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Cai T, Alidjanov J, Palagin I, Medina-Polo J, Nickel JC, Wagenlehner FME. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS): look to the future. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024; 27:239-241. [PMID: 36631538 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-023-00645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cai
- Department of Urology, Santa Chiara Regional Hospital, Trento, Italy.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jakhongir Alidjanov
- Clinic for Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivan Palagin
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Smolensk State Medical University, Smolensk, Russia
| | - José Medina-Polo
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Curtis Nickel
- Department of Urology, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Florian M E Wagenlehner
- Clinic for Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Rachina S, Zakharenkova P, Kozlov R, Palagin I, Shishkina K, Strelkova D, Mamchich D. The antibiotic knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of patients purchasing antibiotics with prescription in Russia: a qualitative, comparative analysis. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlae041. [PMID: 38523731 PMCID: PMC10959511 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The study aimed to investigate behaviour, knowledge and practices towards antibiotic (AB) use among patients who purchased ABs with a prescription across Russia. Methods Semi-structured interviews conducted in all eight Federal Districts, Moscow and Saint Petersburg in 2022 by 21 researchers trained specifically for this study. Data were analysed using a directed content analysis approach. Results In total, 151 respondents were interviewed. Respiratory symptoms were the most common reason for AB prescription. The majority of patients discussed their complaints with family members or friends before consulting the physician and occasionally looked for information on antimicrobial treatment on the internet. The decision to use an AB was usually made by the physician, although patients often anticipated its prescription. Respondents typically chose to go to the nearest drug store to pick up the medicines, not seeking any recommendation from the local pharmacists. The level of knowledge about the effects of ABs was generally low. In most cases, patients were not aware of antimicrobial resistance and rarely recalled any information campaigns targeting prudent AB use. Respondents admitted COVID-19 had an impact on their behaviour: they have become more caring towards their health, but less likely to seek medical care because of the risk of infection. Conclusions Our findings, in particular low awareness of the population about the effects of ABs and antimicrobial resistance, peculiarities of attitudes and behaviour (significant influence of the environment, tendency to self-diagnose, fairly high level of trust in doctors etc.) can be useful for the development of effective initiatives aiming for prudent AB use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Rachina
- Internal Medicine Department #2, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Kolomensky passage 12/4, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Polina Zakharenkova
- Endocrinology Department, City Polyclinic No. 1, Kuibysheva 3, Bryansk 241035, Russia
| | - Roman Kozlov
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Smolensk State Medical University, Kirova 46-A, Smolensk 214019, Russia
| | - Ivan Palagin
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Smolensk State Medical University, Kirova 46-A, Smolensk 214019, Russia
| | - Ksenia Shishkina
- Internal Medicine Department #2, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Kolomensky passage 12/4, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daria Strelkova
- Internal Medicine Department #2, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Kolomensky passage 12/4, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daria Mamchich
- Internal Medicine Department #2, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Kolomensky passage 12/4, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Rachina S, Kiyakbaev G, Antonova E, Mescheryakov A, Kupryushina O, Hewathanthirige G, Palagin I, Kozhevnikova E, Sukhorukova M, Strelkova D. A Clinical Case of Nosocomial Pneumonia as a Complication of COVID-19: How to Balance Benefits and Risks of Immunosuppressive Therapy? Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 12:antibiotics12010053. [PMID: 36671254 PMCID: PMC9854487 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a Russian case of a 61-year-old male patient with confirmed COVID-19 infection who developed nosocomial pneumonia complicated by lung abscess associated with multi-drug-resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii, which could have been provoked due to the immunosuppressive therapy. We discuss the existing literature highlighting the issue of the prudent balance between benefits and risks when prescribing immunomodulators to hospitalized patients with COVID-19 due to the risk of difficult-to-treat nosocomial infections caused by MDR Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Currently, there is evidence of a substantial positive effect of dexamethasone on the course of COVID-19 in patients requiring supplemental oxygen or anti-interleukin-6 drugs in individuals with prominent systemic inflammation. However, it seems that in real clinical practice, the proposed criteria for initiating treatment with immunomodulators are interpreted arbitrarily, and the doses of dexamethasone can significantly exceed those recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Rachina
- Internal Medicine Department #2, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Gairat Kiyakbaev
- Internal Medicine Department #2, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Antonova
- War Veterans Hospital #3 of Moscow, 129336 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Olga Kupryushina
