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Soares S, Ritchie H, Almodovar JL. Managing Patient Dissatisfaction and Billing Reconsideration Requests in Outpatient Clinics. J Nurs Adm 2024; 54:198-200. [PMID: 38512082 DOI: 10.1097/nna.0000000000001409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Nurse leaders in many settings are responsible for clinic operations. Knowing the medical and financial stakes of each patient encounter, it is not surprising to encounter patients requesting reconsideration of bills after services are provided. This article provides recommendations on how to successfully navigate billing reconsideration requests in outpatient settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Soares
- Author Affiliations: Patient Services Manager (Soares-Sardinha), UNC Hospitals Neurology Clinic; Clinical Director Ambulatory Neurosciences (Ritchie), UNC Hospitals Outpatient Clinics; and Associate Professor of Neurology (Dr Almodovar), Medical Director Neurology Clinic, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Nakajima R, Ikuta T, Oguri K, Ritchie H. Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and benzotriazole UV stabilizers in the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas. iScience 2023; 26:107054. [PMID: 37534189 PMCID: PMC10391725 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BZT-UVs) were examined in the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas caught from a near-land trench off the Japan island (9200 m). H. gigas were collected from two distinct sites: one is located at the outlet of submarine canyons directly connected to land and the other is apart from the outlet and geographically isolated from the first site. The level of the PBDEs in H. gigas at the canyon outlet (mean 219 ng/g lipid weight (l.w.)) was significantly higher than that in the isolated site (mean 42 ng/g l.w.) and BZT-UVs were only detected within the first site (mean 1.5 ng/g wet weight). In addition to vertical transport from the surface water, near-land trenches associated with submarine canyons and troughs may have more complex influx of contaminants through horizontal transportation from the land, resulting in more severe contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nakajima
- Research Institution for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ikuta
- Research Institution for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Oguri
- Research Institution for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
- HADAL and Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Heather Ritchie
- RZSS WildGenes, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh EH12 6TS, UK
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Nakajima R, Kawato M, Fujiwara Y, Tsuchida S, Ritchie H, Fujikura K. Occurrence and levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in deep-sea sharks from Suruga Bay, Japan. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 176:113427. [PMID: 35150990 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the prevalence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in deep-sea sharks. In this study, the levels and profiles of PBDEs were determined in liver samples of eight different species of deep-sea sharks collected in Suruga Bay, Japan. Widespread contamination of PBDEs in the deep-sea environment was reconfirmed in this study as these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were detected in all specimens analyzed. Mean ΣPBDE levels in the deep-sea sharks ranged from 7 to 517 ng/g of lipid weight. The distribution patterns of BDE homologues were similar in all species where tetra-BDEs provided the dominant contribution to total PBDEs (46%). PBDEs levels were similar to, or higher than, those seen in other deep-sea sharks from different regions. The levels of PBDEs were likely to reflect their feeding preferences as higher PBDE levels were seen in species with higher trophic positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nakajima
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.
| | - Masaru Kawato
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fujiwara
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Shinji Tsuchida
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Heather Ritchie
- RZSS WildGenes, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katsunori Fujikura
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
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Nakajima R, Tsuchiya M, Yabuki A, Masuda S, Kitahashi T, Nagano Y, Ikuta T, Isobe N, Nakata H, Ritchie H, Oguri K, Osafune S, Kawamura K, Suzukawa M, Yamauchi T, Iijima K, Yoshida T, Chiba S, Fujikura K. Massive occurrence of benthic plastic debris at the abyssal seafloor beneath the Kuroshio Extension, the North West Pacific. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 166:112188. [PMID: 33795148 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The abyss (3500-6500 m) covers the bulk of the deep ocean floor yet little is known about the extent of plastic debris on the abyssal seafloor. Using video imagery we undertook a quantitative assessment of the debris present on the abyssal seafloor (5700-5800 m depth) beneath the Kuroshio Extension current system in the Northwest Pacific. This body of water is one of the major transit pathways for the massive amounts of debris that are entering the North Pacific Ocean from Asia. Shallower sites (1400-1500 m depth) were also investigated for comparison. The dominant type of debris was single-use plastics - mainly bags and food packaging. The density of the plastic debris (mean 4561 items/km2) in the abyssal zone was the highest recorded for an abyssal plain suggesting that the deep-sea basin in the Northwest Pacific is a significant reservoir of plastic debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nakajima
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.
