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Lunn-Halbert MC, Laszlo GS, Erraiss S, Orr MT, Jessup HK, Thomas HJ, Chan H, Jahromi MA, Lloyd J, Cheung AF, Chang GP, Dichwalkar T, Fallon D, Grinberg A, Rodríguez-Arbolí E, Lim SYT, Kehret AR, Huo J, Cole FM, Scharffenberger SC, Walter RB. Preclinical Characterization of the Anti-Leukemia Activity of the CD33/CD16a/NKG2D Immune-Modulating TriNKET ® CC-96191. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:877. [PMID: 38473239 PMCID: PMC10931532 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing efforts are focusing on natural killer (NK) cell immunotherapies for AML. Here, we characterized CC-96191, a novel CD33/CD16a/NKG2D immune-modulating TriNKET®. CC-96191 simultaneously binds CD33, NKG2D, and CD16a, with NKG2D and CD16a co-engagement increasing the avidity for, and activation of, NK cells. CC-96191 was broadly active against human leukemia cells in a strictly CD33-dependent manner, with maximal efficacy requiring the co-engagement of CD16a and NKG2D. A frequent CD33 single nucleotide polymorphism, R69G, reduced CC-96191 potency but not maximal activity, likely because of reduced CD33 binding. Similarly, the potency, but not the maximal activity, of CC-96191 was reduced by high concentrations of soluble CD33; in contrast, the soluble form of the NKG2D ligand MICA did not impact activity. In the presence of CD33+ AML cells, CC-96191 activated NK cells but not T cells; while maximum anti-AML efficacy was similar, soluble cytokine levels were 10- to >100-fold lower than with a CD33/CD3 bispecific antibody. While CC-96191-mediated cytolysis was not affected by ABC transporter proteins, it was reduced by anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins. Finally, in patient marrow specimens, CC-96191 eliminated AML cells but not normal monocytes, suggesting selectivity of TriNKET-induced cytotoxicity toward neoplastic cells. Together, these findings support the clinical exploration of CC-96191 as in NCT04789655.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C. Lunn-Halbert
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - George S. Laszlo
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sarah Erraiss
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mark T. Orr
- Immuno-Oncology Cellular Therapy Thematic Research Center, Bristol Myers Squibb, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heidi K. Jessup
- Immuno-Oncology Cellular Therapy Thematic Research Center, Bristol Myers Squibb, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heather J. Thomas
- Immuno-Oncology Cellular Therapy Thematic Research Center, Bristol Myers Squibb, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Henry Chan
- Bristol Myers Squibb, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Arbolí
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC/CIBERONC), University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Sheryl Y. T. Lim
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allie R. Kehret
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jenny Huo
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Frances M. Cole
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Samuel C. Scharffenberger
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease (M3D) Ph.D. Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Roland B. Walter
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Gardner MJ, Thomas HJ, Erskine HE. The association between five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse Negl 2019; 96:104082. [PMID: 31374447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment is a global public health issue that encompasses physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV). This systematic review and meta-analysis summarises the association between these five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders. METHODS Published cohort and case-control studies were included if they reported associations between any form of child maltreatment (and/or a combination of), and depressive and anxiety disorders. A total of 604 studies were assessed for eligibility, 106 met inclusion criteria, and 96 were included in meta-analyses. The data were pooled in random effects meta-analyses, giving odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each form of child maltreatment. RESULTS All forms of child maltreatment were associated with depressive disorders (any child maltreatment [OR = 2.48, 2.14-2.87]; sexual abuse [OR = 2.11, 1.83-2.44]; physical abuse [OR = 1.78, 1.57-2.01]; emotional abuse [OR = 2.35, 1.74-3.18]; neglect [OR = 1.65, 1.35-2.02]; and exposure to IPV [OR = 1.68, 1.34-2.10]). Several forms of child maltreatment were significantly associated with anxiety disorders ('any child maltreatment' [OR = 1.68, 1.33-2.4]; sexual abuse [OR = 1.90, 1.6-2.25]; physical abuse [OR = 1.56, 1.39-1.76]; and neglect [OR = 1.34, 1.09-1.65]). Significant associations were also found between several forms of child maltreatment and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CONCLUSIONS There is a robust association between five forms of child maltreatment and the development of mental disorders. The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) includes only sexual abuse as a risk factor for depressive and anxiety disorders. These findings support the inclusion of additional forms of child maltreatment as risk factors in GBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gardner
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia.
