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Phan T, Jones JE, Chen M, Strawn T, Khoukaz HB, Ji Y, Kumar A, Bowles DK, Fay WP, Yu Q. In vitro biological responses of plasma nanocoatings for coronary stent applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1768-1780. [PMID: 37465994 PMCID: PMC10529135 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
In-stent restenosis and thrombosis remain to be long-term challenges in coronary stenting procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro biological responses of trimethylsilane (TMS) plasma nanocoatings modified with NH3 /O2 (2:1 molar ratio) plasma post-treatment (TMS + NH3 /O2 nanocoatings) on cobalt chromium (CoCr) alloy L605 coupons, L605 stents, and 316L stainless steel (SS) stents. Surface properties of the plasma nanocoatings with up to 2-year aging time were characterized by wettability assessment and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that TMS + NH3 /O2 nanocoatings had a surface composition of 41.21 ± 1.06 at% oxygen, 31.90 ± 1.08 at% silicon, and 24.12 ± 1.7 at% carbon, and very small but essential amount of 2.77 ± 0.18 at% nitrogen. Surface chemical stability of the plasma coatings was noted with persistent O/Si atomic ratio of 1.292-1.413 and N/Si atomic ratio of ~0.087 through 2 years. The in vitro biological responses of plasma nanocoatings were studied by evaluating the cell proliferation and migration of porcine coronary artery endothelial cells (PCAECs) and smooth muscle cells (PCASMCs). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay results revealed that, after 7-day incubation, TMS + NH3 /O2 nanocoatings maintained a similar level of PCAEC proliferation while showing a decrease in the viability of PCASMCs by 73 ± 19% as compared with uncoated L605 surfaces. Cell co-culture of PCAECs and PCASMCs results showed that, the cell ratio of PCAEC/PCASMC on TMS + NH3 /O2 nanocoating surfaces was 1.5-fold higher than that on uncoated L605 surfaces, indicating enhanced selectivity for promoting PCAEC growth. Migration test showed comparable PCAEC migration distance for uncoated L605 and TMS + NH3 /O2 nanocoatings. In contrast, PCASMC migration distance was reduced nearly 8.5-fold on TMS + NH3 /O2 nanocoating surfaces as compared to the uncoated L605 surfaces. Platelet adhesion test using porcine whole blood showed lower adhered platelets distribution (by 70 ± 16%), reduced clotting attachment (by 54 ± 12%), and less platelet activation on TMS + NH3 /O2 nanocoating surfaces as compared with the uncoated L605 controls. It was further found that, under shear stress conditions of simulated blood flow, TMS + NH3 /O2 nanocoating significantly inhibited platelet adhesion compared to the uncoated 316L SS stents and TMS nanocoated 316L SS stents. These results indicate that TMS + NH3 /O2 nanocoatings are very promising in preventing both restenosis and thrombosis for coronary stent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- ThiThuHa Phan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - John E. Jones
- Nanova, Inc., 1601 S Providence Rd, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Meng Chen
- Nanova, Inc., 1601 S Providence Rd, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - T.L. Strawn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Hekmat B. Khoukaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Yan Ji
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Douglas K. Bowles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - William P. Fay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Qingsong Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
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Khoukaz HB, Vadali M, Fay WP. Do Fish Oil Supplements Reduce A-Fib? Mo Med 2022; 119:543-544. [PMID: 36588640 PMCID: PMC9762219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Khoukaz HB. Fish Oil Supplements for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: The Jury Is Still Out: CON: Fish Oil is Useful to Prevent or Treat Cardiovascular Disease. Mo Med 2021; 118:219-225. [PMID: 34149081 PMCID: PMC8211000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of oily fish high in omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FAs) is strongly associated with reduced risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the n-3FAs in fish oil believed to confer its beneficial effects. Over the past two decades, multiple clinical trials have been conducted to test the hypothesis that encapsulated EPA and DHA supplements improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with established cardiovascular disease or at risk of developing it. Over the same time period, over-the-counter fish oil supplements have become a multi-billion-dollar industry. In this article, we briefly review available clinical trial data involving EPA and DHA supplementation. Based on currently available information, we conclude that combination capsules containing EPA and DHA should not be used to reduce cardiovascular risk. Some studies suggest that EPA as stand-alone therapy decreases cardiovascular risk. Nevertheless, we advocate a restrictive approach to using EPA to improve cardiovascular outcomes.