| | - Masashi Tsuchiya
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Akinori Yabuki
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Shuhei Masuda
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Tomo Kitahashi
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yuriko Nagano
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ikuta
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Isobe
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Heather Ritchie
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Oguri
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan; Department of Biology, Nordcee and Danish Center for Hadal Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Satoshi Osafune
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Kawamura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi-city, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Maki Suzukawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi-city, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamauchi
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Iijima
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Takao Yoshida
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Sanae Chiba
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Katsunori Fujikura
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
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Schultz K, Sickbert-Bennett E, Marx A, Weber DJ, DiBiase LM, Campbell-Bright S, Bode LE, Baker M, Belhorn T, Buchanan M, Goldbach S, Harden J, Hoke E, Huenniger B, Juliano JJ, Langston M, Ritchie H, Rutala WA, Smith J, Summerlin-Long S, Teal L, Gilligan P. Preventable Patient Harm: a Multidisciplinary, Bundled Approach to Reducing Clostridium difficile Infections While Using a Glutamate Dehydrogenase/Toxin Immunochromatographic Assay/Nucleic Acid Amplification Test Diagnostic Algorithm. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:e00625-18. [PMID: 29997201 PMCID: PMC6113472 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00625-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Health care facility-onset Clostridium difficile infections (HO-CDI) are an important national problem, causing increased morbidity and mortality. HO-CDI is an important metric for the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Service's (CMS) performance measures. Hospitals that fall into the worst-performing quartile in preventing hospital-acquired infections, including HO-CDI, may lose millions of dollars in reimbursement. Under pressure to reduce CDI and without a clear optimal method for C. difficile detection, health care facilities are questioning how best to use highly sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) to aid in the diagnosis of CDI. Our institution has used a two-step glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)/toxin immunochromatographic assay/NAAT algorithm since 2009. In 2016, our institution set an organizational goal to reduce our CDI rates by 10% by July 2017. We achieved a statistically significant reduction of 42.7% in our HO-CDI rate by forming a multidisciplinary group to implement and monitor eight key categories of infection prevention interventions over a period of 13 months. Notably, we achieved this reduction without modifying our laboratory algorithm. Significant reductions in CDI rates can be achieved without altering sensitive laboratory testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Schultz
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Ashley Marx
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David J Weber
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Adult Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren M DiBiase
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stacy Campbell-Bright
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren E Bode
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mike Baker
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tom Belhorn
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Buchanan
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sherie Goldbach
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacci Harden
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily Hoke
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beth Huenniger
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Adult Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Langston
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather Ritchie
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - William A Rutala
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason Smith
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Lisa Teal
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter Gilligan
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Clinical Microbiology-Immunology Laboratories, UNC Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Genome size varies considerably across taxa, and extensive research effort has gone into understanding whether variation can be explained by differences in key ecological and life-history traits among species. The extreme environmental conditions that characterize the deep sea have been hypothesized to promote large genome sizes in eukaryotes. Here we test this supposition by examining genome sizes among 13 species of deep-sea amphipods from the Mariana, Kermadec and New Hebrides trenches. Genome sizes were estimated using flow cytometry and found to vary nine-fold, ranging from 4.06 pg (4.04 Gb) in Paralicella caperesca to 34.79 pg (34.02 Gb) in Alicella gigantea. Phylogenetic independent contrast analysis identified a relationship between genome size and maximum body size, though this was largely driven by those species that display size gigantism. There was a distinct shift in the genome size trait diversification rate in the supergiant amphipod A. gigantea relative to the rest of the group. The variation in genome size observed is striking and argues against genome size being driven by a common evolutionary history, ecological niche and life-history strategy in deep-sea amphipods.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ritchie
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - A. J. Jamieson
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB41 6AA, UK
| | - S. B. Piertney
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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Ritchie H, Kielar AZ, Hill F, O'Sullivan JP. Quality Initiative Program in Its Sixth Year: Has It Become Part of Our Radiology Culture? Can Assoc Radiol J 2017; 68:243-248. [PMID: 28159436 DOI: 10.1016/j.carj.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study sought to determine if the Quality Initiative Program (QUIP) has become part of the radiology culture at our institution. METHODS After Research Ethics approval, QUIPs from January 2009 to December 2014 were assessed. We evaluated the response rates of radiologists receiving QUIPs to ensure they reviewed them. We performed a survey of radiologists and trainees to gain feedback regarding their perception of QUIPs in February 2014 and in June 2015. RESULTS Response rates of radiologists receiving a QUIP improved, with 76% response rate in 2014 up from 66% in the first year and 42% in the second year. Based on the 2015 survey including radiologists and trainees, 75% agreed that QUIPs were educational, compared with 67% 16 months earlier. Fifty percent of respondents had changed their overall practice of reporting based on feedback from the QUIP in 2015 compared with 32% in 2014. In both surveys, 100% of respondents indicated that QUIPs have not been used against them for any disciplinary measure (or other negatively perceived action). When asked if there was a perceived decrease in stigma felt when a QUIP was received, 71% agreed or were neutral and 28% disagreed. CONCLUSIONS The QUIP is educational to radiologists and trainees, leading to positive changes in clinical practice. The majority accepts this program but there is still a stigma felt when a QUIP is received, particularly among residents. Nevertheless, we feel that QUIP has been integrated into our radiology culture and, hopefully, imminent transition to commercial quality software will be smooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Ritchie
