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Pruccoli J, Spadoni C, Orsenigo A, Parmeggiani A. Should Echolalia Be Considered a Phonic Stereotypy? A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070862. [PMID: 34209516 PMCID: PMC8301866 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) defines echolalia as a pathological, parrotlike, and apparently senseless repetition (echoing) of a word or phrase just uttered by another person and classifies this condition among the “restrictive and repetitive behaviours” of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The authors reviewed the existing literature on echolalia and its role in the development of children with ASD. Current conceptualizations include echolalia among repetitive behaviors and stereotypies and thus interpret this symptom as lacking any communicative significance, with negative effects on learning and sensory processing. Echoic behaviors, however, have been described in neurotypical infants and children as having a substantial effect on the consequent development of language and communication. Relevant research has documented a functional role of echolalia in ASD children as well since it facilitates the acquisition of verbal competencies and affords a higher degree of semantic generalization. This developmental function could be restricted to specific contexts. Considering echolalia as stereotypy and treating it as a disturbing symptom could impair the development of ASD-specific learning and communication processes. In light of this evidence, the authors propose a different conceptualization of echolalia and suggest that this symptom be considered among atypical communication patterns in children with ASD, with implications for treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Pruccoli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell’Età Pediatrica, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (C.S.); (A.O.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Spadoni
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell’Età Pediatrica, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (C.S.); (A.O.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alex Orsenigo
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell’Età Pediatrica, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (C.S.); (A.O.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonia Parmeggiani
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell’Età Pediatrica, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (C.S.); (A.O.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Lanzarini E, Pruccoli J, Grimandi I, Spadoni C, Angotti M, Pignataro V, Sacrato L, Franzoni E, Parmeggiani A. Phonic and Motor Stereotypies in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Video Analysis and Neurological Characterization. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11040431. [PMID: 33800677 PMCID: PMC8066337 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotypies are among the core symptoms of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and can cause significant clinical impairment. At present, phonic stereotypies in ASD have been scarcely explored. This study investigates the frequency, variability, and typologies of phonic and motor stereotypies in children with ASD and their association with clinical neurological variables. We examined 35 patients by recording standardized video sessions and administering the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2). Phonic stereotypies were present in 83.0% of the patients. The most prevalent subtypes were noncommunicative vocalizations (60.0%), single syllables (37.1%), and echolalic stereotypies (22.9%). Noncommunicative vocalizations were more frequent in nonverbal patients (OR = 4.629, p = 0.008), while echolalic stereotypies were more represented in verbal patients (OR = 0.279, p = 0.028). Patients with intellectual disability (ID) showed a higher number (F(1,26) = 9.406, p = 0.005) and variability (F(1,25) = 7.174, p = 0.013) of motor stereotypies, with a higher number (F(1,26) = 13.268, p = 0.005) and variability (F(1,26) = 9.490, p = 0.005) of stereotypies involving the head/trunk/shoulders category. Patients with guttural stereotypies showed a higher variability of total motor stereotypies (OR = 1.487, p = 0.032) and self-directed motor stereotypies (OR = 4.389, p = 0.042). These results, combined with a standardized video-analysis, document the frequency and variability of phonic stereotypies among children with ASD. Correlations between specific phonic stereotypies and verbal abilities should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evamaria Lanzarini
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Infermi Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47923 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Jacopo Pruccoli
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Irene Grimandi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Chiara Spadoni
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marida Angotti
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Veronica Pignataro
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Leonardo Sacrato
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Emilio Franzoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Antonia Parmeggiani
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (J.P.); (I.G.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-214-4013
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Gaspar N, Marshall LV, Binner D, Herold R, Rousseau R, Blanc P, Capdeville R, Carleer J, Copland C, Kerloeguen Y, Norga K, Pacaud L, Sevaux MA, Spadoni C, Sterba J, Ligas F, Taube T, Uttenreuther-Fischer M, Chioato S, O'Connell MA, Geoerger B, Blay JY, Soria JC, Kaye S, Wulff B, Brugières L, Vassal G, Pearson ADJ. Joint adolescent-adult early phase clinical trials to improve access to new drugs for adolescents with cancer: proposals from the multi-stakeholder platform-ACCELERATE. Ann Oncol 2018; 29:766-771. [PMID: 29351570 PMCID: PMC5889024 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N Gaspar
- Department of Oncology for Children and Adolescents, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
| | - L V Marshall
- Paediatric and Adolescent Drug Development Team, Oak Centre for Children & Young People, The Royal Marsden Hospital & The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - D Binner
- Create for Chloe and UK Representative for aPODD, European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | - R Herold
