1
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Carvell T, Burgoyne P, Milne L, Campbell JDM, Fraser AR, Bridle H. Human leucocytes processed by fast-rate inertial microfluidics retain conventional functional characteristics. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230572. [PMID: 38442860 PMCID: PMC10914517 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of clinical cellular therapies is a complex process frequently requiring manipulation of cells, exchange of buffers and volume reduction. Current manufacturing processes rely on either low throughput open centrifugation-based devices, or expensive closed-process alternatives. Inertial focusing (IF) microfluidic devices offer the potential for high-throughput, inexpensive equipment which can be integrated into a closed system, but to date no IF devices have been approved for use in cell therapy manufacturing, and there is limited evidence for the effects that IF processing has on human cells. The IF device described in this study was designed to simultaneously separate leucocytes, perform buffer exchange and provide a volume reduction to the cell suspension, using high flow rates with high Reynolds numbers. The performance and effects of the IF device were characterized using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and isolated monocytes. Post-processing cell effects were investigated using multi-parameter flow cytometry to track cell viability, functional changes and fate. The IF device was highly efficient at separating CD14+ monocytes (approx. 97% to one outlet, approx. 60% buffer exchange, 15 ml min-1) and leucocyte processing was well tolerated with no significant differences in downstream viability, immunophenotype or metabolic activity when compared with leucocytes processed with conventional processing techniques. This detailed approach provides robust evidence that IF devices could offer significant benefits to clinical cell therapy manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Carvell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Paul Burgoyne
- Tissues, Cells and Advanced Therapeutics, Jack Copland Centre, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Research Avenue North, Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - Laura Milne
- Tissues, Cells and Advanced Therapeutics, Jack Copland Centre, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Research Avenue North, Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - John D. M. Campbell
- Tissues, Cells and Advanced Therapeutics, Jack Copland Centre, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Research Avenue North, Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - Alasdair R. Fraser
- Tissues, Cells and Advanced Therapeutics, Jack Copland Centre, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Research Avenue North, Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - Helen Bridle
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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2
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Guzniczak E, Krüger T, Bridle H, Jimenez M. Limitation of spiral microchannels for particle separation in heterogeneous mixtures: Impact of particles' size and deformability. Biomicrofluidics 2020; 14:044113. [PMID: 32831986 PMCID: PMC7419160 DOI: 10.1063/5.0009673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Spiral microchannels have shown promising results for separation applications. Hydrodynamic particle-particle interactions are a known factor strongly influencing focusing behaviors in inertial devices, with recent work highlighting how the performance of bidisperse mixtures is altered when compared with pure components in square channels. This phenomenon has not been previously investigated in detail for spiral channels. Here, we demonstrate that, in spiral channels, both the proportion and deformability of larger particles (13 μm diameter) impact upon the recovery (up to 47% decrease) of small rigid particles (4 μm). The effect, observed at low concentrations (volume fraction <0.0012), is attributed to the hydrodynamic capture of beads by larger cells. These changes in particles focusing behavior directly impede the efficiency of the separation-diverting beads from locations expected from measurements with pure populations to co-collection with larger cells-and could hamper deployment of technology for certain applications. Similar focusing behavior alterations were noted when working with purification of stem cell end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Guzniczak
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Timm Krüger
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, Scotland
| | - Helen Bridle
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| | - Melanie Jimenez
- Biomedical Engineering Division, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
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3
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Guzniczak E, Otto O, Whyte G, Willoughby N, Jimenez M, Bridle H. Correction: Deformability-induced lift force in spiral microchannels for cell separation. Lab Chip 2020; 20:1877. [PMID: 32342962 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc90036b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Correction for 'Deformability-induced lift force in spiral microchannels for cell separation' by Ewa Guzniczak et al., Lab Chip, 2020, 20, 614-625.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Guzniczak
- School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
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Hamidović M, Marta U, Bridle H, Hamidović D, Fink G, Wille R, Springer A, Haselmayr W. Off-Chip-Controlled Droplet-on-Demand Method for Precise Sample Handling. ACS Omega 2020; 5:9684-9689. [PMID: 32391454 PMCID: PMC7203690 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple, stable, and highly reproducible off-chip-controlled method for generating droplets-on-demand. To induce the droplet generation, externally pre-programmed positive pressure pulses are applied to the dispersed phase input while the continuous phase channel remains at constant input pressure. By controlling solely one fluid phase, the method allows for connecting multiple independent dispersed-phase channels to a single continuous channel. Experimental results show that the method allows for a droplet generation frequency of 33 Hz and a high reproducibility of droplets with standard deviations less than 5% of the mean value. Moreover, utilization of the off-chip-controlled method results in the simplicity in chip design and allows rapid (∼5 min) and cost-efficient (0.5 USD) prototyping of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medina Hamidović
- Institute
for Communications Engineering and RF-Systems, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
| | - Uli Marta
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Bridle
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Damir Hamidović
- Institute
for Communications Engineering and RF-Systems, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
| | - Gerold Fink
- Institute
for Integrated Circuits, Johannes Kepler
University Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
| | - Robert Wille
- Institute
for Integrated Circuits, Johannes Kepler
University Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
| | - Andreas Springer
- Institute
for Communications Engineering and RF-Systems, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
