Phenology model development for Neodryinus typhlocybae: Evaluation of phenological synchrony with its host, Metcalfa pruinosa

The invasive species Metcalfa pruinosa has inflicted significant economic losses in various European and Asian regions. To combat this pest, the parasitoid wasp Neodryinus typhlocybae has been effectively introduced in Europe. Despite its success, research on the field occurrence patterns of N. typhlocybae, particularly its phenology, remains scarce. This study aims to develop a degree-day model for predicting the adult emergence of N. typhlocybae from overwintering cocoons and to assess the phenological synchrony between N. typhlocybae adults and the nymphal stages of M. pruinosa in Korea. In this study, we estimated the thermal parameters of N. typhlocybae under field temperatures and six constant temperatures (13.92, 17.71, 18.53, 20.53, 22.78, and 24.03 °C) conditions. The lower developmental temperature was estimated using the values of the coefficient of variation for the cumulative degree days of emerged individual adults. The estimated lower developmental threshold temperature was 12.3 °C. With this developmental threshold, a degree-day model was developed, and this model well-predicted emergence in field conditions. By simulating this developed model with the actual occurrence of the nymphal stages of its host, M. pruinosa, adult wasp emergence was estimated to be 1.5 weeks later than the first instar nymph of the host but faster than other nymphal stages of M. pruinosa. Thus, the findings in this study would be helpful in determining the possibility of establishing N. typhlocybae and improving the management efficiency of M. pruinosa.

Disruptive Effects of Two Curcuminoids (Demethoxycurcumin and Bisdemethoxycurcumin) on the Larval Development of Drosophila melanogaster

Juvenile hormones (JHs) play a central role in insect development, reproduction, and various physiological functions. Curcuminoids generally exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and insecticidal, and they exhibit insect growth inhibitory effects. However, research on insecticidal properties of curcuminoids has been limited. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, studies on JHs of insects and curcuminoids are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the substances that act as JH disruptors (JHDs) from edible plants. Demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), two curcuminoids from the turmeric plant Curcuma longa L. inhibited the formation of a methoprene-tolerant (Met)-Taiman (Tai) heterodimer complex in Drosophila melanogaster, as shown through in vitro yeast two-hybrid assays. An artificial diet containing 1% (w/v) DMC or BDMC significantly reduced the number of D. melanogaster larvae in a concentration-dependent manner; larval development was disrupted, preventing the progression of larvae to pupal stages, resulting in an absence of adults. Building on the results obtained in this study on curcuminoids, researchers can use our study as a reference to develop eco-friendly pesticides.

Assessment of acute and chronic toxicity of cyantraniliprole and sulfoxaflor on honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae

BACKGROUND

Recently, cyantraniliprole (CYA) and sulfoxaflor (SUL) have been considered as alternatives to neonicotinoid insecticides. In this study, we evaluated the acute and chronic toxicities of CYA and SUL on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae reared in vitro.

RESULTS

In the acute toxicity test, the following test doses were used to determine the median lethal dose (LD₅₀ ): CYA 0.007, 0.014, 0.028, 0.056 and 0.112 μg larva^-1 ; SUL 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg larva^-1 . In the chronic toxicity test, the following test doses were used to determine the LD₅₀ : CYA 0.00512, 0.0128, 0.032, 0.08 and 0.2 μg larva^-1 ; SUL 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 μg larva^-1 . The acute LD₅₀ values of CYA and SUL were 0.047 and 11.404 μg larva^-1 , respectively. Larvae acutely exposed to SUL had significantly lower body weight than controls, but those exposed to CYA showed no difference. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) and LD₅₀ values of the chronic toxicity tests for each insecticide were 0.00512 and 0.064 μg larva^-1 for CYA, and 0.0625 μg larva^-1 and 0.212 μg larva^-1 for SUL, respectively. Larvae chronically exposed to SUL emerged as bees with deformed wings, reaching adult deformation rates of over 50%; however, CYA had no effect on adult deformation.