- Department of Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ania Z Kielar
- Department of Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Fraser Hill
- Queen's University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph P O'Sullivan
- Department of Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Soliven A, Pravadali-Cekic S, Foley D, Pereira L, Dennis G, Cabrera K, Ritchie H, Edge T, Shalliker R. Using curtain flow second-generation silica monoliths to improve separations at pressures less than 400 bar. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ritchie H, Jamieson AJ, Piertney SB. Isolation and Characterization of Microsatellite DNA Markers in the Deep-Sea Amphipod Paralicella tenuipes by Illumina MiSeq Sequencing. J Hered 2016; 107:367-71. [PMID: 27012615 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the development of 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers using an Illumina MiSeq sequencing approach in the deep-sea amphipod Paralicella tenuipes A total of 25 577 844 DNA sequences were filtered for microsatellite motifs of which 197 873 sequences were identified. From these sequences, 64 had sufficient flanking regions for primer design and 16 of these loci were polymorphic. Between 5 and 30 alleles were detected per locus, with an average of 13.63 alleles per locus, across a total of 120 individuals from 5 separate deep sea trenches from the Pacific Ocean. For the 16 loci, observed and expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0.116 to 0.414 and 0.422 to 0.820, respectively, with one locus displaying significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The microsatellite loci that have been isolated and described here are the first molecular markers developed for deep sea amphipods and will be invaluable for elucidating the genetic population structure and the extent of connectivity between deep ocean trenches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Ritchie
- From the Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK (Ritchie and Piertney); and Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB41 6AA, UK (Jamieson).
| | - Alan J Jamieson
- From the Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK (Ritchie and Piertney); and Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB41 6AA, UK (Jamieson)
| | - Stuart B Piertney
- From the Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK (Ritchie and Piertney); and Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB41 6AA, UK (Jamieson)
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Stone V, Brown D, Watt N, Wilson M, Donaldson K, Ritchie H, MacNee W. Ultrafine Particle-Mediated Activation of Macrophages: Intracellular Calcium Signaling and Oxidative Stress. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 12 Suppl 3:345-51. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2000.11463244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kielar AZ, Ritchie H, McInnes MD, O'Sullivan J. Pilot study: introducing a quality assurance process for a team-centered approach involving nonphysician providers in radiology. Can Assoc Radiol J 2015; 66:86-93. [PMID: 25623012 DOI: 10.1016/j.carj.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to introduce 3 new quality initiatives in radiology that engage various members of the department including radiologists, residents, technologists, and booking clerks. These pilot programs provide work-related learning opportunities in semiautomated, easy-to-use, email-based, standardized forms that are used to identify cases where imaging could have been performed in a more optimal way (either due to technical reasons or a different protocol could have been chosen). In the case of the Kudos quality initiative program (QUIP), this is used to provide positive feedback to an individual in the department for a job well done. METHODS Since inception in January 2012 to September 2013, we reviewed Technical QUIPs, protocols under questions (PUQ), and Kudos QUIPs. These were collated through receipt of standardized emails for each category. RESULTS A total of 62 Kudos QUIPs, 8 Technical QUIPs, and 58 PUQs were received in the abdominal and pelvic imaging division since inception. CONCLUSIONS Though still a relatively new pilot programs, PUQs and Technical QUIPs have afforded technologists and booking clerks opportunities to become engaged in improving patient care as well as learning from their own performance gaps. Future standardization of received data for each modality still needs to be established as well as an action plan to implement long-term changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Z Kielar
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Heather Ritchie
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew D McInnes
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph O'Sullivan
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Kocic D, Pereira L, Edge T, Ritchie H, Conlan X, Shalliker R. Improving quantification using curtain flow chromatography columns in the analysis of labile compounds: A study on amino acids. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1375:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Kocic D, Pereira L, Foley D, Edge T, Mosely J, Ritchie H, Conlan X, Shalliker R. High through-put and highly sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry separations of essential amino acids using active flow technology chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1305:102-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Gunnström M, Ababneh D, Webster W, Oakes D, Ritchie H. Antipsychotic drugs cause bradycardia in GD 13 rat embryos in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:443-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Barrow DA, Castell OK, Sykes N, Myers P, Ritchie H. A microfabricated graphitic carbon column for high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:1983-7. [PMID: 21241990 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the first development of a novel, planar, microfluidic, graphitic carbon separations column utilizing an array of graphitic micropillars of diamond cross-section as the chromatographic stationary phase. 795 nm femtosecond laser ablation was employed to subtractively machine fluidic architectures and a micropillared array in a planar, graphitic substrate as a monolithic structure. A sample injector was integrated on-chip, together with fluid-flow distribution architectures to minimize band-broadening and ensure sample equi-distribution across the micro-pillared column width. The separations chip was interfaced directly to the ESI probe of a Thermofisher Surveyor mass spectrometer, enabling the detection of test-mixture analytes following their differential retention on the micro-pillared graphitic column, thus demonstrating the exciting potential of this novel separations format. Importantly, unlike porous, graphitic microspheres, the temperature and pressure resilience of the microfluidic device potentially enables use in subcritical H(2)O chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Barrow
- Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, 1-5 The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.