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Khoukaz HB. Fish Oil Supplements for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Response to Opponents. Mo Med 2021; 118:323-324. [PMID: 34373665 PMCID: PMC8343639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Khoukaz HB, Ji Y, Braet DJ, Vadali M, Abdelhamid AA, Emal CD, Lawrence DA, Fay WP. Drug Targeting of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Inhibits Metabolic Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis in a Murine Model of Metabolic Syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1479-1490. [PMID: 32268785 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enhanced expression of PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) has been implicated in atherosclerosis formation in humans with obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, little is known about the effects of pharmacological targeting of PAI-1 on atherogenesis. This study examined the effects of pharmacological PAI-1 inhibition on atherosclerosis formation in a murine model of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Approach and Results: LDL receptor-deficient (ldlr-/-) mice were fed a Western diet high in cholesterol, fat, and sucrose to induce obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. Western diet triggered significant upregulation of PAI-1 expression compared with normal diet controls. Addition of a pharmacological PAI-1 inhibitor (either PAI-039 or MDI-2268) to Western diet significantly inhibited obesity and atherosclerosis formation for up to 24 weeks without attenuating food consumption. Pharmacological PAI-1 inhibition significantly decreased macrophage accumulation and cell senescence in atherosclerotic plaques. Recombinant PAI-1 stimulated smooth muscle cell senescence, whereas a PAI-1 mutant defective in LRP1 (LDL receptor-related protein 1) binding did not. The prosenescent effect of PAI-1 was blocked by PAI-039 and R2629, a specific anti-LRP1 antibody. PAI-039 significantly decreased visceral adipose tissue inflammation, hyperglycemia, and hepatic triglyceride content without altering plasma lipid profiles. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological targeting of PAI-1 inhibits atherosclerosis in mice with obesity and metabolic syndrome, while inhibiting macrophage accumulation and cell senescence in atherosclerotic plaques, as well as obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction. PAI-1 induces senescence of smooth muscle cells in an LRP1-dependent manner. These results help to define the role of PAI-1 in atherosclerosis formation and suggest a new plasma-lipid-independent strategy for inhibiting atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hekmat B Khoukaz
- From the Department of Medicine (H.B.K, Y.J., D.J.B., M.V., A.A.A., W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - Yan Ji
- From the Department of Medicine (H.B.K, Y.J., D.J.B., M.V., A.A.A., W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - Drew J Braet
- From the Department of Medicine (H.B.K, Y.J., D.J.B., M.V., A.A.A., W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - Manisha Vadali
- From the Department of Medicine (H.B.K, Y.J., D.J.B., M.V., A.A.A., W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - Ahmed A Abdelhamid
- From the Department of Medicine (H.B.K, Y.J., D.J.B., M.V., A.A.A., W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - Cory D Emal
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti (C.D.E.)
| | - Daniel A Lawrence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (D.A.L.)
| | - William P Fay
- From the Department of Medicine (H.B.K, Y.J., D.J.B., M.V., A.A.A., W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine.,Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology (W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (W.P.F.)
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Braet DJ, Khoukaz HB, Vogel TR, Tewari SO, Fay WP. The association of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech 2019; 5:343-344. [PMID: 31334414 PMCID: PMC6614705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvscit.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Drew J. Braet
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Mo
| | - Hekmat B. Khoukaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Mo
| | - Todd R. Vogel
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Mo
| | - Sanjit O. Tewari
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Mo
| | - William P. Fay
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Mo
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