CONCLUSION

Exposure to CYA increased larval mortality but did not cause any adult deformation, whereas SUL exposure increased pupal mortality and caused wing deformation in newly emerged bees. Our study may be useful for the assessment of pesticide toxicity by providing valuable findings on the effects of these insecticides on honey bee larvae. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Developmental Toxic Effects of Thiram on Developing Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos

Thiram, an oxidized dimer of dithiocarbamate, has fungicidal and ectoparasiticidal roles. This study aimed to determine the effects of thiram on the development of zebrafish (ZF) embryos. The developmental toxicity test was performed in accordance with the OECD 236 test guidelines, and ZF embryos were subjected to several thiram concentrations and a DMSO (0.01%) control. Subsequently, embryo mortalities and developmental anomalies were evaluated at different hours post fertilization (hpf). Thiram was highly toxic to ZF, with calculated median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of thiram at 48 and 96 h as 13.10 ± 2.17 and 8.87 ± 2.09 μg/L, respectively. Thiram-treated embryos/larvae exhibited a variety of deformities, such as abnormal somites, reduced eye pigment, abnormal tail shape, yolk sac edema, hatching defects, and curved spines, with a median effective concentration (EC₅₀) of 3.88 ± 1.23, 5.04 ± 1.82, 6.23 ± 0.92, 5.24 ± 2.22, 1.39 ± 0.25, and 2.60 ± 0.82 μg/L, respectively. Teratogenic index (TI) values ranged from 1.42 to 6.66 for the scored deformities. At 48 hpf, the average heartbeat of the control group was 177.20 ± 5.63 per minute, while the highest thiram-treated group (40 μg/L) was 99.50 ± 18.12 per minute. In addition, cardiac-related issues, such as pericardial edema and abnormal blood flow, were observed in thiram-treated ZF embryos. Overall, these findings suggest that thiram is teratogenic to ZF.

Transcriptome-Based Identification of Genes Responding to the Organophosphate Pesticide Phosmet in Danio rerio

Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) are one of the most widely used insecticides. OPPs exert their neurotoxic effects by inhibiting acetylcholine esterase (AChE). Most of the gross developmental abnormalities observed in OPP-treated fish, on the other hand, may not be explained solely by AChE inhibition. To understand the overall molecular mechanisms involved in OPP toxicity, we used the zebrafish (ZF) model. We exposed ZF embryos to an OPP, phosmet, for 96 h, and then analyzed developmental abnormalities and performed whole transcriptome analysis. Phenotypic abnormalities, such as bradycardia, spine curvature, and growth retardation, were observed in phosmet-treated ZF (PTZF). Whole transcriptome analysis revealed 2190 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 822 and 1368 significantly up-and downregulated genes, respectively. System process and sensory and visual perception were among the top biological pathways affected by phosmet toxicity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment of metabolic pathways, calcium signaling pathway, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, cardiac muscle contraction, drug metabolism-other enzymes, and phototransduction. Quantitative real-time PCR results of six DEGs agreed with the sequencing data expression profile trend. Our findings provide insights into the consequences of phosmet exposure in ZF, as well as an estimate of the potential risk of OPPs to off-target species.

Horizontal Honey-Bee Larvae Rearing Plates Can Increase the Deformation Rate of Newly Emerged Adult Honey Bees

Rearing honey bee larvae in vitro is an ideal method to study honey bee larval diseases or the toxicity of pesticides on honey bee larvae under standardized conditions. However, recent studies reported that a horizontal position may cause the deformation of emerged bees. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the emergence and deformation rates of honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica) larvae reared in horizontal and vertical positions. The study was conducted under the same laboratory conditions with three experimental groups, non-capped or capped horizontal plates and capped vertical plates. However, our results demonstrated that the exhibited adult deformation rates of the horizontal plates were significantly higher (27.8% and 26.1%) than those of the vertical plates (11.9%). In particular, the most common symptoms were deformed wings and an abnormal abdomen in the horizontal plates. Additionally, adults reared on horizontal plates were substantially smaller (10.88 and 10.82 mm) than those on vertical plates (11.55 mm). Considering these conclusions, we suggest that a vertical rearing method is more suitable when considering the deformation rates of the control groups to verify the sublethal effects of pesticides on honey bees.