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Ritchie H, Blanck P. The promise of the internet for disability: a study of on-line services and web site accessibility at Centers for Independent Living. Behav Sci Law 2003; 21:5-26. [PMID: 12579615 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Internet provides individuals with disabilities numerous tools to live independently. In the convenience of the home, a person can access an abundance of information, an electronic community, updates on the latest disability advocacy news, education through distance-learning classes, and on-line shopping for books, clothes, assistive technology, and a host of other consumer goods. Centers for Independent Living (CILs) are consumer-run, non-profit grassroots disability service organizations at the forefront of the disability rights movement. Providing services to individuals across the range of disabilities, CILs have begun to use the Internet as a complement to their traditional service delivery methods. This article examines the emerging trend of independent living services on the web. The investigation examines 200 CIL Internet sites across the United States during the period of April to August 2001. Information is collected and analyzed about how CILs are using the Internet to provide their services and programs. In addition, the article examines the technological accessibility of their web sites. Implications of the findings for CILs, consumers with disabilities, and disability policy are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Ritchie
- Law, Health Policy and Disability Center, University of Iowa College of Law, Iowa City, IA 52242-1113, USA
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17
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Abstract
Despite the prominence of the disability civil rights model--with its values of inclusion and empowerment--the majority of social and policy research conducted to date has not sufficiently included the perspective of persons with disabilities in the research process and as uniquely qualified researchers themselves. This article describes a new project, "Technology for Independence: A Community-Based Resource Center" (CBRC). Over a five-year period, the CBRC will attempt to enhance community and consumer-directed disability organizations to design, implement, and disseminate research that promotes access to and use of assistive technology (AT). The CBRC will use strategies such as leadership training, participatory action research, technical assistance, web-assisted training, and annual symposia. A primary goal of the CBRC is to increase the capacity of community organizations to conduct research on AT that is scientifically rigorous and relevant to disability services, policy, and law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Blanck
- University of Iowa College of Law, Iowa City, IA 52242-1113, USA.
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18
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Jiménez LA, Drost EM, Gilmour PS, Rahman I, Antonicelli F, Ritchie H, MacNee W, Donaldson K. PM(10)-exposed macrophages stimulate a proinflammatory response in lung epithelial cells via TNF-alpha. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L237-48. [PMID: 11792628 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00024.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now considerable evidence for an association between the levels of particulate air pollution [particulate matter <10 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(10))] and various adverse health endpoints. The release of proinflammatory mediators from PM(10)-exposed macrophages may be important in stimulating cytokine release from lung epithelial cells, thus amplifying the inflammatory response. A549 cells were treated with conditioned media from monocyte-derived macrophages stimulated with PM(10), titanium dioxide (TiO(2)), or ultrafine TiO(2). We demonstrate that only conditioned media from PM(10)-stimulated macrophages significantly increased nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 DNA binding, enhanced interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA levels as assessed by RT-PCR, and augmented IL-8 protein levels, over untreated controls. Furthermore, PM(10)-conditioned media also caused transactivation of IL-8 as determined by an IL-8-chloramphenicol acetyl transferase reporter. Analysis of these conditioned media revealed marked increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and protein levels and enhanced chemotactic activity for neutrophils. Preincubation of conditioned media with TNF-alpha-neutralizing antibodies significantly reduced IL-8 production. These data suggest that PM(10)-activated macrophages may amplify the inflammatory response by enhancing IL-8 release from lung epithelial cells, in part, via elaboration of TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Jiménez
- Edinburgh Lung and the Environment Group Initiative/Colt Laboratories, Department of Medical and Radiological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Blanck P, Clay L, Schmeling J, Morris M, Ritchie H. Applicability of the ADA to "Ticket to Work" employment networks. Americans with Disabilities Act. Behav Sci Law 2002; 20:621-636. [PMID: 12465131 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article examines the applicability of the antidiscrimination provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 to The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act (TWWIIA) passed in 1999. Among other policy changes, under the Ticket to Work program, eligible recipients of disability insurance (SSDI) and supplemental income (SSI) receive a voucher or "ticket" to obtain services from qualified employment networks (ENs). ENs provide employment services and supports to designated beneficiaries and must meet certain qualification requirements. The ADA is applicable to ENs in several ways: primarily, in the EN's responsibility to provide appropriate access and services to program participants. This article discusses application of the ADA to the Ticket Program as ENs begin to serve program beneficiaries.