- Internal Medicine Department #2, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ivan Palagin
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Smolensk State Medical University, 214019 Smolensk, Russia
| | | | - Marina Sukhorukova
- N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, 121087 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Strelkova
- Internal Medicine Department #2, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Palagin I, Rachina S, Sukhorukova M, Nizhegorodtseva I, Portnyagina U, Gordeeva S, Burasova E, Bagin V, Domanskaya O, Nathwani D, Kozlov R. Current Antimicrobial Stewardship Practice and Education in Russian Hospitals: Results of a Multicenter Survey. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080892. [PMID: 34438942 PMCID: PMC8388790 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper antibiotic usage education and training of medical students and healthcare professionals is the cornerstone to implement antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs worldwide. We conducted this voluntary and anonymous survey on current and preferred educational provision of AMS in Russia. Among 1358 polled respondents from six participating Centers located in geographically remote Federal Districts of Russia, the majority were nurses (52.8%) and doctors (42.0%). Results of the survey demonstrated better coverage of education in AMS on an undergraduate level (57.1%). More than half of respondents in total (52.4%) stated they had not received any postgraduate training. Those 38.4% respondents who received postgraduate teaching in AMS stated that it had been provided substantially by an employing hospital (28.4%) or by a medical university/college (22.3%). According to the conducted survey, the methods of education in AMS in Russian Federation mainly include traditional face-to-face lectures, presentations and provision with clinical guidelines, recommendations and printed materials. The involvement of e-learning and web-based online approaches was lacking. The survey allowed us the identify the key problems associated with training of healthcare workers in this field, in particular the varying availability of under- and postgraduate education in different parts of Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Palagin
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Smolensk State Medical University, 214019 Smolensk, Russia; (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Svetlana Rachina
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marina Sukhorukova
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Smolensk State Medical University, 214019 Smolensk, Russia; (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Irina Nizhegorodtseva
- State Budgetary Healthcare Institution “Regional Clinical Hospital #2”, The Ministry of Health of Krasnodar Region, 350012 Krasnodar, Russia;
| | - Ulyana Portnyagina
- State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) “Regional Hospital #2 Emergency Medical Center”, 677005 Yakutsk, Russia;
| | - Svetlana Gordeeva
- State Regional Budgetary Healthcare Institution “Murmansk Regional Clinical Hospital n.a. P.A. Bayandin”, 183032 Murmansk, Russia;
| | - Elena Burasova
- State Autonomous Healthcare Institution “Republican Clinical Hospital n.a. N.A. Semashko”, The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Buryatia, 670031 Ulan-Ude, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Bagin
- Medical Association “New Hospital”, 620109 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Olga Domanskaya
- Kuzbas Children’s Clinical Hospital n.a. Professor Y.E. Malakhovskiy, 654063 Novokuznetsk, Russia;
| | - Dilip Nathwani
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK;
| | - Roman Kozlov
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Smolensk State Medical University, 214019 Smolensk, Russia; (M.S.); (R.K.)
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Cai T, Van Bruwaene S, Palagin I, Truzzi J, Tutone M, Pellini E, Brunelli R. REWIND (REal World INternational Database) study: What is the office-based approach to treating urinary tract infections? EUR UROL SUPPL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(20)33973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Cai T, Palagin I, Brunelli R, Cipelli R, Pellini E, Truzzi JC, Van Bruwaene S. Office-based approach to urinary tract infections in 50 000 patients: results from the REWIND study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:105966. [PMID: 32325202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The REWIND study sought to describe the real-world clinical and prescribing practices for the management of urinary tract infection (UTI) in Italy, Belgium, Russia and Brazil in order to compare current practices with international, European and national guidelines. METHODS An integrated mixed-methods approach was adopted that used information from primary care electronic medical records in longitudinal patient databases available in Italy and Belgium, and surveys of physicians in Russia (general practitioners) and Brazil (gynaecologists). RESULTS In total, 49 548 female patients were included in the study. Antibiotics were the most common management option for UTI in Italy (71.1%, n=27 600), Belgium (92.4%, n=7703), Russia (81.9%, n=1231) and Brazil (82.4%, n=740). Fosfomycin trometamol was the first-choice antibiotic for the treatment of UTI in all countries. Ciprofloxacin was also commonly prescribed in Italy (24.6%, n=6796), Belgium (17.8%, n=1373), Russia (14.9%, n=184) and Brazil (9.6%, n=71), while prescription of nitrofurantoin was common in Belgium (24.5%, n=1890) alone. CONCLUSIONS Despite differences in study designs and data sources, fosfomycin trometamol was found to be the most commonly prescribed treatment for UTI in all participating countries. In Belgium, real-world prescribing practices for UTI adhered more closely to European guidelines than national guidelines. Although not recommended in international and European guidelines for lower UTI management, the use of fluoroquinolones was still widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cai