Defining gross tumor volume using positron emission tomography/computed tomography phantom studies

Tumor volume and standard uptake value (SUV) calculated from positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) images differ from their real values. Besides errors introduced by scintillation materials, photomultiplier tubes, and image reconstruction algorithms, measurements are affected by patients' prostheses, body movements, and body shape. To address these problems, we calculated tumor volume and SUV using the standard phantom (PET Phantom-NEMA IEC/2001) and obtained calibration constants. We found that while tumor volume increases with increasing SUV and tumor diameter, it also increases with increasing SUV and decreasing tumor diameter. Conversely, tumor volume decreases with decreasing SUV and tumor diameter and with decreasing SUV and increasing diameter. These results suggest that a correction factor should be applied to SUV and tumor volume obtained from PET/CT images.

Pretreatment of polyethylene terephthalate substrate for the growth of Ga-doped ZnO thin film

The effect of the pretreatment of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate on the growth of transparent conducting Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) thin film was investigated. Because of its high gas and moisture absorption and easy gas permeation, PET substrate was annealed at 100 degrees C in a vacuum chamber prior to the sputtering growth of GZO thin film for the outgassing of impurity gases. GZO thin film was deposited on the pretreated PET substrate by rf-magnetron sputtering and significantly improved electrical properties of GZO thin film was achieved. Electrical and structural characterizations of the GZO thin films were carried out by 4-point probe, Hall measurement, and scanning electron microscopy, and the effects of the pretreatment on the improved properties of GZO thin films were discussed. This result is not only useful to PET substrate, but also could be applicable to other plastic substrates which inevitably containing the moisture and impurity gases.

Predation, development, and oviposition by the predatory mite Amblyseius swirkii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on tomato russet mite (Acari: Eriophyidae)

Predation, development, and oviposition experiments were conducted to evaluate Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a potential biological control agent for tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophyidae), which can be a serious pest of greenhouse tomatoes. Results showed that A. swirskii attacked all developmental stages of A. lycopersici and had a type II functional response at the prey densities tested. The attack rate and handling time estimates from the random predator equation were 0.1289/h and 0.2320 h, respectively, indicating that A. swirskii can consume 103.4 individuals per day. Predation rates of A. swirskii on A. lycopersici in the presence of alternative food sources such as pollen, first-instar thrips, or whitefly eggs were 74, 56, and 76%, respectively, compared with the predation rate on A. lycopersici alone. A. swirskii successfully completed their life cycle on either A. lycopersici or cattail (Typha latifolia L.) pollen. At 25 degrees C and 70% RH, developmental time of female A. swirskii fed on A. lycopersici or on cattail pollen was 4.97 and 6.16 d, respectively. For the first 10 d after molting to the adult stage, A. swirskii fed on A. lycopersici had higher daily oviposition rate (2.0 eggs per day) than on pollen (1.5 eggs per day). From this laboratory study, it can be concluded that A. swirskii has promising traits as a predator against A. lycopersici and that their populations can be maintained using alternative food sources such as cattail pollen. We suggest that the effectiveness of A. swirskii against A. lycopersici under field conditions needs next to be investigated.

Homodimers of mutant tryptophan synthase alpha-subunits in Escherichia coli

Tryptophan synthase alpha-subunit from Escherichia coli functionally exists as a heterotetramer of alpha(2)beta(2) with beta-subunit. While wild-type and mutant (F139W, T24M/F139W, and T24L/F139W) alpha-subunits were expressed as a monomer from recombinant plasmids in Escherichia coli, T24A/F139W, T24S/F139W, and T24K/F139W mutant alpha-subunits were abnormally expressed as soluble homodimers in addition to monomers. Monomers of dimer-forming mutant alpha-subunits retain high affinity to beta-subunit, high activity in stimulating catalytic activities of beta-subunit, and nearly intact content of secondary structure, indicating that the global structures of these monomers are identical to that of F139W alpha-subunit. However, fluorescence spectra of Trp139 and ANS binding indicate that significant perturbations occur in the mutant proteins. Interestingly, these defective properties of monomers caused by residue replacement were partially repaired by the dimer formation. As a result, it is suggested that dimers may be formed by domain or loop swapping, and that residue 24 may play important role in maintaining on-pathway of alpha-subunit folding.