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Auld GC, Ritchie H, Robbie LA, Booth NA. Thrombin upregulates tissue transglutaminase in endothelial cells: a potential role for tissue transglutaminase in stability of atherosclerotic plaque. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1689-94. [PMID: 11597946 DOI: 10.1161/hq1001.097063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by thickening of the vessel wall, smooth muscle cell proliferation, macrophage infiltration, and deposition of a fibrin network. Transglutaminases are a family of enzymes catalyzing the formation of stable covalent cross-links between proteins. Here, we show that tissue transglutaminase (tTG) synthesis by human umbilical vein endothelial cells is upregulated by thrombin, the serine protease that causes fibrin formation and many cellular inflammatory effects. Thrombin upregulated tTG 2-fold at the mRNA and protein level. Cellular cross-linking activity was increased to an even greater extent; antibody to tTG neutralized the increased activity. The effect on tTG expression required active thrombin and was mediated mainly through protease-activated receptor-1, a thrombin receptor. Increased tTG antigen and activity were evident in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and extracellular matrix in situ. Thrombin treatment also led to a cellular redistribution of tTG. Normal vessel wall stained positively for tTG in the smooth muscle cells and in the subendothelium. The intensity of staining increased in vessel walls with plaque, where there was a striking increase in tTG in the smooth muscle cells immediately below the plaque. These studies indicate a role for tTG in the stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques and suggest that its local expression can be controlled by thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Auld
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, UK
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21
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Abstract
PAI-2 is a serpin that can be crosslinked to fibrin(ogen) via the Gln-Gln-Ile-Gln sequence (residues 83-86). We have characterized the lysine residues in fibrinogen to which PAI-2 is crosslinked by tissue transglutaminase and factor XIIIa. There was no competition with the crosslinking of alpha 2-antiplasmin, another inhibitor of fibrinolysis, which was specific for Lys 303 in the A alpha chain. PAI-2 was crosslinked to several lysine residues, all in the A alpha chain, 148, 176, 183, 230, 413, and 457, but not to Lys 303. The contrast with alpha 2-antiplasmin was clear from studies with truncated fibrinogens and competition by peptides. This was confirmed and extended by mass spectrometry of peptides after protease digestion of crosslinked products, which identified the lysine residues to which the inhibitors were crosslinked. PAI-2 remained active after cross-linking and inhibited fibrin breakdown, even by two-chain t-PA. Thus, a second inhibitor of fibrinolysis, in addition to alpha 2-antiplasmin, is crosslinked to fibrin and protects it from lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ritchie
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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22
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McKeown AP, Euerby MR, Johnson CM, Koeberle M, Lomax H, Ritchie H, Ross P. An evaluation of unbonded silica stationary phases for the separation of basic analytes using capillary electrochromatography. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ritchie H, Fragoyannis A. Thrombin inhibits apoptosis of monocytes and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) is not responsible for this inhibition. Exp Cell Res 2000; 260:20-9. [PMID: 11010807 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) has been shown to inhibit apoptosis in transfected cells. We have investigated this phenomenon in activated human monocytes, which are a physiological source of intracellular PAI-2. Apoptosis of monocytes was rapidly induced by removal of serum, addition of hydrogen peroxide, or binding of a monoclonal antibody to Fas. Treatment of monocytes with thrombin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibited apoptosis of monocytes and also up-regulated intracellular PAI-2. Increased apoptosis was accompanied with increased activity of caspases 3 and 8. Thrombin or LPS treatment of monocytes decreased the activity of both caspases, which correlated with protection from apoptosis. The role for PAI-2 in protection of monocytes from apoptosis was studied. Monocytes were transfected with antisense oligonucleotides that blocked PAI-2 antigen, and antisense for PAI-2 had no effect on apoptosis of monocytes. No interaction was evident between PAI-2 and recombinant caspases 3 and 8 in vitro. PAI-2 was not a substrate for caspases during apoptosis of monocytes, although some cleavage of recombinant PAI-2 by caspase 3 was evident in vitro. This study shows that thrombin or LPS protected monocytes from apoptosis and that PAI-2 did not mediate this inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ritchie