| | - Werner Haselmayr
- Institute
for Communications Engineering and RF-Systems, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
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5
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Guzniczak E, Otto O, Whyte G, Chandra T, Robertson NA, Willoughby N, Jimenez M, Bridle H. Purifying stem cell-derived red blood cells: a high-throughput label-free downstream processing strategy based on microfluidic spiral inertial separation and membrane filtration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2032-2045. [PMID: 32100873 PMCID: PMC7383897 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapeutics, such as in vitro manufactured red blood cells (mRBCs), are different to traditional biopharmaceutical products (the final product being the cells themselves as opposed to biological molecules such as proteins) and that presents a challenge of developing new robust and economically feasible manufacturing processes, especially for sample purification. Current purification technologies have limited throughput, rely on expensive fluorescent or magnetic immunolabeling with a significant (up to 70%) cell loss and quality impairment. To address this challenge, previously characterized mechanical properties of umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells undergoing in vitro erythropoiesis were used to develop an mRBC purification strategy. The approach consists of two main stages: (a) a microfluidic separation using inertial focusing for deformability-based sorting of enucleated cells (mRBC) from nuclei and nucleated cells resulting in 70% purity and (b) membrane filtration to enhance the purity to 99%. Herein, we propose a new route for high-throughput (processing millions of cells/min and mls of medium/min) purification process for mRBC, leading to high mRBC purity while maintaining cell integrity and no alterations in their global gene expression profile. Further adaption of this separation approach offers a potential route for processing of a wide range of cellular products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Guzniczak
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Oliver Otto
- Centre for Innovation Competence - Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Graeme Whyte
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Tamir Chandra
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Neil A Robertson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Nik Willoughby
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Melanie Jimenez
- Biomedical Engineering Division, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Helen Bridle
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
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6
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Guzniczak E, Otto O, Whyte G, Willoughby N, Jimenez M, Bridle H. Deformability-induced lift force in spiral microchannels for cell separation. Lab Chip 2020; 20:614-625. [PMID: 31915780 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell sorting and isolation from a heterogeneous mixture is a crucial task in many aspects of cell biology, biotechnology and medicine. Recently, there has been an interest in methods allowing cell separation upon their intrinsic properties such as cell size and deformability, without the need for use of biochemical labels. Inertial focusing in spiral microchannels has been recognised as an attractive approach for high-throughput cell sorting for myriad point of care and clinical diagnostics. Particles of different sizes interact to a different degree with the fluid flow pattern generated within the spiral microchannel and that leads to particles ordering and separation based on size. However, the deformable nature of cells adds complexity to their ordering within the spiral channels. Herein, an additional force, deformability-induced lift force (FD), involved in the cell focusing mechanism within spiral microchannels has been identified, investigated and reported for the first time, using a cellular deformability model (where the deformability of cells is gradually altered using chemical treatments). Using this model, we demonstrated that spiral microchannels are capable of separating cells of the same size but different deformability properties, extending the capability of the previous method. We have developed a unique label-free approach for deformability-based purification through coupling the effect of FD with inertial focusing in spiral microchannels. This microfluidic-based purification strategy, free of the modifying immuno-labels, allowing cell processing at a large scale (millions of cells per min and mls of medium per minute), up to high purities and separation efficiency and without compromising cell quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Guzniczak
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
| | - Oliver Otto
- Centre for Innovation Competence-Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Greifswald, Fleischmannstr. 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany & Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung, Partner Site Greifswald, Fleischmannstr. 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Graeme Whyte
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
| | - Nicholas Willoughby
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
| | - Melanie Jimenez
- Biomedical Engineering Division, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT UK
| | - Helen Bridle
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
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7
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Hansen CB, Kerrouche A, Tatari K, Rasmussen A, Ryan T, Summersgill P, Desmulliez MPY, Bridle H, Albrechtsen HJ. Monitoring of drinking water quality using automated ATP quantification. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 165:105713. [PMID: 31476354 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic based system was developed for automated online method for the rapid detection and monitoring of drinking water contamination utilising microbial Adrenosine-5'-Triphosphate (ATP) as a bacterial indicator. The system comprises a polymethyl methacrylate based microfluidic cartridge inserted into an enclosure incorporating the functions of fluid storage and delivery, lysis steps and real-time detection. Design, integration and operation of the resulting automated system are reported, including the lysis method, the design of the mixing circuit, the choices of flow rate, temperature and reagent amount. Calibration curves of both total and free ATP were demonstrated to be highly linear over a range from 2.5-5000 pg/mL with the limit of detection being lower than 2.5 pg/mL of total ATP. The system was trialled in a lab study with different types of water, with lysis efficiency being found to be strongly dependent upon water type. Further development is required before online implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Hansen
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - K Tatari
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A Rasmussen
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - M P Y Desmulliez
- Multi-Modal Sensing and Micro-Manipulation Centre (CAPTURE), Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems (ISSS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, UK
| | - H Bridle
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, UK.