| | - H J Thomas
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - H E Erskine
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Randall LV, Thomas HJ, Remnant JG, Bollard NJ, Huxley JN. Lameness prevalence in a random sample of UK dairy herds. Vet Rec 2019; 184:350. [PMID: 30824601 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vee Randall
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Heather J Thomas
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - John G Remnant
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Nicola J Bollard
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Jon N Huxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
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Miguel-Pacheco GG, Thomas HJ, Huxley JN, Newsome RF, Kaler J. Effect of claw horn lesion type and severity at the time of treatment on outcome of lameness in dairy cows. Vet J 2017; 225:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Thomas HJ, Remnant JG, Bollard NJ, Burrows A, Whay HR, Bell NJ, Mason C, Huxley JN. Recovery of chronically lame dairy cows following treatment for claw horn lesions: a randomised controlled trial. Vet Rec 2016; 178:116. [PMID: 26811441 PMCID: PMC4752658 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A positively controlled, randomised controlled trial (RCT) was undertaken to test recovery of cows with claw horn lesions resulting in lameness of greater than two weeks duration. Cows on seven commercial farms were mobility scored fortnightly and selected by lameness severity and chronicity. Study cows all received a therapeutic trim then random allocation of: no further treatment (trim only (TRM)), plastic shoe (TS) or plastic shoe and NSAID (TSN). Recovery was assessed by mobility score at 42 (±4) days post treatment by an observer blind to treatment group. Multivariable analysis showed no significant effect of treatment with an almost identical, low response rate to treatment across all groups (Percentage non-lame at outcome: TRM – 15 per cent, TS – 15 per cent, TSN – 16 per cent). When compared with results of a similar RCT on acutely lame cows, where response rates to treatment were substantially higher, it can be concluded that any delay in treatment is likely to reduce the rate of recovery, suggesting early identification and treatment is key. Thirty-eight per cent of animals treated in this study were lame on the contralateral limb at outcome suggesting that both hindlimbs should be examined and a preventive or if necessary a therapeutic foot trim performed when lameness is identified particularly if the duration of lameness is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Thomas
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - J G Remnant
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - N J Bollard
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - A Burrows
- Formerly of: Farm and Equine Department, Scarsdale Veterinary Group, Markeaton Lane, Derby, DE22 4NH, UK
| | - H R Whay
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - N J Bell
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - C Mason
- Scotlands Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - J N Huxley
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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Hasegawa H, Thomas HJ, Schooley K, Born TL. Native IL-32 is released from intestinal epithelial cells via a non-classical secretory pathway as a membrane-associated protein. Cytokine 2011; 53:74-83. [PMID: 20926308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although IL-32 has been shown to be induced under various pathological conditions, a detailed understanding of native IL-32 intracellular distribution and mechanism of release from cells has not been reported. We examined the expression of IL-32 in the intestinal epithelial cell line HT-29 following TNFα and IFNγ co-stimulation. The subcellular localization of induced IL-32 was associated with the membrane of lipid droplet-like structures and vacuolar structures that co-localized with markers of endosomes and lysosomes. Prolonged co-stimulation resulted in cell death and appearance of IL-32 in the culture medium. IL-32 released from co-stimulated HT-29 cells was found in a detergent-sensitive particulate fraction, and in a step density gradient the IL-32 particulate was buoyant, suggesting association with a membrane-bound vesicle. Upon Triton X-114 partitioning, most of the IL-32 partitioned to the detergent phase, suggesting hydrophobic characteristics. When IL-32-containing vesicles were subjected to protease K treatment, a protease resistant ∼12kDa fragment was generated from ∼24kDa IL-32. We propose that under these conditions, native IL-32 is released via a non-classical secretory route perhaps involving multi-vesicular bodies and exosomes. Demonstration of membrane association for both intracellular and released IL-32 suggests this unique cytokine may have a complex biosynthetic pathway and mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Hasegawa
- Department of Protein Science, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
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Thomas HJ, Lipsky B, Mozaffarian A, Born T. A predominant role for p75TNFR in TNF-induced CCL1 production (38.12). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.38.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The proinflammatory activities of TNF are primarily mediated through p55TNFR, whereas little is known about the specific functions of p75TNFR. A preponderance of the literature, as well as our expression testing, suggests T cell populations uniquely tend to express more p75TNFR than p55TNFR protein, and the role of p75TNFR in murine thyomcyte development is well established. For these reasons, we studied the murine cytotoxic T cell line CT6 in search of novel consequences of p75TNFR engagement. These cells express high levels of p75TNFR and little p55TNFR. TLDA analysis showed upregulation of the chemokine CCL1/TCA-3 in response to TNF stimulation. ELISA experiments confirmed a striking TNF-induced secretion of CCL1 in these cells. CCL1 induction could be induced by agonistic p75TNFR-specific antibodies, and the TNF-induced response could be inhibited by p75TNFR blocking antibodies. Consistent with data in CT6 cells, CCL1 could be detected in the serum of animals, and serum levels increased 2-3 fold four hours following injection with TNF. This induction was maintained in p55TNFR knockout animals. Our data suggests that induction of the chemokine CCL1/TCA-3 in response to TNF stimulation is driven primarily by p75TNFR signaling. A better understanding of p75TNFR-dependent CCL1 induction will likely provide more insight into the protective or pathological role of p75TNFR in immune disease.