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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Ritchie H, Lawrie LC, Crombie PW, Mosesson MW, Booth NA. Cross-linking of plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 and alpha 2-antiplasmin to fibrin(ogen). J Biol Chem 2000; 275:24915-20. [PMID: 10816585 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002901200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identified lysine residues in the fibrinogen Aalpha chain that serve as substrates during transglutaminase (TG)-mediated cross-linking of plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2). Comparisons were made with alpha(2)-antiplasmin (alpha(2)-AP), which is known to cross-link to lysine 303 of the Aalpha chain. A 30-residue peptide containing Lys-303 specifically competed with fibrinogen for cross-linking to alpha(2)-AP but not for cross-linking to PAI-2. Further evidence that PAI-2 did not cross-link via Lys-303 was the cross-linking of PAI-2 to I-9 and des-alphaC fibrinogens, which lack 100 and 390 amino acids from the C terminus of the Aalpha chain, respectively. PAI-2 or alpha(2)-AP was cross-linked to fibrinogen and digested with trypsin or endopeptidase Glu-C, and the resulting peptides analyzed by mass spectrometry. Peptides detected were consistent with tissue TG (tTG)-mediated cross-linking of PAI-2 to lysines 148, 176, 183, 457 and factor XIIIa-mediated cross-linking of PAI-2 to lysines 148, 230, and 413 in the Aalpha chain. alpha(2)-AP was cross-linked only to lysine 303. Cross-linking of PAI-2 to fibrinogen did not compete with alpha(2)-AP, and the two proteins utilized different lysines in the Aalpha chain. Therefore, PAI-2 and alpha(2)-AP can cross-link simultaneously to the alpha polymers of a fibrin clot and promote resistance to lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ritchie
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, United Kingdom AB25 2ZD
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25
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Walz T, Ritchie H. Gandhian principles in social work practice: ethics revisited. Soc Work 2000; 45:213-222. [PMID: 10803076 DOI: 10.1093/sw/45.3.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Social work as an expression of culture is a highly value-laden activity. The emergence of many new ethical issues resulting from technological and scientific advancements suggests a need for greater attention to values and ethics. In this article the authors argue that the thought of Mahatma Gandhi, as revealed in his social activism, is relevant to social work ethics and a resource for its ethical enrichment. Principles such as seeking truth through service to others, individual self-development, nonviolent social action, and material simplicity could enhance the current NASW Code of Ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Walz
- School of Social Work, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1223, USA.
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26
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Ritchie H, Bolton P. The Australian categorisation of risk of drug use in pregnancy. Aust Fam Physician 2000; 29:237-41. [PMID: 10785989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ritchie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales
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27
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Ritchie H, Robbie LA, Kinghorn S, Exley R, Booth NA. Monocyte plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) inhibits u-PA-mediated fibrin clot lysis and is cross-linked to fibrin. Thromb Haemost 1999; 81:96-103. [PMID: 10348718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) is a major product of activated human monocytes. Here we show that monocytes inhibited u-PA- but not t-PA-mediated fibrinolysis, by secreting PAI-2 into an overlying fibrin clot. Extracts of arterial and venous human thrombi were found to contain active PAI-2. PAI-2 was cross-linked to fibrin in a reaction catalyzed by two major transglutaminases (TG), tissue TG and factor XIII. The activity of PAI-2 was not affected by such cross-linking. Cross-linking of PAI-2 to fibrin was inhibited by Tridegin, a specific inhibitor of TG, and also by EDTA and iodoacetamide. The use of competitive peptides mimicking the loop between helices C and D of PAI-2 identified Gln 83 and 86 as residues important in cross-linking. This study defines a mechanism by which PAI-2 is localized to fibrin, where it acts as an effective inhibitor of u-PA-mediated fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ritchie
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, UK.
