the B28-29 position (e.g. AspB10LysB28ProB29 HI) showed an additional 2-fold selective increase in affinity for the IGF-I receptor, suggesting that these two effects are additive. Addition of Arg residues at B31-32, on the backbone of either HI or AspB10 HI, increased affinity for the IGF-I receptor 10 and 28 fold, respectively, compared to HI, confirming the significance of enhanced positive charge at the C-terminal end of the insulin B-chain in increasing selectivity for the IGF-I receptor. This relative increase in IGF-I receptor affinity correlated largely, but not completely, with enhanced growth promoting activity in human mammary epithelial cells. In the case of LysB28ProB29 HI, growth activity correlated with dissociation kinetics from the insulin receptor which were shown to be identical with those of human insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Slieker
- Endocrine Research Division, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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DiMarchi RD, Chance RE, Long HB, Shields JE, Slieker LJ. Preparation of an insulin with improved pharmacokinetics relative to human insulin through consideration of structural homology with insulin-like growth factor I. Horm Res 1994; 41 Suppl 2:93-6. [PMID: 8088710 DOI: 10.1159/000183967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial has emphasized the need for improved control of blood glucose as a means to diminish long-term complications of diabetes. LysPro-insulin is an analog of human insulin whose design was modeled on structural homology with insulin-like growth factor I. An analysis of the structural conformation of insulin suggested that an inversion of amino acids B28 and B29 in the C-terminus of the B chain could yield an insulin analog with a faster onset of biological action. This insulin analog has proved to be virtually identical to human insulin in action, with one important exception. LysPro-insulin has demonstrated an improved time course of action in control of a mealtime glucose elevation. This offers the opportunity for improved convenience and safety for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D DiMarchi
- Division of Diabetes Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46285
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Slieker LJ, Brooke GS, Chance RE, Fan L, Hoffmann JA, Howey DC, Long HB, Mayer J, Shields JE, Sundell KL. Insulin and IGF-I analogs: novel approaches to improved insulin pharmacokinetics. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 343:25-32. [PMID: 8184740 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2988-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L J Slieker
- Diabetes Research Division, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285
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Brems DN, Alter LA, Beckage MJ, Chance RE, DiMarchi RD, Green LK, Long HB, Pekar AH, Shields JE, Frank BH. Altering the association properties of insulin by amino acid replacement. Protein Eng 1992; 5:527-33. [PMID: 1438163 DOI: 10.1093/protein/5.6.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The importance of ProB28 and LysB29 on the self-association of insulin was established by systematically truncating the C terminus of the B chain. The relationship between structure and association was further explored by making numerous amino acid replacements at B28 and B29. Association was studied by circular dichroism, size-exclusion chromatography and ultracentrifugation. Our results show that the location of a prolyl residue at B28 is critical for high-affinity self-association. Removal of ProB28 in a series of C-terminal truncated insulins, or amino acid replacement of ProB28, greatly reduced association. The largest disruption to association was achieved by replacing LysB29 with Pro and varying the amino acid at B28. Several of the analogs were predominantly monomers in solutions up to 3 mg/ml. These amino acid substitutions decreased association by primarily disrupting the formation of dimers. Such amino acid substitutions also substantially reduced the Zn-induced insulin hexamer formation. The formation of monomeric insulins through amino acid replacements was accompanied by conformational changes that may be the cause for decreased association. It is demonstrated that self-association of insulin can be drastically altered by substitution of one or two key amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Brems
- Parenteral Products Research and Development, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285
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Brems DN, Brown PL, Bryant C, Chance RE, Green LK, Long HB, Miller AA, Millican R, Shields JE, Frank BH. Improved insulin stability through amino acid substitution. Protein Eng 1992; 5:519-25. [PMID: 1438162 DOI: 10.1093/protein/5.6.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin analogs designed to decrease self-association and increase absorption rates from subcutaneous tissue were found to have altered stability. Replacement of HB10 with aspartic acid increased stability while substitutions at B28 and/or B29 were either comparable to insulin or had decreased stability. The principal chemical degradation product of accelerated storage conditions was a disulfide-linked multimer that was formed through a disulfide interchange reaction which resulted from beta-elimination of the disulfides. The maintenance of the native state of insulin was shown to be important in protecting the disulfides from reduction by dithiothreitol and implicitly from the disulfide interchange reaction that occurs during storage. To understand how these amino acid changes alter chemical stability, the intramolecular conformational equilibria of each analog was assessed by equilibrium denaturation. The Gibbs free energy of unfolding was compared with the chemical stability during storage for over 20 analogs. A significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.8 and P less than 0.0005) exists between the conformational stability and chemical stability of these analogs, indicating that the chemical stability of insulin's disulfides is under the thermodynamic control of the conformational equilibria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Brems