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East JE, Suzuki N, Bassett P, Stavrinidis M, Thomas HJ, Guenther T, Tekkis PP, Saunders BP. Narrow band imaging with magnification for the characterization of small and diminutive colonic polyps: pit pattern and vascular pattern intensity. Endoscopy 2008; 40:811-7. [PMID: 18828077 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1077586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Narrow band imaging (NBI) can accurately characterize colonic polyps using microvascular appearances. We aimed to assess whether the Kudo pit pattern classification is accurate when used with NBI (without dye-spray), and if microvascular appearances or NBI pit patterns maintain accuracy for polyp characterization at sizes < 10 mm. PATIENTS AND METHODS 116 polyps < 10 mm in size were detected in 62 patients undergoing surveillance colonoscopy. The polyps were prospectively assessed using NBI and magnification for Kudo pit pattern (III-V neoplastic, I-II non-neoplastic) and vascular pattern intensity (VPI), a measure of microvascular density (strong VPI, neoplastic; normal or weak VPI, non-neoplastic). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated and compared with results from histopathology. RESULTS The mean polyp size was 3.4 mm (range 1 - 9 mm). Overall, NBI pit pattern sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 0.88, 0.91, and 89.6 %, respectively. Equivalent values for VPI were 0.94, 0.89, and 91.4 %. Results were similar when polyps were subdivided into diminutive polyps (size <or= 5 mm) and flat polyps. Combining both pit pattern and VPI improved the sensitivity (0.98, P = 0.06 versus NBI pit pattern alone). There was very good agreement between NBI pit pattern and VPI for prediction of dysplasia (kappa = 0.83). No evidence of a learning curve for VPI was found. The NBI pit pattern was better than the VPI at subclassifying hyperplastic from other non-neoplastic polyps (sensitivity 0.79 versus 0.56, respectively, P = 0.02), but accuracy was poor. CONCLUSION The NBI pit pattern and VPI are both highly accurate in characterizing neoplastic colonic polyps of < 10 mm, with VPI appearing to be simple to learn. NBI has the potential to replace conventional histology for small polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E East
- Wolfson Unit for Endoscopy, St Mark's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Lipton L, Thomas HJ, Eeles RA, Houlston RS, Longmuir M, Davison R, Hodgson SV, Murday VA, Norbury CG, Taylor C, Tomlinson IP. Apparent Mendelian inheritance of breast and colorectal cancer: chance, genetic heterogeneity or a new gene? Fam Cancer 2004; 1:189-95. [PMID: 14574178 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021101014264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It is not uncommon for cancer geneticists to be referred families with apparently Mendelian co-inheritance of breast and bowel cancer. Such families present a particular problem as regards the intensity of their screening for these diseases and the utility of genetic testing. Many 'breast-colon' cancer families probably result from chance clustering of two common cancers. Other 'breast-colon' cancer families may result from known cancer syndromes, such as hereditary breast-ovarian cancer or hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer, either by conferring a high risk of one cancer type and a slightly increased risk of the other, or through a predisposition to one of the two cancers and chance occurrence of the other. Anecdotally, however, many geneticists wonder about the existence of a distinct 'breast-colon cancer syndrome', since some families present good a priori evidence of genetic disease and yet cannot readily be accounted for by known genes or chance. The identification of unknown 'breast-colon cancer' genes is likely to be difficult, relying primarily on candidate gene analysis, including loci separately implicated in breast or colorectal cancer, or in other multiple cancer syndromes. Studies such as those on APC I1307K and CHEK2 1100delC may suggest the way forward for the identification of 'breast-colon cancer' genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lipton
- Cancer Research UK, Colorectal Unit, St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK
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Reber AJ, Turnquist HR, Thomas HJ, Lutz CT, Solheim JC. Expression of invariant chain can cause an allele-dependent increase in the surface expression of MHC class I molecules. Immunogenetics 2002; 54:74-81. [PMID: 12037599 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-002-0446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2001] [Revised: 01/30/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Invariant chain (Ii) has been shown to play a significant part in the assembly of MHC class II molecules. Ii also binds to MHC class I, although it is not known when this first occurs or whether it can affect class I assembly. Our examination of lysates of L(d)-transfected T2 cells showed that Ii bound intracellularly to folded, but not to open, forms of MHC class I. Furthermore, addition of peptides to the lysates dissociated Ii from the Ii-folded MHC class I complex. Thus, unlike other known chaperones, Ii associates only with folded, peptide-free class I molecules. To determine whether Ii can affect MHC class I transport and surface expression, we used both wild-type Ii and a mutant Ii that lacked the endosomal targeting sequence. Neither Ii nor Ii(Delta 20) increased the rate of MHC class I migration; however, Ii and (to a greater extent) Ii(Delta 20) increased cell surface expression of MHC class I. In HeLa cells, this effect was allele-specific, affecting HLA-A28 more than -B75. Ii also increased the surface expression of K(b) more than D(b) on Panc02 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Neither form of Ii was detectable at the cell surface with MHC class I, indicating that Ii had exercised its effect on class I intracellularly. In total, these data suggest that Ii can bind peptide-free folded class I/beta(2)m heterodimers, but not open MHC class I heavy chains, in the endoplasmic reticulum, and that Ii can facilitate the surface expression of the MHC class I molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Reber
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
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Abstract
Anhedonia, a cardinal sign of depression, is discussed to originate from a transmitter dysbalance in the central dopaminergic reward system. This system involves neuroanatomically many structures of the olfactory system. Hence the question arises whether anhedonia can be quantified when depressive patients judge smells hedonically. Sensory evaluation of olfactory stimuli by 16 depressive patients was compared that of an age-matched control group. In the group comparison, mono- and birhinal sensory thresholds as well as judgment of intensity were not significantly different. For four of the eight smells, the hedonic judgements were found to be identical between the group of depressives and controls, with the remaining smells not significantly different. There were no differences in the consistency of ranking of smells. In a longitudinal (test-retest) assessment there were again no differences in intensity, familiarity, and hedonic quality of the smells. The findings suggest that changes in the dopaminergic transmitter balance during the state of depression causing anhedonia affect neither olfactory perception nor the hedonic judgement of smells. Contrary to the clinical picture, anhedonia thus seems not to arise at the level of sensory perception yet but should be considered a more complex construct of disturbed central processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Thomas