- Department of Urology, Santa Chiara Regional Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Ivan Palagin
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy of Smolensk State Medical University, Smolensk, Russian Federation
| | - Roberto Brunelli
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eliano Pellini
- Department of Gynaecology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Truzzi
- Division of Urology - Medical Student Health Service, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ny S, Edquist P, Dumpis U, Gröndahl-Yli-Hannuksela K, Hermes J, Kling AM, Klingeberg A, Kozlov R, Källman O, Lis DO, Pomorska-Wesołowska M, Saule M, Wisell KT, Vuopio J, Palagin I. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from outpatient urinary tract infections in women in six European countries including Russia. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 17:25-34. [PMID: 30447337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the Northern Dimension Antibiotic Resistance Study (NoDARS), Finland, Germany, Latvia, Poland, Russia and Sweden collected urine samples from outpatient women (aged 18-65years) with symptoms of uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) to investigate the levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Escherichia coli isolates. METHODS A total of 775 E. coli isolates from 1280 clinical urine samples were collected from October 2015 to January 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and the results were interpreted according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria. RESULTS Overall AMR rates to the commonly used antibiotics nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin and mecillinam (except for Germany that was missing a result for mecillinam) were 1.2%, 1.3% and 4.1%, respectively. The highest overall resistance rates were determined for ampicillin (39.6%), trimethoprim (23.8%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (22.4%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (16.7%) and ciprofloxacin (15.1%), varying significantly between countries. The rate of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production was 8.7%. None of the isolates showed resistance to meropenem. CONCLUSIONS In most cases, low AMR rates were detected against the first-line antibiotics recommended in national UTI treatment guidelines, giving support to their future use. These results also support the European Association of Urology guidelines stating that nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin and mecillinam are viable treatment options for uncomplicated UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ny
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Nobels väg 18, 17182 Solna, Sweden; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 10, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Petra Edquist
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Nobels väg 18, 17182 Solna, Sweden
| | - Uga Dumpis
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsoņu iela 13, Zemgales priekšpilsēta, Rīga, LV-1002, Latvia
| | | | - Julia Hermes
- Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Kling
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Nobels väg 18, 17182 Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Roman Kozlov
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy of Smolensk State Medical University, P.O. Box N5, Smolensk 214019, Russian Federation
| | - Owe Källman
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 10, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Stockholm County Council, Magnus Ladulåsgatan 63A, 118 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danuta O Lis
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Kościelna 13, 40-001 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | | | - Māra Saule
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsoņu iela 13, Zemgales priekšpilsēta, Rīga, LV-1002, Latvia
| | | | - Jaana Vuopio
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ivan Palagin
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy of Smolensk State Medical University, P.O. Box N5, Smolensk 214019, Russian Federation
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Ny S, Kozlov R, Dumpis U, Edquist P, Gröndahl-Yli-Hannuksela K, Kling AM, Lis DO, Lübbert C, Pomorska-Wesołowska M, Palagin I, Vilde A, Vuopio J, Walter J, Wisell KT. Large variation in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli carriers in six European countries including Russia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:2347-2354. [PMID: 30338465 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the faecal carriage prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase production in Escherichia coli (EP-EC) and/or Klebsiella pneumoniae (EP-KP) and risk factors associated with carriage among adult study subjects in Finland, Germany, Latvia, Poland, Russia and Sweden (partner countries). The aim was to get indicative data on the prevalence of ESBL-carriage in specific populations in the region. Faecal samples were collected from four study populations and screened on ChromID-ESBL and ChromID-OXA-48 plates. Positive isolates were further characterised phenotypically. Our results show a large variation in carrier prevalence ranging from 1.6% in Latvia to 23.2% in Russia for EP-EC. For the other partner countries, the prevalence of EP-EC were in increasing numbers, 2.3% for Germany, 4.7% for Finland, 6.6% for Sweden, 8.0% for Poland and 8.1% for all partner countries in total. Carriers of EP-KP were identified only in Finland, Russia and Sweden, and the prevalence was < 2% in each of these countries. No carriers of carbapenemase-producing isolates were identified. This is the first study reporting prevalence of carriers (excluding traveller studies) for Finland, Latvia, Poland and Russia. It contributes with important information regarding the prevalence of EP-EC and EP-KP carriage in regions where studies on carriers are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ny
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Nobels väg 18, 17182 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 10, 141 52 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Roman Kozlov