Cloning and sequence analysis of the interleukin-8 gene from flounder (Paralichthys olivaceous)

A cDNA library of mRNA from flounder leukocytes stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hemagglutinin was constructed to clone cytokine genes of this fish. Initial screening of this library with human cytokine gene probes was not productive and clones with inserts of over 400 nucleotides (nt) were randomly sequenced, and a homologue of the vertebrate interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene was isolated. The flounder IL-8 cDNA encompassed 884 nt, including a coding region of 330 nt. Four cysteines characteristic of CXC chemokines were identified at conserved locations in the putative protein. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 36 and 35% sequence identity with counterpart genes in monkey and human, respectively, and 52% sequence similarity with these genes. However, the putative flounder IL-8 amino acid sequence showed 25% identity and 52% similarity to that of lamprey, the only other piscine IL-8 gene that has been cloned. Flounder IL-8 transcripts were detected in the head-kidney and spleen of LPS-injected flounder and leukocytes stimulated with LPS. It was not detected in the muscle or liver of LPS-injected flounder, tissues taken from non-stimulated flounder and non-stimulated leukocytes.

Cloning and expression of thermophilic catechol 1,2-dioxygenase gene (catA) from Streptomyces setonii

Streptomyces setonii (ATCC 39116) degrades various single aromatic compounds such as phenol or benzoate via an ortho-cleavage pathway using catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C12O). A PCR using degenerate primers based on the conserved regions of known C12O-encoding genes amplified a 0.45-kbp DNA fragment from S. setonii total DNA. A Southern hybridization analysis and size-selected DNA library screening using the 0.45-kbp PCR product as a probe led to the isolation of a 6.4-kbp S. setonii DNA fragment, from which the C12O-encoding genetic locus was found to be located within a 1.4-kbp DNA fragment. A complete nucleotide sequencing analysis of the 1.4-kbp DNA fragment revealed a 0.84-kbp open reading frame, which showed a strong overall amino acid similarity to the known high-G+C Gram-positive (but significantly less to the Gram-negative) bacterial mesophilic C12Os. The heterologous expression of the cloned 1.4-kbp DNA fragment in Escherichia coli demonstrated that this C12O possessed a thermophilic activity within a broad temperature range (up to 65 degrees C) and showed a higher activity against 3-methylcatechol than catechol or 4-methylcatechol, but no activity against protocatechuate.

Oxygen transfer characteristics in a pilot scale surface aeration vessel with Simcar aerator

The volumetric mass transfer coefficient, KLa, was determined by dynamic method in a surface aerated pilot scale squared vessel up to 0.531 m3 equipped with Simcar type impeller. Through surface aeration, the oxygen transfer characteristics were investigated with the variations of operating variables such as stirring speed, impeller diameter, liquid height and power input per liquid volume (P0/V). It was seen from the results of different oxygen concentration absorption that the dynamic method might lead to errors in KLa when air was used for absorption. To provide reliable KLa values measured by dynamic, the KLa data using pure oxygen were used and confirmed with feeding steady-state method (FSM). As expected, KLa depends on P0/V, impeller size and liquid height. However, for Simcar type impeller, the KLa shows linear dependency on P0/V in contrast to majority of correlations reported in the literature which shows KLa variation of (P0/V)0.65 for disk type impeller. Moreover, it was interesting to find that the bubble behaviors inside the vessel computed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) could explain qualitatively the KLa changes with operating variables. For the purpose of scale-up procedures, the empirical correlations for predicting KLa were developed within +/- 2% accuracy.

IFN-gamma and IFN-alpha posttranscriptionally down-regulate the IL-4-induced IL-4 receptor gene expression

As Th1 and Th2 cytokines, IFN-gamma/alpha and IL-4 counterregulate diverse immune functions. In particular, IFN-gamma and IFN-alpha have been reported to markedly suppress the IL-4-induced IgE production and type II IgE receptor (FcepsilonRII/CD23) expression. Because modulation of IL-4R may be an important mechanism in the regulation of IL-4 response, we have investigated the effect of IFN-gamma/alpha on IL-4R expression and signal transduction mechanisms involved in this process. In human mononuclear cells and B cells isolated from tonsil or peripheral blood, IL-4 up-regulates IL-4R(alpha) expression at surface protein and mRNA levels, and the IL-4-induced IL-4R(alpha) is significantly down-regulated by both IFN-gamma and IFN-alpha to a similar extent. The inhibitory effects of IFN-gamma/alpha on the IL-4R mRNA expression require a lag period of about 8 h, and are sensitive to cycloheximide treatment, which suggests that the suppressive effect of IFNs on IL-4R gene expression is a secondary response requiring de novo synthesis of IFN-induced factors. Under such conditions that the inhibitory effects of IFNs are observed, IFNs do not affect the IL-4-induced STAT6 activation and IL-4R transcription, as analyzed by EMSA and nuclear run-on assays, respectively. Subsequently, mRNA stability studies have indicated that the action of IFN-gamma/alpha is primarily mediated by an accelerated decay of IL-4-induced IL-4R mRNA. Thus, it appears that, as already shown in the case of the IL-4-induced FcepsilonRII regulation, posttranscriptional inhibition of IL-4-inducible genes by mRNA destabilization is a common mechanism by which type I and II IFNs antagonize the IL-4 response in human immune cells.