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8
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Guzniczak E, Jimenez M, Irwin M, Otto O, Willoughby N, Bridle H. Impact of poloxamer 188 (Pluronic F-68) additive on cell mechanical properties, quantification by real-time deformability cytometry. Biomicrofluidics 2018; 12:044118. [PMID: 30867863 PMCID: PMC6404947 DOI: 10.1063/1.5040316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cellular therapies have led to the development of new approaches for cell product purification and formulation, e.g., utilizing cell endogenous properties such as size and deformability as a basis for separation from potentially harmful undesirable by-products. However, commonly used additives such as Pluronic F-68 and other poloxamer macromolecules can change the mechanical properties of cells and consequently alter their processing. In this paper, we quantified the short-term effect of Pluronic F-68 on the mechanotype of three different cell types (Jurkat cells, red blood cells, and human embryonic kidney cells) using real-time deformability cytometry. The impact of the additive concentration was assessed in terms of cell size and deformability. We observed that cells respond progressively to the presence of Pluronic F-68 within first 3 h of incubation and become significantly stiffer (p-value < 0.001) in comparison to a serum-free control and a control containing serum. We also observed that the short-term response manifested as cell stiffening is true (p-value < 0.001) for the concentration reaching 1% (w/v) of the poloxamer additive in tested buffers. Additionally, using flow cytometry, we assessed that changes in cell deformability triggered by addition of Pluronic F-68 are not accompanied by size or viability alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Guzniczak
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Jimenez
- School of Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Division, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Irwin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Otto
- ZIK HIKE, Centre for Innovation Competence - Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomechanics, University of Greifswald, Fleischmannstraße 42-44, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas Willoughby
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Bridle
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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9
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Guzniczak E, Mohammad Zadeh M, Dempsey F, Jimenez M, Bock H, Whyte G, Willoughby N, Bridle H. High-throughput assessment of mechanical properties of stem cell derived red blood cells, toward cellular downstream processing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14457. [PMID: 29089557 PMCID: PMC5663858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell products, including manufactured red blood cells, require efficient sorting and purification methods to remove components potentially harmful for clinical application. However, standard approaches for cellular downstream processing rely on the use of specific and expensive labels (e.g. FACS or MACS). Techniques relying on inherent mechanical and physical properties of cells offer high-throughput scalable alternatives but knowledge of the mechanical phenotype is required. Here, we characterized for the first time deformability and size changes in CD34+ cells, and expelled nuclei, during their differentiation process into red blood cells at days 11, 14, 18 and 21, using Real-Time Deformability Cytometry (RT-DC) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). We found significant differences (p < 0.0001; standardised mixed model) between the deformability of nucleated and enucleated cells, while they remain within the same size range. Expelled nuclei are smaller thus could be removed by size-based separation. An average Young's elastic modulus was measured for nucleated cells, enucleated cells and nuclei (day 14) of 1.04 ± 0.47 kPa, 0.53 ± 0.12 kPa and 7.06 ± 4.07 kPa respectively. Our identification and quantification of significant differences (p < 0.0001; ANOVA) in CD34+ cells mechanical properties throughout the differentiation process could enable development of new routes for purification of manufactured red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Guzniczak
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland.
| | - Maryam Mohammad Zadeh
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Fiona Dempsey
- MedAnnex Ltd, 1 Summerhall Place, Techcube 3.5, Edinburgh, EH9 1PL, Scotland
| | - Melanie Jimenez
- University of Glasgow, School of Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Division, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Henry Bock
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Graeme Whyte
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Nicholas Willoughby
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Helen Bridle
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland
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10
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Sharma V, Kaur T, Bridle H, Ghosh M. Antimicrobial efficacy and safety of mucoadhesive exopolymer produced by Acinetobacter haemolyticus. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 94:187-193. [PMID: 27720965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated five extracellular polymers of bacterial origin possessing mucoadhesive properties for their antimicrobial properties and toxicological characteristics. Of the five tested mucoadhesive biopolymers, the extracellular polymer produced by a strain of Acinetobacter haemolyticus exhibited broad antimicrobial efficacy towards Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Bacillus subtilis. Significant (p<0.05) inhibition of gram negative bacterial pathogens followed by gram positives were observed with the biopolymer at a dose of 40-60μg ml-1 at ambient temperature. The cytotoxicity under in vitro conditions and oral toxicity in murine models was also evaluated. The biopolymer did not elicit either haemolytic activity or toxicity in RAW 264.7 cell lines. Haemotological, histopathological and general examinations indicated no adverse effects in Swiss albino mice fed with the biopolymer (120mg kg-1 body weight-1 day1) over a period of 30 days. These results suggested that the biopolymer was well tolerated without any signs of toxicity and may have several potential biomedical applications where disinfection is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University, Patiala-147004, India
| | - Taranpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University, Patiala-147004, India
| | - Helen Bridle
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Moushumi Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University, Patiala-147004, India.
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11
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Morton JAS, Bridle H. Student-led microfluidics lab practicals: Improving engagement and learning outcomes. Biomicrofluidics 2016; 10:034117. [PMID: 27375822 PMCID: PMC4902809 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has shown rapid growth in both research and development and offers significant commercialisation potential for biomedical and diagnostic applications in particular. However, there is a lack of awareness of microfluidics outside the field of study, and few dedicated educational programmes are available. While many topics incorporate microfluidics teaching, reported initiatives in the literature have not yet taken a problem based learning (PBL) approach to the delivery of practical sessions. The educational approaches already reported typically focus upon production and testing of pre-determined device designs for specific applications, using a "recipe" style of lab teaching. Here, we report on a newly designed lab section of a microfluidic teaching component utilising problem based learning (PBL) to involve the students in all aspects of design, manufacture, and performance characterisation of microfluidic solutions. Details of the lab design and development are given enabling others to replicate the lab structure described here or use it as a basis for the design of similar PBL microfluidics teaching labs. A key focus of the work has been the evaluation of the student experience, and the results of a survey indicate a high degree of student satisfaction and skills development due to the PBL approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A S Morton