- Product Development Scientific Support Department, European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | - R Rousseau
- Gritstone Oncology, Inc., Emeryville, USA
| | - P Blanc
- Imagine for Margo, Fourqueux, France
| | | | - J Carleer
- Belgium Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, EUROSTATION, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Copland
- Centre for English Language Teaching, University of York, York, UK
| | - Y Kerloeguen
- Pharmaceuticals Division, PDOA, Oncology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Norga
- Paediatric and Adolescent Drug Development Team, Oak Centre for Children & Young People, The Royal Marsden Hospital & The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | | | - C Spadoni
- aPODD Foundation, City Point, London, UK
| | - J Sterba
- Pediatric Oncology Department, University Hospital Brno, School of Medicine Masaryk University Brno, Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, ICRC Brno, St. Anna University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - F Ligas
- Product Development Scientific Support Department, European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | - T Taube
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH&Co KG, TA Oncology, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - S Chioato
- Regulatory Strategy Oncology, Pfizer Italia, Milano, Italy
| | - M A O'Connell
- Regulatory Strategy Oncology, Pfizer Italia, Milano, Italy
| | - B Geoerger
- Department of Oncology for Children and Adolescents, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - J-Y Blay
- Centre Léon Bérard and University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon
| | - J C Soria
- Drug Development Department (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif and University Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - S Kaye
- Adult Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - B Wulff
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Clinical Research/Paediatric Drug Development, University Childreńs Hospital III Hufelandstraße, Essen, Germany
| | - L Brugières
- Department of Oncology for Children and Adolescents, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - G Vassal
- Department of Clinical Research, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif and Paris-Sud University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - A D J Pearson
- Paediatric and Adolescent Drug Development Team, Oak Centre for Children & Young People, The Royal Marsden Hospital & The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Cocchi G, Marsico C, Cosentino A, Spadoni C, Rocca A, De Crescenzo A, Riccio A. Silver-Russell syndrome due to paternal H19/IGF2 hypomethylation in a twin girl born after in vitro fertilization. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2652-5. [PMID: 24038823 PMCID: PMC4065345 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous syndrome characterized by severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, facial dysmorphism and body asymmetry. One of the main molecular mechanisms leading to the syndrome involves methylation abnormalities of chromosome 11p15. In the last decades, an increase of imprinting disorders have been reported in children born from assisted reproductive technology (ART); however there is currently little evidence linking SRS and ART. Only few infants with SRS born using ART, supported by molecular analysis, have been described. We report on a twin-girl conceived using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) diagnosed with SRS. Molecular studies revealed a hypomethylation of the paternal H19/IGF2 Imprinting Control Region. Her twin sister had a normal prenatal and postnatal growth and a normal methylation pattern of the chromosome 11p15. This is the second reported case of a twin infant with SRS conceived using ART with hypomethylation of H19/IGF2; it provides additional evidence of a possible relationship between ART procedures and methylation defects observed in SRS. Given the clinical heterogeneity of SRS, and the increased risk of multiple and preterm births in the ART-conceived children, it is possible that a number of cases of SRS remains undiagnosed in this population. Future studies should investigate the possible link between ART and SRS, in order to better understand the causes of epimutations in ART pregnancies, and to help clinicians to adequately counsel parents who approach to ART and to assess the opportunity of a long-term follow-up of children conceived using ART. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Cocchi
- Department of Maternal and Paediatric Sciences, Neonatology, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Eilers A, Whitfield J, Shah B, Spadoni C, Desmond H, Ham J. Direct inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in sympathetic neurones prevents c-jun promoter activation and NGF withdrawal-induced death. J Neurochem 2001; 76:1439-54. [PMID: 11238729 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) regulate gene expression by phosphorylating transcription factors, such as c-Jun. Studies with JNK: knockout mice suggest that JNK activity may be required for excitotoxin-induced apoptosis in the adult hippocampus and for apoptosis in the developing embryonic neural tube. Here we investigate the role of JNKs in classical neurotrophin-regulated developmental neuronal death by using nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent sympathetic neurones. In this system, NGF withdrawal leads to an increase in JNK activity, an increase in c-Jun protein levels and c-Jun N-terminal phosphorylation before the cell death commitment point, and c-Jun activity is required for cell death. To inhibit JNK activity in sympathetic neurones we have used two different JNK inhibitors that act by distinct mechanisms: the compound SB 203580 and the JNK binding domain (JBD) of JNK interacting protein 1 (JIP-1). We demonstrate that JNK activity is required for c-Jun phosphorylation, c-jun promoter activation and NGF withdrawal-induced apoptosis. We also show that ATF-2, a c-Jun dimerization partner that can regulate c-jun gene expression, is activated following NGF deprivation. Finally, by co-expressing the JBD and a regulatable c-Jun dominant negative mutant we demonstrate that JNK and AP-1 function in the same pro-apoptotic signalling pathway after NGF withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eilers
- Eisai London Research Laboratories, University College London, London, UK
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