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality in the industrialized world. Survival remains poor because most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage. It is a preventable disease as colorectal cancers usually develop slowly from an identifiable precursor lesion, the adenoma. The existing strategies for colorectal cancer prevention include dietary prevention, chemoprevention and endoscopic intervention. The exact relationship between diet, particularly fibre, and colorectal cancer remains unclear, with the most recent studies suggesting that dietary fibre may not decrease colorectal cancer risk as previously thought. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been shown to have a protective effect against colorectal cancer, but the adverse effect profile of the non COX-2 selective drugs, particularly the risk of gastrointestinal haemorrhage, precludes their widespread use. There is increasing evidence that colorectal cancer incidence and mortality can be decreased from endoscopic polypectomy and early detection of cancer. Faecal occult blood testing in the general population ('average-risk') has been shown in randomized trials to decrease mortality from colorectal cancer by 15--33%. Long-term results of randomized trials of the effectiveness of flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy screening in the general population are awaited. Targeting high risk individuals may also be an effective and efficient way to decrease the colorectal cancer burden. As many as 15--30% of colorectal cases may be due to hereditary factors. Individuals with one or two direct relatives affected are at moderate risk for colorectal cancer (empirical lifetime mortality from colorectal cancer approximately 10%) and approximately 2--3% of cases arise in individuals harbouring highly penetrant autosomal dominant mutations, which puts them at high-risk for colorectal cancer. Surveillance colonoscopy is offered to individuals at moderate and high risk for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dove-Edwin
- ICRF Family Cancer Clinic, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK
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Abstract
To explore the nature of amino acid substitutions that influence association with TAP, we compared a site-directed mutant of HLA-B*0702 (Y116D) to unmutated HLA-B7 in regard to TAP interaction. We found that the mutant had stronger association with TAP, and, in addition, with tapasin and calreticulin. These data confirm the importance of position 116 for TAP association, and indicate that (1) an aspartic acid at the 116 position can facilitate the interaction, and (2) association with tapasin and calreticulin is affected along with TAP. Furthermore, we tested three natural subtypes of HLA-B15, and found that a B15 subtype with a tyrosine at position 116 (B*1510) was strongly associated not only with TAP, but also with tapasin and calreticulin. In contrast, two B15 subtypes with a serine at position 116 (B*1518 and B*1501) exhibited very little or no association with any of these proteins. Thus, very closely related HLA-B subtypes can differ in regard to interaction with the entire assembly complex. Interestingly, when their surface expression was tested by flow cytometry, the HLA-B15 subtypes with little to no detectable intracellular assembly complex association had a slightly, yet consistently, higher level of the open heavy chain form than did the B15 subtype with intracellular assembly complex association. These data suggest that the relatively low strength or short length of interaction between endoplasmic reticulum proteins and natural HLA class I molecules can decrease their surface stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Turnquist
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-6805, USA
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Swale VJ, Quinn AG, Wheeler JM, Beck NE, Dove-Edwin I, Thomas HJ, Bodmer WF, Bataille VA. Microsatellite instability in benign skin lesions in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:901-5. [PMID: 10594728 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The coexistence of cutaneous and extra-cutaneous malignancies within one family could be explained by shared genetic mechanisms such as common tumor suppressor gene mutations or oncogene activation, as well as mutations in DNA repair genes. Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer syndrome (HNPCC) and its variant Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) are caused by germline DNA mismatch repair gene mutations. Colonic and endometrial tumors from HNPCC patients exhibit microsatellite instability (MSI), as do sebaceous lesions in MTS. We recruited individuals from cancer prone families to determine if MSI is found in benign and malignant skin lesions and to assess whether MSI in the skin is predictive of genomic instability with susceptibility to tumors characteristic of HNPCC. One hundred and fifteen benign, dysplastic, and malignant skin lesions from 39 cancer prone families were analyzed. Thirteen benign skin lesions from three individuals belonging to two HNPCC pedigrees showed MSI. No mutations in hMSH2 and hMLH1 were found in two of the three individuals with RER + skin lesions. We found MSI in non-sebaceous non-dysplastic skin lesions in HNPCC pedigrees. MSI was not found in skin lesions within other family cancer syndromes. These results have important clinical implications as the detection of MSI in prevalent readily accessible skin lesions could form the basis of noninvasive screening for HNPCC families. It may also be a valuable tool in the search for new mismatch repair genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Swale
- Academic Department of Dermatology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Thomas
- Orthopaedic Physicians of Colorado, Englewood 80110, USA