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28
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Ritchie H, Booth NA. Secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 by human peripheral blood monocytes occurs via an endoplasmic reticulum-golgi-independent pathway. Exp Cell Res 1998; 242:439-50. [PMID: 9683531 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1998.4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that is secreted and accumulated intracellularly by monocytes. We investigated PAI-2 synthesis by isolated human peripheral blood monocytes and found that a 47-kDa nonglycosylated form of PAI-2 was abundant in conditioned medium from monocytes. Secretion of PAI-2 by monocytes was not inhibited by agents that inhibit either ER-Golgi pathway-dependent secretion, brefeldin A, or N-linked glycosylation, tunicamycin. IL-1beta served as a control for a protein that is secreted by an ER-Golgi-independent pathway, and secretion of IL-1beta was not inhibited by brefeldin A. This was in contrast to secretion of TNFalpha, which was dependent on the ER-Golgi pathway. None of the treatments was cytotoxic toward monocytes, as measured by release of the intracellular enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the conditioned medium. Subcellular fractionation revealed that PAI-2 and IL-1beta were colocalized. The mechanism for secretion of PAI-2 was not dependent on calcium or intracellular trafficking via the classical vesicular mechanism(s), distinguishing it from IL-1beta secretion. These studies show that PAI-2 is secreted by primary human monocytes via an ER-Golgi-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ritchie
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
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29
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Ritchie H, Booth NA. The distribution of the secreted and intracellular forms of plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) in human peripheral blood monocytes is modulated by serum. Thromb Haemost 1998; 79:813-7. [PMID: 9569198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) is produced by activated monocytes in two forms, intracellular and secreted. We have studied the distribution of these two forms in unstimulated human peripheral blood monocytes and after stimulation by thrombin. Fetal calf serum (FCS) in the culture medium was absolutely necessary for accumulation of intracellular PAI-2; but not for synthesis and secretion. Even at a concentration as low as 0.1%, FCS restored accumulation of intracellular PAI-2. Increasing concentrations of FCS resulted in an increase in the ratio of intracellular to secreted PAI-2. The factor that promoted accumulation of intracellular PAI-2 was not a platelet product. Failure of monocytes to accumulate PAI-2 did not reflect leakage due to cell death, as assessed by LDH in culture supernatants. We propose that accumulation of intracellular PAI-2 is not simply due to poor secretion, but is an active process that is modulated by factor(s) found in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ritchie
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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30
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Ritchie H, Jamieson A, Booth NA. Regulation, location and activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) in peripheral blood monocytes, macrophages and foam cells. Thromb Haemost 1997; 77:1168-73. [PMID: 9241752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes, macrophages and foam cells are central to atherogenesis. We have examined the potential ability of monocytes, macrophages and foam cells to affect the stability of deposited fibrin, characteristic of the atherosclerotic plaque, by their production of plasminogen activators and their inhibitors. Monocytes respond to thrombin and LPS by up-regulation of PAI-2 synthesis, and PAI-2 is their major product among the plasminogen activators/inhibitors. In contrast, macrophages and foam cells, while they did produce PAI-2, did not respond to thrombin and LPS by an increase in its synthesis. All PAI-2 produced by macrophages and foam cells was accumulated intracellularly, whereas monocytes also secreted PAI-2. Secreted PAI-2 was active as an inhibitor of u-PA, whereas intracellular PAI-2 required detergent treatment to generate activity. Thus monocytes, but not macrophages or foam cells, produce and secrete active PAI-2, thus potentially affecting fibrin stability in the local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ritchie
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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31
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Abstract
We previously reported that the cDNA for dentin phosphophoryn, a non-collagenous protein involved in dentin mineralization, was located immediately downstream from the 3' end of dentin sialoprotein, another functionally related non-collagenous dentin protein (Ritchie, H. H., and Wang, L-H. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 3689-3702). We now demonstrate unequivocally that at the genomic level in mammal, these two functionally related proteins are indeed transcribed as one transcriptional unit suggesting that their combined presence at specific mineralization sites in tooth germ is mandatory if dentin mineralization is to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ritchie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
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32
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Barrett DA, Brown VA, Shaw PN, Davies MC, Ritchie H, Ross P. Characterization of a Range of Alkyl-Bonded Silica HPLC Stationary Phases: Chromatographic Behavior of Neutral, Acidic, and Basic Test Solutes. J Chromatogr Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/34.3.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ritchie H, Jamieson A, Booth NA. Peripheral blood monocyte synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 in response to native and modified LDL. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74:1521-7. [PMID: 8772231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibrin deposition is a characteristic feature of the atherosclerotic plaque. The balance of fibrinolytic activity is modulated by plasminogen activators (PAs) and plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAIs). We examined expression of components of the fibrinolytic system by peripheral blood monocytes following stimulation by native LDL and LDL modified by acetylation, copper oxidation or minimal modification. Monocytes responded to LDL stimulation by increased production of PAI-2, with no corresponding increase in u-PA. PAI-1 was detected but did not change relative to untreated control; u-PA was undetectable in all samples. Native LDL consistently upregulated PAI-2; this stimulation was not inhibited by inclusion of antioxidants. Acetylated, copper oxidized and minimally modified LDLs increased production of PAI-2, but the ability to stimulate PAI-2 synthesis varied between preparations of modified LDL. Increased levels of PAI-2 in a local environment such as the artery wall may promote fibrin persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ritchie