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - H Bridle
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University , Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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12
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Jimenez M, Bridle H. Microfluidics for effective concentration and sorting of waterborne protozoan pathogens. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 126:8-11. [PMID: 27074367 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report on an inertial focussing based microfluidics technology for concentrating waterborne protozoa, achieving a 96% recovery rate of Cryptosporidium parvum and 86% for Giardia lamblia at a throughput (mL/min) capable of replacing centrifugation. The approach can easily be extended to other parasites and also bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jimenez
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Scotland, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - H Bridle
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Scotland, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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13
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Pavli P, Venkateswaran S, Bradley M, Bridle H. Enhancing Cryptosporidium parvum recovery rates for improved water monitoring. Chemosphere 2016; 143:57-63. [PMID: 26009471 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Water monitoring is essential to ensure safe drinking water for consumers. However existing methods have several drawbacks, particularly with regard to the poor recovery of Cryptosporidium due to the inability to efficiently elute Cryptosporidium oocysts during the established detection process used by water utilities. Thus the development of new inexpensive materials that could be incorporated into the concentration and release stage that would control Cryptosporidium oocysts adhesion would be beneficial. Here we describe improved filter performance following dip-coating of the filters with a "bioactive" polyacrylate. Specifically 69% more oocysts were eluted from the filter which had been coated with a polymer than on the naked filter alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pagona Pavli
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, BioPhysics & BioEngineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, EH14 1AS Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sesha Venkateswaran
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3JJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3JJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Bridle
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, BioPhysics & BioEngineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, EH14 1AS Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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14
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Bridle H, Balharry D, Gaiser B, Johnston H. Exploitation of Nanotechnology for the Monitoring of Waterborne Pathogens: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Priorities. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:10762-77. [PMID: 26301863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated drinking water is one of the most important environmental contributors to the human disease burden. Monitoring of water for the presence of pathogens is an essential part of ensuring drinking water safety. In order to assess water quality it is essential to have methods available to sample and detect the type, level and viability of pathogens in water which are effective, cheap, quick, sensitive, and where possible high throughput. Nanotechnology has the potential to drastically improve the monitoring of waterborne pathogens when compared to conventional approaches. To date, there have been no reviews that outline the applications of nanotechnology in this area despite increasing exploitation of nanotechnology for this purpose. This review is therefore the first overview of the state-of-the-art in the application of nanotechnology to waterborne pathogen sampling and detection schemes. Research in this field has been centered on the use of engineered nanomaterials. The effectiveness and limitations of nanomaterial-based approaches is outlined. A future outlook of the advances that are likely to emerge in this area, as well as recommendations for areas of further research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bridle
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University , Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Balharry
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Gaiser
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Helinor Johnston
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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15
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Gandi SK, Watson D, Kersaudy-Kerhoas M, Desmulliez MPY, Bachmann T, Bridle H. Impact of microfluidic processing on bacterial ribonucleic acid expression. Biomicrofluidics 2015; 9:031102. [PMID: 26045727 PMCID: PMC4449352 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial transcriptomics is widely used to investigate gene regulation, bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics, host-pathogen interactions, and pathogenesis. Transcriptomics is crucially dependent on suitable methods to isolate and detect bacterial RNA. Microfluidics offer ways of creating integrated point-of-care systems, analysing a sample from preparation, and RNA isolation to detection. A critical requirement for on-chip diagnostics to deliver on their promise is that mRNA expression is not altered via microfluidic sample processing. This article investigates the impact of the use of microfluidics upon RNA expression of bacteria isolated from blood, a key step towards proving the suitability of such systems for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Kumar Gandi
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maïwenn Kersaudy-Kerhoas
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Marc P Y Desmulliez
- Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Till Bachmann
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Bridle
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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16
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Abstract
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), a hydrodynamic, microfluidic technology, was first reported by Huang et al. in 2004 to separate particles on the basis of size in continuous flow with a resolution of down to 10 nm. For 10 years, DLD has been extensively studied, employed and modified by researchers in terms of theory, design, microfabrication and application to develop newer, faster and more efficient tools for separation of millimetre, micrometre and even sub-micrometre sized particles. To extend the range of potential applications, the specific arrangement of geometric features in DLD has also been adapted and/or coupled with external forces (e.g. acoustic, electric, gravitational) to separate particles on the basis of other properties than size such as the shape, deformability and dielectric properties of particles. Furthermore, investigations into DLD performance where inertial and non-Newtonian effects are present have been conducted. However, the evolvement and application of DLD has not yet been reviewed. In this paper, we collate many interesting publications to provide a comprehensive review of the development and diversity of this technology but also provide scope for future direction and detail the fundamentals for those wishing to design such devices for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McGrath
- Heriot-Watt University, Microfluidic Biotech Group, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK.