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Tomlinson I, Rahman N, Frayling I, Mangion J, Barfoot R, Hamoudi R, Seal S, Northover J, Thomas HJ, Neale K, Hodgson S, Talbot I, Houlston R, Stratton MR. Inherited susceptibility to colorectal adenomas and carcinomas: evidence for a new predisposition gene on 15q14-q22. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:789-95. [PMID: 10092300 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of known colorectal adenoma and carcinoma susceptibility genes and to locate a novel susceptibility gene in an Ashkenazi family (SM1311) with dominantly inherited predisposition to colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. METHODS Clinicopathologic and family history data were collected. Genetic linkage and mutational analyses were used to investigate the genetic basis of the family's disease. RESULTS Affected members of SM1311 develop multiple tubular, villous, tubulovillous, and/or serrated colorectal adenomas throughout the large bowel, and some develop colon carcinoma. There are no extracolonic features clearly associated with disease in SM1311. We have shown that the family's phenotype does not result from APC mutations (including the I1307K variant) or from genetic changes in the other known genes that predispose to colon cancer. Using genetic linkage analysis, supplemented by allele loss in tumors, we have provided evidence for a new colorectal cancer susceptibility gene, CRAC1 (colorectal adenoma and carcinoma), mapping to chromosome 15q14-q22. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence for a novel colorectal adenoma and carcinoma susceptibility gene on chromosome 15q14-q22. Further studies are needed to confirm this localization and to evaluate the contribution of CRAC1 to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tomlinson
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Haddow Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, England
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Palinkas J, Sarkadi L, Schlenk B, Torok I, Kalman G, Bauer C, Brankoff K, Grambole D, Heiser C, Rudolph W, Thomas HJ. Study of the L-shell ionisation of gold by 3.0-18.2 MeV nitrogen-ion bombardment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/17/1/018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Thomas
- ICRF Colorectal Unit, St Mark's Hospital, Watford Road, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, UK
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Frayling IM, Beck NE, Ilyas M, Dove-Edwin I, Goodman P, Pack K, Bell JA, Williams CB, Hodgson SV, Thomas HJ, Talbot IC, Bodmer WF, Tomlinson IP. The APC variants I1307K and E1317Q are associated with colorectal tumors, but not always with a family history. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:10722-7. [PMID: 9724771 PMCID: PMC27962 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.18.10722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a high-penetrance autosomal dominant disease that predisposes to hundreds or thousands of colorectal adenomas and carcinoma and that results from truncating mutations in the APC gene. A variant of FAP is attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli, which results from germ-line mutations in the 5' and 3' regions of the APC gene. Attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli patients have "multiple" colorectal adenomas (typically fewer than 100) without the florid phenotype of classical FAP. Another group of patients with multiple adenomas has no mutations in the APC gene, and their phenotype probably results from variation at a locus, or loci, elsewhere in the genome. Recently, however, a missense variant of APC (I1307K) was described that confers an increased risk of colorectal tumors, including multiple adenomas, in Ashkenazim. We have studied a set of 164 patients with multiple colorectal adenomas and/or carcinoma and analyzed codons 1263-1377 (exon 15G) of the APC gene for germ-line variants. Three patients with the I1307K allele were detected, each of Ashkenazi descent. Four patients had a germ-line E1317Q missense variant of APC that was not present in controls; one of these individuals had an unusually large number of metaplastic polyps of the colorectum. There is increasing evidence that there exist germ-line variants of the APC gene that predispose to the development of multiple colorectal adenomas and carcinoma, but without the florid phenotype of classical FAP, and possibly with importance for colorectal cancer risk in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Frayling
- Colorectal Cancer Unit, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, St. Mark's and Northwick Park Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
BACKGROUND People with gluten sensitivity should avoid foods containing wheat, rye, and barley, but there has been debate about whether they should avoid oats. Although patients with celiac disease have recently been shown to tolerate oats, less is known about the effects of oats on patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. METHODS We studied seven men and three women (mean age, 58 years) with biopsy-confirmed dermatitis herpetiformis. They had followed a strict gluten-free diet for a mean of 15.8 years, which controlled their rash and enteropathy. The patients added oats that were not contaminated with gluten to their diets for 12 weeks (mean [+/-SD] daily intake, 62.5+/-10.8 g). RESULTS None of the patients had any adverse effects. Serologic tests for antigliadin, antireticulin, and antiendomysial antibodies were negative before oats were introduced into the diet and after they were discontinued. Villous architecture remained normal: the mean (+/-SE) ratio of the height of villi to the depth of crypts was 3.59+/-0.11 before the diet and 3.71+/-0.09 afterward (normal, 3 to 5), and the mean enterocyte heights were 31.36+/-0.58 microm and 31.75+/-44 microm, respectively (normal range, 29 to 34). Duodenal intraepithelial lymphocyte counts all remained within normal limits (mean, 13.8+/-1.03 per 100 enterocytes before the diet and 14.2+/-1.2 per 100 enterocytes afterward; normal range, 10 to 30). Dermal IgA showed no significant changes. CONCLUSIONS Patients with dermatitis herpetiformis can include moderate amounts of oats in their gluten-free diets without deleterious effects to the skin or intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hardman
- Department of Dermatology, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Whitelaw SC, Murday VA, Tomlinson IP, Thomas HJ, Cottrell S, Ginsberg A, Bukofzer S, Hodgson SV, Skudowitz RB, Jass JR, Talbot IC, Northover JM, Bodmer WF, Solomon E. Clinical and molecular features of the hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome. Gastroenterology 1997; 112:327-34. [PMID: 9024286 DOI: 10.1053/gast.1997.v112.pm9024286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Various inherited syndromes predispose to the development of colonic juvenile polyps and colorectal cancer, with potential importance for sporadic tumorigenesis. This study describes features of a possibly new syndrome of atypical juvenile polyps and other colonic tumors and compares these features with those of known gastrointestinal tumor syndromes. METHODS A large family, St. Mark's family 96, with a tendency to develop colonic polyps of mixed histological types is described. Genetic linkage to known polyposis syndromes has been tested. RESULTS Adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps occur in affected members of the family, although the characteristic lesion is an atypical juvenile polyp. Some affected individuals have developed polyps of more than one type, and individual polyps may contain features of more than one histological type. Polyps can undergo malignant change. Typically, fewer than 15 polyps are found at colonoscopy and there is no extracolonic disease associated with the development of polyps. The family's polyps seem to be inherited in an autosomal-dominant fashion, but the disease is probably unlinked to candidate loci with importance in colorectal tumorigenesis, such as APC, hMSH2, and hMLH1. CONCLUSIONS We term this family's disease hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome (HMPS). Although mutations in the putative HMPS gene may be responsible for syndromes such as juvenile and Peutz-Jeghers polyposes, HMPS may also be a distinct disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Whitelaw