- Parenteral Products Research and Development, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285
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Bryant C, Strohl M, Green LK, Long HB, Alter LA, Pekar AH, Chance RE, Brems DN. Detection of an equilibrium intermediate in the folding of a monomeric insulin analog. Biochemistry 1992; 31:5692-8. [PMID: 1610818 DOI: 10.1021/bi00140a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To determine the conformational properties of the C-terminal region of the insulin B-chain relative to the helical core of the molecule, we have investigated the fluorescence properties of an insulin analog in which amino acids B28 and B29 have been substituted with a tryptophan and proline residue respectively, ([WB28,PB29]insulin). The biological properties and far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of the molecule indicate that the conformation is similar to that of native human insulin. Guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl)-induced equilibrium denaturation of the analog as monitored by CD intensity at 224 nm indicates a single cooperative transition with a midpoint of 4.9 M GdnHCl. In contrast, when the equilibrium denaturation is observed by steady-state fluorescence emission intensity at 350 nm, two distinct transitions are observed. The first transition accounts for 60% of the observed signal and has a midpoint of 1.5 M GdnHCl. The second transition roughly parallels that observed by CD measurements with an approximate midpoint of 4.5 M GdnHCl. The near-UV CD spectrum, size-exclusion, and ultracentrifugation properties of [WB28,PB29]insulin indicate that this analog does not self-associate in a concentration-dependent manner as does human insulin. Thus, the observed fluorescence changes must be due to specific conformational transitions which occur upon unfolding of the insulin monomer with the product of the first transition representing a stable folding intermediate of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bryant
- Eli Lilly & Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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Heath WF, Belagaje RM, Brooke GS, Chance RE, Hoffmann JA, Long HB, Reams SG, Roundtree C, Shaw WN, Slieker LJ. (A-C-B) human proinsulin, a novel insulin agonist and intermediate in the synthesis of biosynthetic human insulin. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:419-25. [PMID: 1730606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone insulin is synthesized in the beta cell of the pancreas as the precursor, proinsulin, where the carboxyl terminus of the B-chain is connected to the amino terminus of the A-chain by a connecting or C-peptide. Proinsulin is a weak insulin agonist that possesses a longer in vivo half-life than does insulin. A form of proinsulin clipped at the Arg65-Gly66 bond has been shown to be more potent than the parent molecule with protracted in vivo activity, presumably as a result of freeing the amino terminal residue of the A-chain. To generate a more active proinsulin-like molecule, we have constructed an "inverted" proinsulin molecule where the carboxyl terminus of the A-chain is connected to the amino terminus of the B-chain by the C-peptide, leaving the critical Gly1 residue free. Transformation of Escherichia coli with a plasmid coding for A-C-B human proinsulin led to the stable production of the protein. By a process of cell disruption, sulfitolysis, anion-exchange chromatography, refolding, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, two forms of the inverted proinsulin differing at their amino termini as Gly1 and Met0-Gly1 were identified and purified to homogeneity. Both proteins were shown by a number of analytical techniques to be of the inverted sequence, with insulin-like disulfide bonding. Biological analyses by in vitro techniques revealed A-C-B human proinsulin to be intermediate in potency when compared to human insulin and proinsulin. The time to maximal lowering of blood glucose in the fasted normal rat appeared comparable to that of proinsulin. Additionally, we were able to generate fully active, native insulin from A-C-B human proinsulin by proteolytic transformation. The results of this study lend themselves to the generation of novel insulin-like peptides while providing a simplified route to the biosynthetic production of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Heath
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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Heath WF, Belagaje RM, Brooke GS, Chance RE, Hoffmann JA, Long HB, Reams SG, Roundtree C, Shaw WN, Slieker LJ. (A-C-B) human proinsulin, a novel insulin agonist and intermediate in the synthesis of biosynthetic human insulin. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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