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17
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Bridle H, Miller B, Desmulliez MPY. Application of microfluidics in waterborne pathogen monitoring: a review. Water Res 2014; 55:256-71. [PMID: 24631875 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A review of the recent advances in microfluidics based systems for the monitoring of waterborne pathogens is provided in this article. Emphasis has been made on existing, commercial and state-of-the-art systems and research activities in laboratories worldwide. The review separates sample processing systems and monitoring systems, highlighting the slow progress made in automated sample processing for monitoring of pathogens in waterworks and in the field. Future potential directions of research are also highlighted in the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bridle
- Heriot-Watt University, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), Riccarton, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Brian Miller
- University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Marc P Y Desmulliez
- Heriot-Watt University, MicroSystems Engineering Centre (MISEC), Riccarton, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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18
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Abstract
We report a novel approach for determining the enzymatic activity within a single suspended cell. Using a steady-state microfluidic delivery device and timed exposure to the pore-forming agent digitonin, we controlled the plasma membrane permeation of individual NG108-15 cells. Mildly permeabilized cells (~100 pores) were exposed to a series of concentrations of fluorescein diphosphate (FDP), a fluorogenic alkaline phosphatase substrate, with and without levamisole, an alkaline phosphatase inhibitor. We generated quantitative estimates for intracellular enzyme activity and were able to construct both dose-response and dose-inhibition curves at the single-cell level, resulting in an apparent Michaelis contant Km of 15.3 μM ± 1.02 (mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), n = 16) and an inhibition constant Ki of 0.59 mM ± 0.07 (mean ± SEM, n = 14). Enzymatic activity could be monitored just 40 s after permeabilization, and five point dose-inhibition curves could be obtained within 150 s. This rapid approach offers a new methodology for characterizing enzyme activity within single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Olofsson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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20
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21
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Bridle H, Kersaudy-Kerhoas M, Miller B, Gavriilidou D, Katzer F, Innes EA, Desmulliez MPY. Detection of Cryptosporidium in miniaturised fluidic devices. Water Res 2012; 46:1641-1661. [PMID: 22305660 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of drinking water with the protozoan pathogen, Cryptosporidium, represents a serious risk to human health due to the low infectious dose and the resistance of this parasite to chlorine disinfection. Therefore, several countries have legislated for the frequent monitoring of drinking water for Cryptosporidium presence. Existing approved monitoring protocols are however time-consuming and do not provide essential information on the species, virulence or viability of detected oocysts. Rapid, more information-rich and automatable systems for Cryptosporidium detection are highly sought-after, and numerous miniaturised devices have been developed to address this need. This review article aims to summarise the state-of-the-art and compare the performance of these systems in terms of detection limit, ability to determine species, viability and performance in the presence of interferents. Finally, conclusions are drawn with regard to the most promising methods and directions of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bridle
- University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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22
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Wu M, Bridle H, Bradley M. Targeting Cryptosporidium parvum capture. Water Res 2012; 46:1715-1722. [PMID: 22257929 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polymer microarrays offer a high-throughput approach to the screening and assessment of a large number of polymeric materials. Here, we report the first study of protozoan-polymer interactions using a microarray approach. Specifically, from screening hundreds of synthetic polymers, we identified materials that either trap the waterborne protozoan parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum, or prevent its adhesion, both of which have major practical applications. Comparison of array results revealed differences in the adhesion characteristics of viable and non-viable C. parvum oocysts. Material properties, including polymer composition, wettability and surface chemistry, allowed correlation of binding and identification of structure function relationships. Understanding C. parvum binding interactions could assist in improved water treatment processes and the identified polymers could find applications in sensor and filter materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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23
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Pickering H, Wu M, Bradley M, Bridle H. Analysis of Giardia lamblia interactions with polymer surfaces using a microarray approach. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:2179-2186. [PMID: 22303893 DOI: 10.1021/es203637e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of the waterborne protozoan parasite, Giardia lamblia, with polymeric materials was investigated by microarray screening of 652 polymers. Polymers were identified which either bound G. lamblia cysts or prevented their binding. Correlation of material properties such as wettability and surface roughness with cyst attachment revealed no influence of these factors upon Giardia adhesion. However, the study of polymer composition allowed the correlation of binding and generation of polymer structure function relationships; glycol and aromatic functionalities appeared to prevent adhesion, whereas secondary amine groups promoted adhesion, in agreement with previous literature. A significant reduction in attachment was observed following both cyst treatments with proteinase K and performing experiments at extremes of pH (2 and 12). It is suggested that proteinase K removes the proteins needed for specific surface interactions, whereas extremes of pH influence either protonation of the polymer or the surface charge of the cysts. The mechanism by which the protozoa attach to polymeric surfaces is proposed to be through ion-pair interactions. Improved understanding of G. lamblia surface interactions could assist in predicting transport and fate behavior in the environment and contribute to better design of water treatment processes, while the polymers identified in this work could find use in sensor applications and membrane filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pickering
- Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, United Kingdom
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24