- Colorectal Cancer Unit, St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, England
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Thomas HJ, Whitelaw SC, Cottrell SE, Murday VA, Tomlinson IP, Markie D, Jones T, Bishop DT, Hodgson SV, Sheer D, Northover JM, Talbot IC, Solomon E, Bodmer WF. Genetic mapping of hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome to chromosome 6q. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 58:770-6. [PMID: 8644741 PMCID: PMC1914675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome (HMPS) is characterized by atypical juvenile polyps, colonic adenomas, and colorectal carcinomas. HMPS appears to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Genetic linkage analysis has been performed on a large family with HMPS. Data did not support linkage to the APC locus or to any of the loci for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Evidence that the HMPS locus lies on chromosome 6q was, however, provided by significant two-point LOD scores for linkage between HMPS and the D6S283 locus. Analysis of recombinants and multipoint linkage analysis suggested that the HMPS locus lies in a 4-cM interval containing the D6S283 locus and flanked by markers D6S468 and D6S301.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Thomas
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Colorectal Unit, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Guida WC, Elliott RD, Thomas HJ, Secrist JA, Babu YS, Bugg CE, Erion MD, Ealick SE, Montgomery JA. Structure-based design of inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. 4. A study of phosphate mimics. J Med Chem 1994; 37:1109-14. [PMID: 8164252 DOI: 10.1021/jm00034a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
9-(3,3-Dimethyl-5-phosphonopentyl)guanine was synthesized and found to be a potent inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) (IC50 = 44 nM). A number of other functional end groups were investigated as phosphate mimics attached to the 9-position of guanine by this same alkyl side chain, which provided a sensitive method for the detection of any interaction of these groups with the phosphate binding site of PNP. Both the sulfonic acid (compound 13) and the carboxylic acid (compound 15) end groups interact significantly with the phosphate binding site, but in different ways, as determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the complexes. The sulfonic acid of 13, which binds about one-fourth as tightly as the phosphonate 12, binds in the phosphate subsite much like the phosphonic acid. The carboxylic acid, the interaction of which is much weaker, turns away from the center of the phosphate binding site to form hydrogen bonds with Ser 200 and Met 219. Thus, the only phosphate mimics that bind like phosphate itself are themselves highly ionic, probably with limited ability to penetrate cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Guida
- Pharmaceuticals Division, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Summit, New Jersey 07901
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Ward JR, Cottrell S, Thomas HJ, Jones TA, Howe CM, Hampton GM, Deaven L, Sheer D, Bodmer WF, Solomon E. A long-range restriction map of human chromosome 5q21-q23. Genomics 1993; 17:15-24. [PMID: 8104865 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1993.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A long-range restriction map encompassing the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene has been constructed. The map includes 35 DNA markers and consists of two segments of 10 and 2.5 Mb. Published genetic markers have been connected using additional, nonpolymorphic DNA probes. The map clarifies marker order and allows comparison of physical and genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Ward
- Molecular Analysis of Mammalian Mutation Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, United Kingdom
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Hampton GM, Ward JR, Cottrell S, Howe K, Thomas HJ, Ballhausen WG, Jones T, Sheer D, Solomon E, Frischauf AM. Yeast artificial chromosomes for the molecular analysis of the familial polyposis APC gene region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:8249-53. [PMID: 1325652 PMCID: PMC49895 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.17.8249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Two yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) spanning a total distance of 1.1 megabase pairs of DNA around the MCC (for mutated in colorectal carcinoma) and APC (for adenomatous polyposis coli) genes at 5q21 have been isolated and characterized. Starting from the MCC gene, a strategy was undertaken to identify constitutional submicroscopic deletions in familial adenomatous polyposis patients that might considerably narrow down the position of the APC gene. To this end, YACs identified by the MCC gene were screened across a chromosome 5-specific cosmid library to provide a source of DNA probes for genomic scanning. The cosmids isolated from these experiments were used to screen a panel of somatic cell hybrids containing chromosome 5 segregated from patients suspected to carry putative interstitial deletions. This screening approach led to the confirmation of a small heterozygous deletion in a polyposis patient that overlaps one of the two isolated YACs. This YAC has been shown to contain the entire APC gene, in addition to a significant portion of DNA flanking the 5' end of the gene, and should therefore prove a valuable resource for functional studies by transfer to colorectal tumor-derived cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Hampton
- Cancer Genetics, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Thomas HJ. The genetics and molecular biology of colorectal cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 1991; 3:702-10. [PMID: 1657204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Progress has continued in explicating the genetics of inherited predispositions to colorectal cancer and the molecular events that lead to tumorigenesis. New polymorphic DNA markers have been described for the presymptomatic diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis and a candidate gene has been characterized. Pedigree studies have suggested that there may be an inherited predisposition to many apparently nonfamilial colorectal cancers and a genetic model of tumorigenesis in common colorectal cancer has been proposed that includes the activation of dominantly acting oncogenes and the inactivation of growth suppressor genes. Two features of colorectal cancer make it a particularly good model for studying neoplasia. There are several well-defined rare inherited syndromes that predispose to the development of colorectal cancer in an autosomal dominant manner, and the majority of carcinomas are thought to arise from preexisting benign adenomatous polyps, allowing the analysis of genetic changes during tumorigenesis.