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy of Smolensk State Medical University, PO Box N 5, Smolensk, 214019, Russia
| | - Uga Dumpis
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsoņu iela 13, Zemgales priekšpilsēta, Rīga, LV-1002, Latvia
| | - Petra Edquist
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Nobels väg 18, 17182 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anna-Maria Kling
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Nobels väg 18, 17182 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danuta O Lis
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Kościelna 13, 40-001, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Christoph Lübbert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Leipzig University Hospital, Liebigstraße 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ivan Palagin
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy of Smolensk State Medical University, PO Box N 5, Smolensk, 214019, Russia
| | - Aija Vilde
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsoņu iela 13, Zemgales priekšpilsēta, Rīga, LV-1002, Latvia
| | - Jaana Vuopio
- University of Turku, 20014 Turun yliopisto, Turku, Finland
| | - Jan Walter
- Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Katz RA, Jack-Scott E, Narezkina A, Palagin I, Boimel P, Kulkosky J, Nicolas E, Greger JG, Skalka AM. High-frequency epigenetic repression and silencing of retroviruses can be antagonized by histone deacetylase inhibitors and transcriptional activators, but uniform reactivation in cell clones is restricted by additional mechanisms. J Virol 2007; 81:2592-604. [PMID: 17202206 PMCID: PMC1866008 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01643-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated retroviral DNA is subject to epigenetic gene silencing, but the viral and host cell properties that influence initiation, maintenance, and reactivation are not fully understood. Here we describe rapid and high-frequency epigenetic repression and silencing of integrated avian sarcoma virus (ASV)-based vector DNAs in human HeLa cells. Initial studies utilized a vector carrying the strong human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) immediate-early (IE) promoter to drive expression of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene, and cells were sorted into two populations based on GFP expression [GFP(+) and GFP(-)]. Two potent epigenetic effects were observed: (i) a very broad distribution of GFP intensities among cells in the GFP(+) population as well as individual GFP(+) clones and (ii) high-frequency GFP reporter gene silencing in GFP(-) cells. We previously showed that histone deacetylases (HDACs) can associate with ASV DNA soon after infection and may act to repress viral transcription at the level of chromatin. Consistent with this finding, we report here that treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) induces GFP activation in GFP(-) cells and can also increase GFP expression in GFP(+) cells. In the case of the GFP(-) populations, we found that after removal of TSA, GFP silencing was reestablished in a subset of cells. We used that finding to enrich for stable GFP(-) cell populations in which viral GFP reporter expression could be reactivated by TSA; furthermore, we found that the ability to isolate such populations was independent of the promoter driving the GFP gene. In such enriched cultures, hCMV IE-driven, but not the viral long terminal repeat-driven, silent GFP reporter expression could be reactivated by the transcriptional activator prostratin. Microscopy-based studies using synchronized cells revealed variegated reactivation in cell clones, indicating that secondary epigenetic effects can restrict reactivation from silencing. Furthermore we found that entry into S phase was not required for reactivation. We conclude that HDACs can act rapidly to initiate and maintain promoter-independent retroviral epigenetic repression and silencing but that reactivation can be restricted by additional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Katz
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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Edelstein M, Pimkin M, Palagin I, Edelstein I, Stratchounski L. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Russian hospitals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 47:3724-32. [PMID: 14638473 PMCID: PMC296190 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.12.3724-3732.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 904 consecutive nosocomial isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae collected from 28 Russian hospitals were screened for production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). The ESBL phenotype was detected in 78 (15.8%) E. coli and 248 (60.8%) K. pneumoniae isolates. One hundred fifteen isolates carried the genes for CTX-M-type beta-lactamases, which, as shown by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, were distributed into the two genetic groups of CTX-M-1 (93%)- and CTX-M-2 (7%)-related enzymes. Isolates producing the enzymes of the first group were found in 20 hospitals from geographically distant regions of the country and were characterized by considerable diversity of genetic types, as was demonstrated by enterobacterial repetitive consensus PCR typing. Within this group the CTX-M-3 and the CTX-M-15 beta-lactamases were identified. In contrast, the enzymes of the CTX-M-2 group (namely, CTX-M-5) were detected only in eight clonally related E. coli isolates from a single hospital. Notably, the levels of resistance to ceftazidime were remarkably variable among the CTX-M producers. This study provides further evidence of the global dissemination of CTX-M type ESBLs and emphasizes the need for their epidemiological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Edelstein
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Smolensk State Medical Academy, Smolensk 214019, Russia.
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