Natural and radiation-induced degeneration of primordial and primary follicles in mouse ovary

The present study deals with the morphological changes of the degenerating primordial and primary follicles induced by gamma-radiation. Prepubertal female mice of 3 weeks old ICR strain were gamma-irradiated with the dose of LD(80(30)) (8.3 Gy). The ovaries were collected at 3, 6 and 12 h after irradiation. The largest cross-sections were prepared by histological semithin sections for microscopical observations. The ratio (%) of normal to atretic follicles decreased with time after the irradiation in primordial follicles and in primary follicles as well. At 6 h after irradiation, the number of degenerated primordial follicles increased. Germinal vesicles disappeared and lipid droplets increased in number. Granulosa cells became round in shape and apoptotic cells started to appear. The ooplasmic membrane was not recognizable. The ratio of normal to atretic primordial follicles in the control group was 62.5. Then it became lower with time after the irradiation. It went down to 51.6, 49.0, 11.1 and 7.1 at 0, 3, 6 and 12 h, respectively. The ratio of normal to atretic primary follicles in the control mouse ovary was 81.3. It was 80.0, 75.0, 45.5 and 33. 3 at 0, 3, 6 and 12 h after irradiation, respectively. It is concluded that the ionizing radiation acutely induces the degeneration of primordial and primary follicles. The pattern of degeneration is one of the following: (1) apoptosis of one or more granulosa cells with a relatively intact oocyte, (2) apoptosis of an oocyte with intact follicle cells, or (3) apoptotic degenerations of both kinds of cells. These results can provide morphological clues for the identification of the degenerating primordial and primary follicles in normal and irradiated mouse ovaries.

Effectiveness of preoperative transarterial chemoembolization in presumed inoperable hepatoblastoma

PURPOSE

To evaluate the effectiveness and therapeutic role of preoperative transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) of hepatoblastoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Four patients (one boy, three girls) with unresectable hepatoblastoma were treated twice with preoperative TACE in an effort to improve the surgical and clinical outcome. The patients ranged in age from 8 to 27 months (mean, 15 months). The first TACE was performed superselectively in tumor feeding arteries. The second TACE was performed 3 weeks later. Surgical hepatic resection was performed 1 month after the second TACE. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) was used to evaluate changes in size, volume, internal texture, and margin of the masses. The toxicity of the chemotherapeutic drugs was evaluated by blood chemistry analysis (AST/ALT, alpha-FP) performed before and after TACE, and after surgery.

RESULTS

TACE allowed subsequent surgical resection in all four patients, who remained disease free 16-52 months after operation. There were no major problems related to TACE. There was no chemotherapeutic agent toxicity from TACE. The average largest diameters and volumes of the tumors decreased by 31% (8.3 to 5.6 cm) and 69% (317 to 93 cm2), respectively.

CONCLUSION

TACE provided subsequent successful surgical resection and good long-term results in all four patients. The hepatoblastomas were initially considered inoperable because of extensive hepatic involvement and indistinct margins.

Induction of quinone reductase by a methanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis and its flavonoids in murine Hepa 1c1c7 cells

The effect of extracts of scutellariae radix (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) and its flavonoids, baicalin, baicalein and wogonin, on induction of quinone reductase (QR) in the Hepa 1c1c7 murine hepatoma cell line was examined. A significant and dose-dependent induction of QR activity was observed in the methanol extract of scutellariae radix and baicalin. HPCL analysis showed that baicalin was contained as a main component in the methanol extract of scutellariae radix, indicating that baicalin may be the major active principle of QR induction mediated by scutellariae radix extract. To elucidate the mechanism of baicalin-mediated induction of QR enzyme activity, the effect on QR mRNA levels in Hepa 1c1c7 cell cultures was investigated. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction techniques, time- and dose-dependent induction of QR mRNA levels by baicalin were demonstrated in Hepa 1c1c7 cells. On the basis of these results, the scutellariae radix extract or baicalin can be regarded as a readily available, promising, novel cancer chemopreventive agent.

