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Suchomel M, Kampf G, Gebel J, Droop F, Christiansen B, Roesch KM. How reliable are test results from 17 laboratories on the basis of EN 1500 for a hand rub based on 80% (w/w)? J Hosp Infect 2024:S0195-6701(24)00046-X. [PMID: 38373530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A ring trial organized by the Association of Applied Hygiene (VAH) on the bactericidal efficacy of an ethanol-based hand rub was carried out in 17 laboratories according to EN 1500 with the aim of describing the variability of test results and fulfilment of the methodological acceptance criteria. METHOD As a test product, a hand rub based on 80% ethanol (w/w) was tested in comparison with the reference alcohol (60% iso-propanol, v/v) in a crossover design. After pre-washing and contamination following the norm, hands were treated either with the reference alcohol (2 × 3 mL for 2 × 30 s) or the test product (3 mL in 30 s). Post-decontamination values were determined immediately after the rub-in period. Validated neutralizers were used. The arithmetic means of all individual log10 pre-values, post-values and reduction values were calculated per laboratory. Non-inferiority was assumed when the Hodges-Lehmann 97.5% confidence limit was <0.6 in comparison with the reference. A z-score was calculated to determine the laboratory performance. RESULTS Two laboratories did not meet the acceptance criteria and were excluded from the analysis. The bactericidal efficacy of the test product was non-inferior to the reference product in four laboratories and not non-inferior in 11 laboratories. The z-score for the Hodges-Lehmann 97.5% confidence limit indicated a satisfactory performance in all laboratories. CONCLUSION We consider the EN 1500 test method to be robust in terms of the variability of test results. For products of borderline efficacy, the evaluation should be based on more than one test.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suchomel
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - G Kampf
- University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Gebel
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - F Droop
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - B Christiansen
- Association for Applied Hygiene, c/o Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - K-M Roesch
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Klimas R, Renk P, Sgodzai M, Blusch A, Grüter T, Motte J, Pedreiturria X, Gebel J, Gobrecht P, Fischer D, Gold R, Pitarokoili K. P-8 Small fiber involvement, neuropathic pain and macrophage-dependentaxonal pathology in the rat model of experimental autoimmune neuritis. Clin Neurophysiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Suchomel M, Gebel J, Kampf G. Failure of sodium hypochlorite to meet the EN 1500 efficacy requirement for hygienic hand disinfection. J Hosp Infect 2023; 133:46-48. [PMID: 36638889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the bactericidal efficacy of two alternative hand antiseptics, based on sodium hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid, compared with isopropanol on the hands of volunteers artificially contaminated with Escherichia coli using EN 1500. The reference alcohol was applied according to the norm, and the study formulations were used as in common practice (3 mL for 30 s). The products showed mean log10 reductions of 1.63 and 1.89, both of which were inferior to the reference treatment (4.78). Due to the failure to achieve sufficient bactericidal efficacy within 30 s, sodium hypochlorite (0.05-0.06%) should not be considered for hand disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suchomel
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Gebel
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - G Kampf
- University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Kampf G, Exner M, Schwebke I, Gebel J. Ethanol is indispensable and safe as a biocidal active substance for hand disinfection. J Hosp Infect 2020; 108:205-206. [PMID: 33220347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Kampf
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - M Exner
- University Bonn, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - J Gebel
- University Bonn, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Bonn, Germany
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Gemein S, Gebel J, Christiansen B, Martiny H, Vossebein L, Brill FHH, Decius M, Eggers M, Koburger-Janssen T, Meckel M, Werner S, Hunsinger B, Selhorst T, Kampf G, Exner M. Interlaboratory reproducibility of a test method following 4-field test methodology to evaluate the susceptibility of Clostridium difficile spores. J Hosp Infect 2019; 103:78-84. [PMID: 31199936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporicidal surface disinfection is recommended to control transmission of Clostridium difficile in healthcare facilities. EN 17126 provides a method to determine the sporicidal activity in suspension and has been approved as a European standard. In addition, a sporicidal surface test has been proposed. AIM To determine the interlaboratory reproducibility of a test method for evaluating the susceptibility of a C. difficile spore preparation to a biocidal formulation following the 4-field test (EN 16615 methodology). METHODS Nine laboratories participated. C. difficile NCTC 13366 spores were used. Glutaraldehyde (1% and 6%; 15 min) and peracetic acid (PAA; 0.01% and 0.04%; 15 min) were used to determine the spores' susceptibility in suspension in triplicate. FINDINGS One-percent glutaraldehyde revealed a mean decimal log10 reduction of 1.03 with variable results in the nine laboratories (0.37-1.49) and a reproducibility of 0.38. The effect of 6% glutaraldehyde was stronger (mean: 2.05; range: 0.96-4.29; reproducibility: 0.86). PAA revealed similar results. An exemplary biocidal formulation based on 5% PAA was used at 0.5% (non-effective concentration) and 4% (effective concentration) to determine the sporicidal efficacy (4-field test) under clean conditions in triplicate with a contact time of 15 min. When used at 0.5% it demonstrated an overall log10 reduction of 2.68 (range: 2.35-3.57) and at 4% of 4.61 (range: 3.82-5.71). The residual contamination on the three primarily uncontaminated test fields was <50 cfu/25 cm2 in one out of nine laboratories (0.5%) and in seven out of nine laboratories (4%). CONCLUSION The interlaboratory reproducibility seems to be robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gemein
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; VAH Ring Trial Steering Gremium of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany.
