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Lanzarini E, Pruccoli J, Grimandi I, Spadoni C, Angotti M, Pignataro V, Sacrato L, Franzoni E, Parmeggiani A. Phonic and Motor Stereotypies in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Video Analysis and Neurological Characterization. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11040431. [PMID: 33800677 PMCID: PMC8066337 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotypies are among the core symptoms of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and can cause significant clinical impairment. At present, phonic stereotypies in ASD have been scarcely explored. This study investigates the frequency, variability, and typologies of phonic and motor stereotypies in children with ASD and their association with clinical neurological variables. We examined 35 patients by recording standardized video sessions and administering the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2). Phonic stereotypies were present in 83.0% of the patients. The most prevalent subtypes were noncommunicative vocalizations (60.0%), single syllables (37.1%), and echolalic stereotypies (22.9%). Noncommunicative vocalizations were more frequent in nonverbal patients (OR = 4.629, p = 0.008), while echolalic stereotypies were more represented in verbal patients (OR = 0.279, p = 0.028). Patients with intellectual disability (ID) showed a higher number (F(1,26) = 9.406, p = 0.005) and variability (F(1,25) = 7.174, p = 0.013) of motor stereotypies, with a higher number (F(1,26) = 13.268, p = 0.005) and variability (F(1,26) = 9.490, p = 0.005) of stereotypies involving the head/trunk/shoulders category. Patients with guttural stereotypies showed a higher variability of total motor stereotypies (OR = 1.487, p = 0.032) and self-directed motor stereotypies (OR = 4.389, p = 0.042). These results, combined with a standardized video-analysis, document the frequency and variability of phonic stereotypies among children with ASD. Correlations between specific phonic stereotypies and verbal abilities should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evamaria Lanzarini
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Infermi Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47923 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Jacopo Pruccoli
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Irene Grimandi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Chiara Spadoni
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marida Angotti
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Veronica Pignataro
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Leonardo Sacrato
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Emilio Franzoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Antonia Parmeggiani
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-214-4013
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