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Jeremiah SJ, Abbott CM, Murad Z, Povey S, Thomas HJ, Solomon E, DiScipio RG, Fey GH. The assignment of the genes coding for human complement components C6 and C7 to chromosome 5. Ann Hum Genet 1990; 54:141-7. [PMID: 2382968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1990.tb00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A panel of 19 somatic cell hybrids was tested for the presence of human sequences coding for complement components C6 and C7 by restriction enzyme digestion and Southern blots probed with human C6 and C7 cDNA probes. C7 was also detected by amplifying part of the human gene in hybrid DNA using the polymerase chain reaction. Detection of human C6 and C7 was completely correlated with the presence of chromosome 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Jeremiah
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, Galton Laboratory, University College London
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31
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Varesco L, Thomas HJ, Cottrell S, Murday V, Fennell SJ, Williams S, Searle S, Sheer D, Bodmer WF, Frischauf AM. CpG island clones from a deletion encompassing the gene for adenomatous polyposis coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:10118-22. [PMID: 2557613 PMCID: PMC522387 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.24.10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a dominantly inherited disorder, has been mapped to chromosome 5q15-q21 by family linkage studies. Cells from patients with deletions in this region, in one case associated with polyposis in a family, have been used to construct human hamster hybrid cell lines that retain either the normal or deleted chromosome 5. These lines have been used to identify markers from the region of the polyposis gene obtained by cloning the ends of 0.5- to 2-megabase BssHII fragments purified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Three markers are described that map within the deletions and must therefore be close to the APC gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Varesco
- Molecular Analysis of Mammalian Mutation Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincolns Inn Fields, London, United Kingdom
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Elliott RD, Thomas HJ, Shaddix SC, Adamson DJ, Brockman RW, Riordan JM, Montgomery JA. Nitrosoureido nucleosides as potential inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis. J Med Chem 1988; 31:250-4. [PMID: 3336023 DOI: 10.1021/jm00396a039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several nitrosoureido nucleosides (3a, 3b, 5a, 7a, 7c, and 10a) designed as inhibitors of enzymes that metabolize pyrimidine nucleotides have been prepared and their chemical and biological properties studied. The methylnitrosoureas 3a and 3b were not significantly cytotoxic to H.Ep.-2 and L1210 cells in vitro but showed moderate activity in the P388 mouse leukemia screen (79% ILS for 3a and 56% ILS for 3b). The (chloroethyl)nitrosoureas 7a and 7c inhibited proliferation of L1210 cells, were cytotoxic to H.Ep.-2 cells, and demonstrated good activity against P388 in vivo (135% ILS with one 30-day survivor for 7a and 191% ILS with two 30-day survivors for 7c). Overnight exposure of L1210 cells to 7a and 7c resulted in cell enlargement accompanied by cell lysis. Macromolecular synthesis in enlarged cells, particularly RNA and protein synthesis, was markedly increased relative to that in untreated control cells. The half-lives of each of the nitrosoureas in pH 7 buffer was determined and compared with biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Elliott
- Kettering-Meyer Laboratory, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama 35255
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Mason AC, Thomas HJ, Barras C, Kopelman PG. A study of the use of intravenous cannulas for medical emergencies in Newham--implications for financial savings. Postgrad Med J 1987; 63:467-9. [PMID: 3432174 PMCID: PMC2428322 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.63.740.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A study of intravenous (i.v.) cannula usage for medical emergencies admitted to hospitals in the Newham Health District was undertaken during two defined periods (24 and 35 days). Almost half the cannulas inserted (47%) were not flushed following an initial bolus injection of heparinized saline. The duration that cannulas remained in a vein ranged from 24 hours to 8 days (median 2 days) and inflammation around the cannula site was related to the length of time since insertion but unrelated to whether the cannula was flushed regularly or to the type of fluid used. Our findings indicate a substantial wastage of i.v. cannulas due to difficulties with insertion and suggest that isotonic saline, without heparin, is effective in maintaining cannula patency for 48 hours. It is concluded that these findings are not unique to the Newham Health District and worthwhile financial savings should be achieved throughout the NHS if clinicians reconsider the indications and use of i.v. cannulas for their patients.
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Abstract
5-Amino-4-(diazoacetyl)-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole (15), 5-amino-4-(chloroacetyl)-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole (16), and a number of related imidazole ribonucleosides have been synthesized. Compounds 15 and 16 are cytotoxic to both H.Ep.-2 and L1210 leukemia cells in culture. The (diazoacetyl)imidazole 15 is also active against the P388 leukemia in mice.
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Abstract
4(R)-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-5-methyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole (10), which contains only the asymmetric alcohol center of the diazepinol ring of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor coformycin (12), is a much less potent inhibitor of the enzyme but still binds to the enzyme about as tightly as the normal substrate.
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Bennett LL, Smithers D, Rose LM, Adamson DJ, Shaddix SC, Thomas HJ. Metabolism and metabolic effects of 2-azahypoxanthine and 2-azaadenosine. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34:1293-304. [PMID: 2859858 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(85)90508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism and metabolic effects of 2-azahypoxanthine and 2-azaadenosine were studied to elucidate the biochemical basis for their known cytotoxicities. 2-Azaadenosine is a known substrate for adenosine kinase. That 2-azahypoxanthine is a substrate for hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase is shown by the observations that, in cell-free fractions from HEp-2 cells supplemented with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, 2-azahypoxanthine inhibited the conversion of hypoxanthine to IMP but not the conversion of adenine to AMP, and hypoxanthine, but not adenine, inhibited the conversion of 2-azahypoxanthine to 2-azaIMP. [8-14C]2-Azahypoxanthine was synthesized from [8-14C]hypoxanthine via [2-14C]-4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide. In HEp-2 cells in culture, the principal metabolite of [8-14C]-2-azahypoxanthine was 2-azaATP; there was no detectable 14C in deoxynucleotides or in DNA or RNA fractions. 2-Azaadenosine was much more toxic than 2-azahypoxanthine, and, when used in the presence of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, 2'-deoxycoformycin, was converted in HEp-2 cells to 2-azaATP in amounts that exceeded those of ATP in control cells. The pool of ATP was reduced by as much as 75% as 2-azaATP accumulated. In a short-term experiment (4 hr), 2-azaadenosine selectively reduced the pools of adenine nucleotides, whereas 2-azahypoxanthine reduced the pools of guanine nucleotides selectively. Both 2-azahypoxanthine and 2-azaadenosine inhibited the incorporation of formate into purine nucleotides and were without effect on the conversion of thymidine and uridine to nucleotides. 2-Azahypoxanthine inhibited the incorporation of thymidine into macro-molecules but not that of uridine or leucine; 2-azaadenosine inhibited the incorporation of all three of these precursors non-selectively. 2-AzaIMP inhibited IMP dehydrogenase competitively with IMP (Ki = 66 microM). The difference in effects of 2-azahypoxanthine and 2-azaadenosine perhaps may be due to the production, from 2-azahypoxanthine but not from 2-azaadenosine + 2'-deoxycoformycin, of 2-azaIMP, which inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides and thereby results in inhibition of DNA synthesis. Specific sites of action for 2-azaadenosine are yet undefined.