| | - J Gebel
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; VAH Ring Trial Steering Gremium of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany; Disinfectant Commission 4+4-Group of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany
| | - B Christiansen
- Disinfectant Commission 4+4-Group of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany; ZE Medizinaluntersuchungsamt und Hygiene, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - H Martiny
- VAH Ring Trial Steering Gremium of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany; Disinfectant Commission 4+4-Group of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany
| | - L Vossebein
- Disinfectant Commission 4+4-Group of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany; University of Applied Sciences Niederrhein, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - F H H Brill
- Dr Brill + Partner GmbH, Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Decius
- ZE Medizinaluntersuchungsamt und Hygiene, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Eggers
- Labor Prof. Gisela Enders MVZ GbR, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - M Meckel
- IKI Institut für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionskontrolle GmbH, Gießen, Germany
| | - S Werner
- HygCen Germany GmbH, Schwerin, Germany
| | - B Hunsinger
- VAH Ring Trial Steering Gremium of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany
| | - T Selhorst
- Institut für Tierwissenschaften, Präventives Gesundheitsmanagement, University Bonn, Germany
| | - G Kampf
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Exner
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Steinhauer K, Rödger HJ, Teckemeyer K, Christiansen B, Gebel J, Martiny H, Meyer B, Ostermeyer C, Vossebein L. Why volume matters – implications of applied volume of alcohol-based disinfectants for infection prevention. J Hosp Infect 2019; 101:423-425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gemein S, Gebel J, Roques C, Steinhauer K. Practical considerations for infection prevention of near-patient surfaces: validation of an alternative polyvinyl chloride carrier in the 4-field test EN 16615:2015. J Hosp Infect 2019; 103:e118-e119. [PMID: 30831186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Gemein
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Clinics Bonn, Germany
| | - J Gebel
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Clinics Bonn, Germany
| | - C Roques
- Université Paul Sabatier and CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
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Gebel J, Gemein S, Kampf G, Pidot SJ, Buetti N, Exner M. Isopropanol at 60% and at 70% are effective against 'isopropanol-tolerant' Enterococcus faecium. J Hosp Infect 2019; 103:e88-e91. [PMID: 30711531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The bactericidal activity of isopropanol was determined against Enterococcus faecium ATCC 6057, ST 796 (isopropanol-tolerant strain) and Enterococcus hirae ATCC 10541 (EN 13727). Isopropanol at 60% and 70% were effective (≥5.38 log10-reduction) in 15 s against all strains but 23% isopropanol was not (<0.99 log10-reduction in ≤15 min). Isopropanol at 70% was tested against E. faecium in the four-field test. Eight millilitres was not effective enough in 1 min (<5 log10-reduction), whilst 16 mL was effective (≥5.85 log10-reduction). Healthcare workers can be reassured that 60% and 70% isopropanol with an appropriate volume are effective against E. faecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gebel
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - S Gemein
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - G Kampf
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - S J Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - N Buetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Exner
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Gemein S, Meyer B, Gebel J, Roques C, Steinhauer K. Response to J-Y. Maillard: Are amine-only-containing products sporicidal? J Hosp Infect 2018; 100:e68-e69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Schwebke I, Eggers M, Gebel J, Geisel B, Glebe D, Rapp I, Steinmann J, Rabenau F. Prüfung und Deklaration der Wirksamkeit von Desinfektionsmitteln gegen Viren zur Anwendung im human-medizinischen Bereich. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2017; 60:353-363. [PMID: 28220216 PMCID: PMC7079851 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Schwebke
- Fachgebiet 14, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - F Rabenau
- Institut für Med. Virologie,, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt/Main, Deutschland.