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Olofsson J, Bridle H, Jesorka A, Isaksson I, Weber S, Orwar O. Direct access and control of the intracellular solution environment in single cells. Anal Chem 2010; 81:1810-8. [PMID: 19196030 DOI: 10.1021/ac802081m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methods that can control and vary the solution environment around single cells are abundant. In contrast, methods that offer direct access to the intracellular proteome and genome in single cells with the control, flexibility, and convenience given by microfluidic methods are both scarce and in great demand. Here, we present such a method based on using a microfluidic device mounted on a programmable scanning stage and cells on-chip permeabilized by the pore-forming glycoside digitonin. We characterized the on-chip digitonin poration, as well as the solution exchange within cells. Intracellular solution exchange times vary with the dose of exposure to digitonin from less than a second to tens of seconds. Also, the degree of permeabilization obtained for cells treated with the same dose varies considerably, especially for low doses of digitonin exposure and low permeabilities. With the use of the presented setup, the degree of permeabilization can be measured during the permeabilization process, which allows for "on-line" optimization of the digitonin exposure time. Using this calibrated permeabilization method, we demonstrate the generation of intracellular oscillations, intracellular gradients, and the delivery of substrate to initiate enzymatic reactions in situ. This method holds the potential to screen and titrate intracellular receptors or enzymes or to generate intracellular oscillations, useful in the study of signaling pathways and oscillation decoding among other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Olofsson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Microtechnology Centre, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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25
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Bridle H, Millingen M, Jesorka A. On-chip fabrication to add temperature control to a microfluidic solution exchange system. Lab Chip 2008; 8:480-483. [PMID: 18305868 DOI: 10.1039/b718368b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a concept for the post production modification of commercially available microfluidic devices to incorporate local temperature control, thus allowing for the exact alignment of heating structures with the existing features, e.g. wells, channels or valves, of a system. Specifically, we demonstrate the application of programmable local heating, controlled by computerized PI regulation, to a rapid solution exchanger. Characterisation of the system to show that both uniform temperature distributions and temperature gradients can be established, and to confirm that the solution exchange properties are undisturbed by heating, was achieved using in situ thermometry and amperometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bridle
- Department of Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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26
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Millingen M, Bridle H, Jesorka A, Lincoln P, Orwar O. Ligand-specific temperature-dependent shifts in EC50 values for the GABAA receptor. Anal Chem 2007; 80:340-3. [PMID: 18052252 DOI: 10.1021/ac702148p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a system for temperature control of a commercial microfluidic superfusion device that, in combination with patch-clamp, enables rapid acquisition of dose-response data at different temperatures. We obtained dose-response curves for the GABAA receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel, for two different agonists at temperatures between 25 and 40 degrees C. For GABA, the dose-response curves shifted toward higher EC50 values as the temperature increased, whereas for beta-alanine, the EC50 values were constant. This shows that temperature is an important factor for obtaining accurate estimations of EC50 values and also that such temperature effects can be ligand-specific. Using the EC50 values, we estimated the enthalpy of dissociation between the ligand and the receptor. Furthermore, the technology introduced here is generally applicable to all patch-clamp studies where temperature control is desirable, e.g., studies of kinetics and thermodynamics, drug screening, compliant ADME/Tox testing, and in studies of temperature-gated ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Millingen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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27
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Abstract
We present an open-volume microfluidic system capable of on-line modification of a patterned laminar flow by using programmable inlet valves. Each separate solution environment in the flow pattern can be independently exchanged between different preloaded input solutions where each exchange requires 20 s. The number of flow patterns that can be generated by one device is N(n), where N represents the number of valve inlets and n the number of microchannels in the microfluidic system. Furthermore, the system can be operated as a combinatorial mixer, in which mixture of the different input solutions can be obtained independently in each channel. Since the flow patterns are generated in an open volume, they are accessible to many different detection methods and types of probes, e.g., microelectrodes, cells, or cell fragments. This technology offers the possibility to adjust the flow pattern composition in response to an output from a probe. This is the first step toward creating an automated feedback device controlled by, for example, biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bridle
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Microtechnology Centre, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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28
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Matakidou A, el Galta R, Webb EL, Rudd MF, Bridle H, Eisen T, Houlston RS. Genetic variation in the DNA repair genes is predictive of outcome in lung cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:2333-40. [PMID: 17855454 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess whether DNA repair gene variants influence the clinical behaviour of lung cancer we examined the impact of a comprehensive panel of 109 non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in 50 DNA repair genes on overall survival (OS) in 700 lung cancer patients. Fifteen nsSNPs were associated with OS, significantly greater than that expected (P = 0.04). SNPs associated with prognosis mapped primarily to two repair pathways--nucleotide excision repair (NER): ERCC5 D1104H (P = 0.004); ERCC6 G399D (P = 0.023), ERCC6 Q1413R (P = 0.025), POLE (P = 0.014) and base excision repair: APEX1 D148E (P = 0.028); EXO1 E670G (P = 0.007); POLB P242R (P = 0.018). An increasing number of variant alleles in EXO1 was associated with a poorer prognosis [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.24; P = 0.0009]. A role for variation in NER and BRCA2/FA pathway genes as determinants of OS was provided by an analysis restricted to the 456 patients treated with platinum-based agents. Our data indicate that the pathway-based approach has the potential to generate prognostic markers of clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Matakidou
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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29
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Matakidou A, el Galta R, Rudd MF, Webb EL, Bridle H, Eisen T, Houlston RS. Prognostic significance of folate metabolism polymorphisms for lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:247-52. [PMID: 17533396 PMCID: PMC2360297 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) of folate metabolism genes can influence the methylation of tumour suppressor genes, thereby potentially impacting on tumour behaviour. To investigate whether such polymorphisms influence lung cancer survival, we genotyped 14 nsSNPs mapping to methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase (MTR), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR); DNA methyltransferase (DNMT2), methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1) and methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFS) in 619 Caucasian women with incident disease, 465 with non-small cell (NSCLC) and 154 with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most significant association detected was with MTHFS Thr202Ala, with carriers of variant alleles having a worse prognosis (hazard ratio (HR)=1.49; 95% confidence interval: 1.14-1.94). Associations were also detected between overall survival (OS) in SCLC and homozygosity for MTHFR 222Val (HR=1.92; 1.03-3.58) and between OS from NSCLC and MTRR 175Leu carrier status (HR=1.36; 1.06-1.75). While there is evidence that variation in the folate metabolism genes may influence prognosis from lung cancer, current data are insufficiently robust to distinguish individual patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matakidou
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - R el Galta
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - M F Rudd