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, UK
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34
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Ritchie H, Jamieson A, Booth NA. Thrombin modulates synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 by human peripheral blood monocytes. Blood 1995; 86:3428-35. [PMID: 7579447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrin deposition is characteristic of inflammatory diseases. The monocytes is central to the inflammatory response and can affect fibrinolysis by expression of urokinase (u-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor types 1 and 2 (PAI-1 and PAI-2, respectively). This study examines whether thrombin, which promotes fibrin deposition, can contribute to fibrin persistence by modulating expression of proteins of the fibrinolytic system. Monocytes were isolated from human peripheral blood and analyzed for PAI-2, PAI-1, and u-PA antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Monocytes responded to thrombin by increased expression of PAI-2 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with maximal synthesis at a concentration of 1 U/mL to 10 U/mL. This trend was also evident for PAI-1, which was present at much lower levels. Thrombin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated comparable levels of PAI-2, studied at the antigen and mRNA level. The dose effet of LPS on PAI-2 and PAI-1 was found to differ from that of thrombin. The level of u-PA was undetectable by ELISA and zymography in all samples. Thrombin stimulates PAI-2 synthesis by human monocytes, therefore creating an imbalance in the fibrinolytic system. This may contribute to persistence of fibrin, deposited during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ritchie
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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35
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Butler WT, Ritchie H. The nature and functional significance of dentin extracellular matrix proteins. Int J Dev Biol 1995; 39:169-79. [PMID: 7626404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Odontoblasts are responsible for formation of predentin, which is transformed to dentin when apatite crystals are formed and the fibrillar matrix becomes mineralized. Odontoblasts are specialized cells that synthesize and secrete a unique set of non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), as well as the collagenous matrix largely comprised of type I collagen. The NCPs consist of dentin specific and mineralized tissue specific proteins, as well as other proteins that are found in a variety of tissues. Three dentin specific proteins have been recognized to date: dentin phosphoprotein (DPP), also called phosphophoryn, AG1 (dentin matrix protein 1, Dmp1) and dentin sialoprotein (DSP). DPP appears to be made by odontoblasts and appears at the mineralization front within a short time. It may be secreted via odontoblastic processes. DPP binds to collagen and potentially initiates formation of apatite crystals. A second DPP function appears to be to bind to the 100 face of growing apatite crystals and to inhibit or slow their growth; thus, DPP may play a dual role by initiating mineralization and then affecting the crystal growth and perhaps the habit of the crystals. Although no function has been ascribed to AG1 or DSP, they should prove to be important markers for the odontoblast phenotype. A recent unique finding is that two separate genes appear to code for more than one DSP mRNA; other transcripts may result from differential splicing. Examples of mineralized tissue specific proteins expressed by osteoblasts as well as odontoblasts are bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteocalcin. Some NCPs expressed by osteoblasts, odontoblasts and several other tissues include osteopontin (OPN) and the chondroitin sulfate containing proteoglycans, decorin and biglycan. We propose that characterization of odontoblasts in tissues and cultures should rely upon utilization of sets of markers for the above NCPs and their mRNAs. Similar approaches are commonly used in investigations on osteoblasts. Finally, dentin (like bone) contains other molecules such as growth factors, and serum derived proteins, found within the matrix; no functional significance has yet been placed upon this finding. Future experiments should focus upon the elucidation of the three dimensional structures of the collagenous fibrillar network and of the NCPs to determine the relationships to mineralization. The role played by odontoblasts in controlling extracellular events, such as by selective secretory routes, will require careful exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Butler
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Texas-Houston Health Sciences Center 77030, USA
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Abstract
At the in vitro threshold serum concentration of 500 ng/ml, isotretinoin induces defects of visceral arch development in 9.5-day rat embryos grown in culture for 48 h. Experiments were performed to determine the minimum period of exposure necessary to induce these arch defects and whether an increase in concentration of isotretinoin could compensate for reduced exposure time. The results showed that a minimum 6-h exposure to 500 ng/ml immediately prior to cranial neural crest migration was necessary to induce severe defects of the second visceral arch in a majority of embryos. Maximal increase in isotretinoin concentration to 16,000 ng/ml did not compensate for shorter exposure periods. These results suggest that to cause malformations of the visceral arches, the embryo must be exposed to isotretinoin for a minimum period of time regardless of the concentration of isotretinoin above the threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ritchie
- Department of Anatomy, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ritchie H. Carcinoma of the Uterus Complicated with Universal Dropsy. Northwest Med Surg J 1855; 4:351-353. [PMID: 37320316 PMCID: PMC9956428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
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