Modulated expression of type X collagen in Meckel's cartilage with different developmental fates

Mammalian Meckel's cartilage undergoes regionally diverse histodifferentiation: the caudal end of Meckel's cartilage extends to the developing ear and gives rise to malleus and incus through endochondral ossification while its major distal region differentiates into sphenomandibular ligament and the anterior ligament of the malleus tympanic plate through fibrous transformation. Since the entire Meckel's cartilage develops up to chondrocyte hypertrophy, the regional extracellular matrix components in the hypertrophic Meckel's cartilage may differ in association with the diverse developmental fates. In this project, the expressions of cartilage collagens were investigated in developing rat Meckel's cartilage and particular interest was given to type X collagen. A cDNA, HP114, encoding the NC1 domain of rat alpha 1(X) collagen was cloned, and a synthetic peptide based on the sequence deduced from HP114 was used to generate a monospecific antibody. In situ hybridization of newborn rat condylar and angular cartilages undergoing endochondral ossification showed restricted labeling with the alpha 1(X) collagen probe in the hypertrophic chondrocyte layer. In contrast, the alpha 1(X) collagen probe totally failed to label the major distal portion of Meckel's cartilage even in the hypertrophic cartilage zone. Immunohistochemistry using the anti-type X collagen monospecific antibody consistently failed to recognize the epitope in the corresponding portion of Meckel's cartilage throughout the experimental periods of gestational Day 17, newborn, and Postnatal Day 7, while the strictly localized positive staining was found in the posterior part of Meckel's cartilage which gave rise to malleus and incus. Since major cartilage collagens type II and type IX were found to be present throughout Meckel's cartilage, we postulate that the regulatory molecular mechanism of type X collagen expression may be closely associated with the developmental fates of fibrous transformation and endochondral ossification in mammalian Meckel's cartilage.

Growth of vascularized composite mandibular allografts in young rabbits

Forty-one hemimandible allografts were transplanted in young rabbits immunosuppressed with cyclosporine. The majority of the grafts demonstrated normal wound healing, and growth of hair, bone, and teeth. The mandibular body and the premolars showed significant growth in length. The allografted mandibles functioned sufficiently that the rabbits took oral nourishment soon after surgery. Long-term survival was limited by a toxic "wasting syndrome" specific for rabbits under treatment with cyclosporine.

Transplantation of vascularized composite mandibular allografts in young cynomolgus monkeys

In the search for donor tissue for massive craniofacial defects, the transplantation of somatic tissue allografts was explored. Four young, out-bred cynomolgus monkeys were the recipients of orthotopic hemimandibular allotransplants from nonrelated cynomolgus monkeys. The transplant consisted of one-half of the mandible with attached muscle, skin, and mucosa. Cyclosporine 15 mg/kg/day was given subcutaneously each day. The 4 monkeys were observed for 13, 27, 63, and 65 days, respectively. All transplants showed primary wound healing and hair growth. The 2 longest survivors chewed, ate a normal diet, and gained weight. Two allografts showed severe rejection signs at 2 to 3 weeks, and the monkeys were euthanized. One monkey had a second episode of rejection that could not be reversed, and it was killed. The fourth monkey died of undetermined causes.

Growth of forelimb allografts in young rabbits immunosuppressed with cyclosporine

Seventeen forelimbs were transplanted orthotopically from young Dutch rabbits to young New Zealand rabbits treated with cyclosporine. The transplanted limbs demonstrated significant bone growth. The growth in the transplanted limbs was about 75 to 80% of that observed in the unoperated limb. The long bones of the 3 longest surviving rabbits (133 days, 150 days, 150 days) studied radiographically demonstrated increases in length over their original lengths (humerus 22%, ulna 26%, and radius 31%). Hair and nail growth were noted at about day 10. Response to pain stimuli (withdrawal of forelimb) and functional use (ambulation with 50% weight bearing) was seen at two to three months. Permanent survival was not achieved because of a species-specific toxic wasting syndrome from cyclosporine.