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - E L Webb
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - H Bridle
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2RE, UK
| | - T Eisen
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2RE, UK
| | - R S Houlston
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - and the GELCAPS Consortium4
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2RE, UK
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30
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Matakidou A, el Galta R, Rudd MF, Webb EL, Bridle H, Eisen T, Houlston RS. Further observations on the relationship between the FGFR4 Gly388Arg polymorphism and lung cancer prognosis. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1904-7. [PMID: 17519899 PMCID: PMC2359960 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gly388Arg polymorphism in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) gene has been reported to influence prognosis in a wide variety of cancer types. To determine whether Gly388Arg is a marker for lung cancer prognosis, we genotyped 619 lung cancer patients with incident disease and examined the relationship between genotype and overall survival. While we employed a comprehensive set of statistical tests, including those sensitive to the detection of differences in early survival, our data provide little evidence to support the tenet that the FGFR4 Gly388Arg polymorphism is a clinically useful marker for lung cancer prognosis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Arginine
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/therapy
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Glycine
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging/mortality
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Prognosis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/genetics
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matakidou
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - R el Galta
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - M F Rudd
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - E L Webb
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - H Bridle
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Eisen
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R S Houlston
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Brookes Lawley Building, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK. E-mail:
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Matakidou A, El Galta R, Webb EL, Rudd MF, Bridle H, Eisen T, Houlston RS. Lack of evidence that p53 Arg72Pro influences lung cancer prognosis: an analysis of survival in 619 female patients. Lung Cancer 2007; 57:207-12. [PMID: 17400332 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of the Arg72Pro polymorphism of the p53 tumour suppressor gene in cancer is controversial. To determine whether Arg72Pro is a marker for lung cancer prognosis we genotyped 619 female lung cancer patients with incident disease and examined the relationship between genotype and overall survival (OS). Nonparametric tests provided no evidence for a relationship between SNP genotype and OS (P-values 0.131, 0.161, and 0.156 for log rank, Wilcoxon and Fleming-Harrington test statistics, respectively). Under the Cox proportional hazards model the HRs associated with Arg/Pro, Pro/Pro and Pro-carrier status were: 0.98 (95%CI: 0.79-1.22), 0.76 (95%CI: 0.51-1.15) and 0.93 (95%CI: 0.76-1.15), respectively. Despite employing a comprehensive set of statistical tests including those sensitive to the detection of differences in early survival our data provide little evidence to support the tenet that the p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism is a clinically useful prognostic marker for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Matakidou
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Brookes Lawley Building, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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Matakidou A, Eisen T, Fleischmann C, Bridle H, Houlston RS. Evaluation of xeroderma pigmentosum XPA, XPC, XPD, XPF, XPB, XPG and DDB2 genes in familial early-onset lung cancer predisposition. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:964-7. [PMID: 16550608 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data has implicated heterozygosity for xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) as a risk factor for lung cancer. XP has 8 known complementation groups, 7 of which are caused by mutations in genes encoding components of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. To formally investigate the role of XP-related NER genes in lung cancer susceptibility, we screened germline DNA from 92 familial early-onset lung cancer patients for mutations in all coding regions and intron-exon boundaries of XPA, XPC, XPD, XPF, XPB, XPG and DDB2. Forty-one exonic variants were identified. Twenty-four were nonsynonymous, of which 14 were previously documented polymorphisms. Ten missense variants had not been previously described; none of which were detected in germline DNA from 278 cancer-free controls. Two of the novel missense changes are predicted to be functionally deleterious. Our findings are compatible with XP heterozygosity being a risk factor for lung cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Matakidou
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Rudd MF, Webb EL, Matakidou A, Sellick GS, Williams RD, Bridle H, Eisen T, Houlston RS. Variants in the GH-IGF axis confer susceptibility to lung cancer. Genome Res 2006; 16:693-701. [PMID: 16741161 PMCID: PMC1473180 DOI: 10.1101/gr.5120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a large-scale genome-wide association study in UK Caucasians to identify susceptibility alleles for lung cancer, analyzing 1529 cases and 2707 controls. To increase the likelihood of identifying disease-causing alleles, we genotyped 1476 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in 871 candidate cancer genes, biasing SNP selection toward those predicted to be deleterious. Statistically significant associations were identified for 64 nsSNPs, generating a genome-wide significance level of P=0.002. Eleven of the 64 SNPs mapped to genes encoding pivotal components of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) pathway, including CAMKK1 E375G (OR=1.37, P=5.4x10(-5)), AKAP9 M463I (OR=1.32, P=1.0x10(-4)) and GHR P495T (OR=12.98, P=0.0019). Significant associations were also detected for SNPs within genes in the DNA damage-response pathway, including BRCA2 K3326X (OR=1.72, P=0.0075) and XRCC4 I137T (OR=1.31, P=0.0205). Our study provides evidence that inherited predisposition to lung cancer is in part mediated through low-penetrance alleles and specifically identifies variants in GH-IGF and DNA damage-response pathways with risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Helen Bridle
- Section of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Eisen
- Section of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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Matakidou A, Eisen T, Bridle H, Houlston RS. Nucleotide excision repair polymorphisms modulate overall lung cancer survival and responsiveness to platinum based chemotherapy agents. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