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Montgomery JA, Thomas HJ, Brockman RW, Elliott RD. Potential inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis. 2. Halomethyl ketone derivatives of pyrimidine nucleosides. J Med Chem 1984; 27:680-4. [PMID: 6716405 DOI: 10.1021/jm00371a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Several halomethyl ketone derivatives of pyrimidine nucleosides have been prepared for evaluation as cytotoxic agents. The first series are 1-(8-halo-2,5,6,8- tetradeoxy -beta-D-erythro-oct-7 - ulofuranosyl )thymines (7-9), whereas the second type are halo derivatives of acetophenone (12-14 and 16). These compounds are cytotoxic, and one (13) showed activity against the P388 leukemia in vivo.
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Montgomery JA, Clayton SJ, Thomas HJ, Shannon WM, Arnett G, Bodner AJ, Kion IK, Cantoni GL, Chiang PK. Carbocyclic analogue of 3-deazaadenosine: a novel antiviral agent using S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase as a pharmacological target. J Med Chem 1982; 25:626-9. [PMID: 7097716 DOI: 10.1021/jm00348a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The carbocyclic analogue of 3-deazaadenosine (3-deaza-C-Ado) has been synthesized and found to have antiviral activity in cell culture against herpes simplex virus type 1, vaccinia virus, and HL-23 C-type virus. It is relatively noncytotoxic at effective antiviral concentrations and is not subject to deamination or phosphorylation. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, is at best a poor substrate, and does not inactivate the enzyme significantly. 3-Deaza-C-Ado may cause a selective inhibition of the methylation of the polynucleotide 5' cap of viral mRNA via higher cellular concentrations of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, resulting from the inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase in infected cells, since increases in the intracellular level of S-adenosylhomocysteine, but no effects on DNA or RNA synthesis, were observed after incubation of these cells with it.
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Abstract
Several nitrosoureidonucleosides (9a, 9b, 11a, 11b, 18 and 20) designed as inhibitors of enzymes that metabolize purine and pyrimidine nucleotides have been prepared and their chemical and biological properties studied. The low level of biological activity observed may be due to the unexpected stability of these nitrosoureas compared to biologically active compounds such as N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N'-nitrosourea (BCNU), and N,N'-dicyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea (DCyNU).
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Bennett LL, Smithers D, Rose LM, Adamson DJ, Thomas HJ. Inhibition of synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides by 2-hydroxy-3-(3,3-dichloroallyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone. Cancer Res 1979; 39:4868-74. [PMID: 227592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
3-Deoxyl-1,2-O-isopropylidine-3-(3-methylureido)-alpha-D-ribofuranose (2) was converted to 1,2,5-tri-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-3-(3-acetyl-3-methylureido)-D-ribofuranose (4) and the corresponding glycosyl chloride (7). These sugars were converted to the 3-deoxy-3-(3-methylureido)-beta-D-ribofuranosyl derivatives of adenine (6c), 2-chloroadenine (6d), cytosine (6f), and uracil (6g). Nitrosation of these nucleosides gave the corresponding 3-methyl-3-nitrosoureidonucleosides 8c,d,f,g. 5'-Amino-5'-doxyadenosine (10a), 5'-amino-5'-deoxyuridine (10b), and 5'-amino-5'-deoxycytidine (10c) were all converted to the corresponding 5'-(methylureido)-5'-deoxynucleosides 15a--c by reaction with methyl isocyanate. Nitrosation of these compounds gave the methylnitrosoureidonucleosides 16a--c. These nitrosoureas, potential active-site-directed irreversible enzyme inhibitors, showed little cytotoxicity or activity against leukemia L1210 in vivo.
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Abstract
The phosphonate analogue (6) of 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridylic acid has been prepared via a Pfitzner--Moffatt oxidation and Witting reaction. This compound was found to inhibit thymidylate synthetase from three sources and to be cytotoxic to H.Ep.-2 cells in culture.
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Chiang PK, Cantoni GL, Bader JP, Shannon WM, Thomas HJ, Montgomery JA. Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors: synthesis of 5'-deoxy-5'-(isobutylthio)-3-deazaadenosine and its effect on Rous sarcoma virus and Gross murine leukemia virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 82:417-23. [PMID: 208563 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)90892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bennett LL, Allan PW, Hill DL, Thomas HJ, Carpenter JW. Metabolic studies with an alpha-nucleoside, 9-alpha-D-arabinofuranosyl-8-azaadenine. Mol Pharmacol 1976; 12:242-50. [PMID: 1264069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Montgomery JA, Clayton SD, Thomas HJ. Isonucleosides. I. Preparation of methyl 2-deoxy-2-(purin-9-yl) arabinofuranosides and methyl 3-deoxy-3-(purin-9-yl) xylofuranosides. J Org Chem 1975; 40:1923-7. [PMID: 1133608 DOI: 10.1021/jo00901a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
A number of nucleosides of 2-azaadenine (4-amino-7H-imidazo[4,5-d]-1,2,3-triazine) were prepared by a previously described route, and some of these were deaminated by means of adenosine deaminase. Alternatively, nucleosides of 2-azahypoxanthine (7H-imidazo[4,5-d]-1,2,3-triazin-4(3h)-one) were prepared from hypoxanthine nucleosides by a 2-azahypoxanthine (7H imidazo[4,5]-1,2,3-triazin-4(3H)-one) were prepared from hypoxanthine nucleosides by a ring-opening and reclosure sequence. The cytotoxicity of these compounds to human epidermoid carcinoma No. 2 cells in culture and to certain resistant sublines thereof was determined. 2-Azaadenine nucleosides chan be metabolized to nucleotides, the cytotoxic agents, by two pathways, but the activity of the 2-azahypoxanthine nucleosides appears to result only from cleavage back to 2-azahypoxanthine.
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