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Trebicka J, Fernandez J, Papp M, Caraceni P, Laleman W, Gambino C, Giovo I, Uschner FE, Jansen C, Jimenez C, Mookerjee R, Gustot T, Albillos A, Bañares R, Jarcuska P, Steib C, Reiberger T, Acevedo J, Gatti P, Shawcross DL, Zeuzem S, Zipprich A, Piano S, Berg T, Bruns T, Danielsen KV, Coenraad M, Merli M, Stauber R, Zoller H, Ramos JP, Solé C, Soriano G, de Gottardi A, Gronbaek H, Saliba F, Trautwein C, Kani HT, Francque S, Ryder S, Nahon P, Romero-Gomez M, Van Vlierberghe H, Francoz C, Manns M, Garcia-Lopez E, Tufoni M, Amoros A, Pavesi M, Sanchez C, Praktiknjo M, Curto A, Pitarch C, Putignano A, Moreno E, Bernal W, Aguilar F, Clària J, Ponzo P, Vitalis Z, Zaccherini G, Balogh B, Gerbes A, Vargas V, Alessandria C, Bernardi M, Ginès P, Moreau R, Angeli P, Jalan R, Arroyo V, Semela D, Elkrief L, Elsharkawy A, Tornai T, Tornai I, Altorjay I, Antognoli A, Baldassarre M, Gagliardi M, Bertoli E, Mareso S, Brocca A, Campion D, Saracco GM, Rizzo M, Lehmann J, Pohlmann A, Brol MJ, Chang J, Schierwagen R, Solà E, Amari N, Rodriguez M, Nevens F, Clemente A, Janicko M, Markwardt D, Mandorfer M, Welsch C, Welzel TM, Ciraci E, Patel V, Ripoll C, Herber A, Horn P, Bendtsen F, Gluud LL, Schaapman J, Riggio O, Rainer F, Moritz JT, Mesquita M, Alvarado-Tapias E, Akpata O, Aamann L, Samuel D, Tresson S, Strnad P, Amathieu R, Simón-Talero M, Smits F, van den Ende N, Martinez J, Garcia R, Rupprechter H, Engelmann C, Özdogan OC. PREDICT identifies precipitating events associated with the clinical course of acutely decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2021; 74:1097-1108. [PMID: 33227350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute decompensation (AD) of cirrhosis may present without acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) (AD-No ACLF), or with ACLF (AD-ACLF), defined by organ failure(s). Herein, we aimed to analyze and characterize the precipitants leading to both of these AD phenotypes. METHODS The multicenter, prospective, observational PREDICT study (NCT03056612) included 1,273 non-electively hospitalized patients with AD (No ACLF = 1,071; ACLF = 202). Medical history, clinical data and laboratory data were collected at enrolment and during 90-day follow-up, with particular attention given to the following characteristics of precipitants: induction of organ dysfunction or failure, systemic inflammation, chronology, intensity, and relationship to outcome. RESULTS Among various clinical events, 4 distinct events were precipitants consistently related to AD: proven bacterial infections, severe alcoholic hepatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding with shock and toxic encephalopathy. Among patients with precipitants in the AD-No ACLF cohort and the AD-ACLF cohort (38% and 71%, respectively), almost all (96% and 97%, respectively) showed proven bacterial infection and severe alcoholic hepatitis, either alone or in combination with other events. Survival was similar in patients with proven bacterial infections or severe alcoholic hepatitis in both AD phenotypes. The number of precipitants was associated with significantly increased 90-day mortality and was paralleled by increasing levels of surrogates for systemic inflammation. Importantly, adequate first-line antibiotic treatment of proven bacterial infections was associated with a lower ACLF development rate and lower 90-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS This study identified precipitants that are significantly associated with a distinct clinical course and prognosis in patients with AD. Specific preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting these events may improve outcomes in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. LAY SUMMARY Acute decompensation (AD) of cirrhosis is characterized by a rapid deterioration in patient health. Herein, we aimed to analyze the precipitating events that cause AD in patients with cirrhosis. Proven bacterial infections and severe alcoholic hepatitis, either alone or in combination, accounted for almost all (96-97%) cases of AD and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Whilst the type of precipitant was not associated with mortality, the number of precipitant(s) was. This study identified precipitants that are significantly associated with a distinct clinical course and prognosis of patients with AD. Specific preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting these events may improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonel Trebicka
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Javier Fernandez
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, CIBEReHD, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Papp
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Wim Laleman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Section of Liver and Biliopancreatic disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ilaria Giovo
- A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Frank Erhard Uschner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cesar Jimenez
- Liver Unit, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Agustin Albillos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, University of Alcalá, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Bañares
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Facultad de Medicina (Universidad Complutense of Madrid), CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Jarcuska
- Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Christian Steib
- Department of Medicine II, Liver Centre Munich, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Juan Acevedo
- University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | - Pietro Gatti
- Internal Medicine PO Ostuni, ASL Brindisi, Italy
| | | | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Berg
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University, Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tony Bruns
- Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karen Vagner Danielsen
- Gastrounit, Medical Section, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Heinz Zoller
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Cristina Solé
- Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, CIBEReHD, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Germán Soriano
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea de Gottardi
- University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine-Inselspital, Bern and Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Faouzi Saliba
- AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Universite Paris Saclay, INSERM Unit 1193, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Ryder
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Pierre Nahon
- AP-HP, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Service d'Hépatologie, Bondy, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, "Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Saint-Denis, France; Inserm, UMR-1162, "Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides", Paris, France
| | | | | | - Claire Francoz
- APHP, Hôpital Beaujon, Service d'Hépatologie, Clichy, France; Inserm, Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur L´Inflammation, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Alex Amoros
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Pavesi
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Sanchez
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Praktiknjo
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Curto
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Pitarch
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esau Moreno
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ferran Aguilar
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Clària
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, CIBEReHD, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Ponzo
- A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Zsuzsanna Vitalis
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Boglarka Balogh
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Alexander Gerbes
- Department of Medicine II, Liver Centre Munich, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Victor Vargas
- Liver Unit, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Pere Ginès
- Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, CIBEReHD, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Moreau
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain; APHP, Hôpital Beaujon, Service d'Hépatologie, Clichy, France; Inserm, Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur L´Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Angeli
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain; University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain; UCL Medical School,Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Vicente Arroyo
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EF-Clif, Barcelona, Spain
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