10004 Background: The role of DNA repair in maintaining genomic stability and its role in modulating response to chemotherapy agents raises the possibility that variation in these genes may affect lung cancer prognosis. Methods: To comprehensively evaluate the impact of variation in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway on lung cancer prognosis, we analysed 408 lung cancer patients for all coding, non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within NER-related genes. Results: Mean age of lung cancer diagnosis among patients was 63 years, 105 patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and 299 with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The mean follow-up time was 24 months and a total of 234 deaths were observed. Mean survival time was 17.3 and 18.6 months for SCLC and NSCLC respectively. The XPG H1104D minor allele homozygote and the tightly linked CSB M1097V, R1213G, and Q1413R heterozygote genotypes were associated with decreased overall survival, irrespective of whether patients were treated with or without platinum chemotherapy (HRs of 2.22, 95% CI: 1.19–4.16; p=0.013 and 1.39, 95% CI: 1.05–1.84; p=0.02 respectively). No statistically significant interaction was detected between the at-risk genotypes and histology and/or stage of disease at diagnosis. To assess the predictive value of these SNPs in relation to platinum based chemotherapy, genotype-survival associations were evaluated in non-platinum and platinum treated patients. In non-platinum treated patients the RAD23B A249V and CSB M1097V minor allele genotypes were associated with decreased overall survival (p=0.004 and 0.002 respectively), whilst the XPC K939Q minor allele genotype was predictive of improved survival (p=0.03). In platinum-treated patients, carriers of the XPG H1104D minor allele were found to have a statistically significant decrease in their overall survival (p=0.04 and 0.004 for minor allele heterozygote and homozygote patients respectively). Conclusions: These findings suggest that genetic polymorphisms in the NER genes may modulate overall lung cancer prognosis as well as response to platinum-based chemotherapy agents, independent of histological diagnosis and stage of disease at presentation. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Matakidou
- Gelcaps Consortium; Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - T. Eisen
- Gelcaps Consortium; Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - H. Bridle
- Gelcaps Consortium; Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - R. S. Houlston
- Gelcaps Consortium; Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Family history data from a case-control study of lung cancer conducted in the United Kingdom between 1999 and 2004 were analysed to estimate familial risks of the disease. Comparison of lung cancer prevalence in first-degree relatives of 1,482 female lung cancer cases and 1,079 female controls was undertaken using logistic regression adjusting for age and tobacco exposure. Overall, lung cancer in a first-degree relative was associated with a significant increase in the risk of lung cancer [odds ratio (OR) 1.49; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13-1.96]. For cases with early onset of the disease (< 60 years), the OR of lung cancer was 2.02 (95% CI, 1.22-3.34). Having 2 or more affected relatives was associated with an OR of 2.68 (95% CI, 1.29-5.55), with a significant trend in risk according to the number of relatives affected (p = 0.001). An increased risk of lung cancer associated with family history of the disease was observed when analysis was restricted to lifetime nonsmokers, although this did not reach significance (OR 1.23; 95% CI, 0.65-2.31). Results confirm previous findings and support the role of a familial predisposition to lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Matakidou
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Matakidou A, Eisen T, Bridle H, Houlston R. P-087 Search for susceptibility alleles to lung cancer by screeningfamilial cases for constitutional mutations in the Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation genes. Lung Cancer 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(05)80581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Algorithms and methods were developed to synthesize complex chemical waveforms in open volumes by using a scanning-probe microfluidic platform. Time-dependent variations and oscillations of one or several chemical species around the scanning probe, such as formation of sine waves, damped oscillations, and generation of more complex patterns, are demonstrated. Furthermore, we show that intricate bursting and chaotic calcium oscillations found in biological microdomains can be reproduced and that a biological cell can be used as a probe to study receptor functionalities as a function of exposure to time-dependent variations of receptor activators and inhibitors. Thus, the method allows for studies of biologically important oscillatory reactions. More generally, the system allows for detailed studies of complex time-varying chemical and physical phenomena in solution or at solution/surface interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Olofsson
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience and Microtechnology Centre, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Al-Tassan N, Eisen T, Maynard J, Bridle H, Shah B, Fleischmann C, Sampson JR, Cheadle JP, Houlston RS. Inherited variants in MYH are unlikely to contribute to the risk of lung carcinoma. Hum Genet 2003; 114:207-10. [PMID: 14579148 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-003-1033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 08/28/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The base excision repair gene MYH protects against damage to DNA from reactive oxygen species, which are commonly found in cigarette smoke. Inherited mutations in MYH predispose to colorectal adenomas and carcinomas that show a characteristic pattern of somatic G:C-->T:A mutations in the APC gene. A similar pattern of somatic mutations in the TP53 gene is reported in smoking-related lung cancers. We therefore tested whether germline changes in MYH may also contribute to the development of lung cancer by screening for variants in 276 patients with lung carcinoma and 106 normal controls. No patients harboured truncating mutations in MYH and only a single patient was a carrier for the G382D missense mutation. We identified three common coding region (V22M, Q324H and S501F) and intronic (157+30A>G, 462+35G>A and 1435-40G>C) variants, but none were over-represented in the patient samples, indicating that MYH variants are unlikely to predispose significantly to the risk of lung cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/enzymology
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Case-Control Studies
- DNA Glycosylases/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/blood
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Exons/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Lung/physiology
- Lung Neoplasms/enzymology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Male
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Al-Tassan
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
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Stebbing J, Benson C, Eisen T, Pyle L, Smalley K, Bridle H, Mak I, Sapunar F, Ahern R, Gore ME. The treatment of advanced renal cell cancer with high-dose oral thalidomide. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:953-8. [PMID: 11592764 PMCID: PMC2375104 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2001] [Revised: 05/29/2001] [Accepted: 07/05/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide is reported to suppress levels of several cytokines, angiogenic and growth factors including TNF-alpha, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The resulting anti-angiogenic, immunomodulatory and growth suppressive effects form the rationale for investigating thalidomide in the treatment of malignancies. We have evaluated the use of high-dose oral thalidomide (600 mg daily) in patients with renal carcinoma. 25 patients (all men; median age, 51 years; range 34-76 years) with advanced measurable renal carcinoma, who had either progressed on or were not suitable for immunotherapy, received thalidomide in an escalating schedule up to a maximum dose of 600 mg daily. Treatment continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity were encountered. 22 patients were assessable for response. 2 patients showed partial responses (9%; 95% CI: 1-29), 7 (32%; 95% CI: 14-55) had stable disease for more than 6 months and a further 5 (23%; 95% CI: 8-45) had stable disease for between 3 and 6 months. We also measured levels of TNF-alpha, bFGF, VEGF, IL-6 and IL-12 before and during treatment. In patients with SD > or = 3 months or an objective response, a statistically significant decrease in serum TNF-alpha levels was demonstrated (P = 0.05). The commonest toxicities were lethargy (> or = grade II, 10 patients), constipation (> or = grade II, 11 patients) and neuropathy (> or = grade II, 5 patients). Toxicities were of sufficient clinical significance for use of a lower and well tolerated dose of 400 mg in currently accruing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stebbing
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
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