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Luh LM, Kehrloesser S, Deutsch GB, Gebel J, Coutandin D, Schäfer B, Agostini M, Melino G, Dötsch V. Analysis of the oligomeric state and transactivation potential of TAp73α. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1008-16. [PMID: 23538419 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins p73 and p63 are members of the p53 protein family and are involved in important developmental processes. Their high sequence identity with the tumor suppressor p53 has suggested that they act as tumor suppressors as well. While p63 has a crucial role in the maintenance of epithelial stem cells and in the quality control of oocytes without a clear role as a tumor suppressor, p73's tumor suppressor activity is well documented. In a recent study we have shown that the transcriptional activity of TAp63α, the isoform responsible for the quality control in oocytes, is regulated by its oligomeric state. The protein forms an inactive, dimeric and compact conformation in resting oocytes, while the detection of DNA damage leads to the formation of an active, tetrameric and open conformation. p73 shows a high sequence identity to p63, including those domains that are crucial in stabilizing its inactive state, thus suggesting that p73's activity might be regulated by its oligomeric state as well. Here, we have investigated the oligomeric state of TAp73α by size exclusion chromatography and detailed domain interaction mapping, and show that in contrast to p63, TAp73α is a constitutive open tetramer. However, its transactivation potential depends on the cellular background and the promoter context. These results imply that the regulation of p73's transcriptional activity might be more closely related to p53 than to p63.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Luh
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Newey C, Wisco D, George P, Gebel J. Variables That Best Differentiate Acute Stroke from Stroke Mimics in Inpatients with Acute Neurological Deficits (P07.015). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lenz J, Linke S, Gemein S, Exner M, Gebel J. Verification of the efficiency of chemical disinfection and sanitation measures in in-building distribution systems. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2010; 213:198-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Linke S, Lenz J, Gemein S, Exner M, Gebel J. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in biofilms by real-time PCR. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2010; 213:176-82. [PMID: 20427237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a cause of peptic ulcer disease and a causative agent of gastric cancer. Currently, a possible waterborne route of transmission or a possible survival in drinking water biofilms is discussed. H. pylori, like many other bacterial strains, has the ability to enter the viable but nonculturable state (vbnc) in case of unfavorable conditions. Therefore it is necessary to develop new analysis tools for vbnc bacteria. We established a fast and reliable method to detect H. pylori in drinking water biofilms by quantitative real-time PCR which makes it redundant to use difficult cultivation methods for nonculturable bacteria. With this method it was possible to identify water biofilms as a niche for H. pylori. The real-time PCR analysis targets the ureA subunit of the Helicobacter pylori urea gene which showed high specificity and sensitivity. The quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect H. pylori in biofilms of different age, unspiked and spiked with predetermined levels of cells. The drinking water biofilms were generated in a silicone-tube model. The DNA-sequences for probe and primers showed no cross-homologies to other related bacteria and it was possible to detect less than 10 genomic units of H. pylori. This novel method is a useful tool for a fast screening of drinking water biofilms for H. pylori. The results suggest that drinking water biofilms may act as a reservoir for H. pylori which raises new concerns about the role of biofilms as vectors for pathogens like Helicobacter pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Linke
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, Klinikgelände 35, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Exner M, Gebel J, Heudorf U, Fischnaller E, Engelhart S. [Risk of infection in the home environment. Plea for a new risk assessment]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2008; 51:1247-57. [PMID: 19043752 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-008-0694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Within the last two decades risks posed by infectious diseases outside of hospitals and nursing homes had no high significance in the public perception. The home environment is regarded as a save shelter from infectious risks. In the mean time there have been dramatic socio-demographic, health policy and technological changes which have increased infectious risks outside medical facilities. In Germany up to 1.4 million people with multiple morbidities are nursed at home. Technological changes with the aim to protect the environment, like reduction of water temperature and water volumes in washing processes has lowered the efficacy to control pathogens. Thus it is time to revise the process of risk assessment in which not only aspects of environmental protection but also those of health protection must be taken into account. The article gives an overview of new risks and epidemiological changes and discusses the necessity of a new risk assessment and risk management approach which hopefully will lead to a changing paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Exner
- Institut für Hygiene und Offentliche Gesundheit der Universität Bonn, Bonn, BRD.
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Exner M, Kramer A, Kistemann T, Gebel J, Engelhart S. Wasser als Infektionsquelle in medizinischen Einrichtungen, Prävention und Kontrolle. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50:302-11. [PMID: 17334890 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-007-0156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New epidemiological and microbiological investigations using molecular typing methods to link patient and environmental strains demonstrate a strong association between water-borne pathogens and nosocomial infections. Avoiding patient exposure to these pathogens results in a decreased incidence of water-borne nosocomial infections. There remains a tremendous potential to reduce hospital acquired infections previously viewed as inevitable and unavoidable through intervention and preventive measures. The characteristics of water application in health care facilities, the vulnerability of patients, the spectrum of relevant pathogens and their ecologic aspects, legal issues and important measures for prevention and control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Exner
- Institut für Hygiene und Offentliche Gesundheit der Universität Bonn, Bonn, BRD.
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Sigler K, Chládková K, Vacata V, Gebel J, Gásková D. Process-independent quantitative assessment of residual biological contamination of medical devices reprocessed in washer-disinfectors. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2005; 50:239-46. [PMID: 16295663 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method based on measuring a soil-induced fluorescence intensity response of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate at two fixed wavelengths (460 and 510 nm) was used for determining residual contamination on test soil carriers simulating medical devices after passage through a hospital washer-disinfector. The fluorescence response can be satisfactorily calibrated to soil levels as low as approximately 1 microg/L. Practical tests were performed in two hospitals with washer-disinfectors of 3 types and with several chemical or enzymic cleansers-disinfectants. In combination with the previously developed system of standardized test soil carriers simulating both easily and poorly accessible parts of soiled medical devices, the liver-lactose-oil test soil and an efficient sonication procedure for stripping the residual soil off the carriers, this soil detection method permits the detection of very low contamination levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia.
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Exner M, Kramer A, Lajoie L, Gebel J, Engelhart S, Hartemann P. Prevention and control of health care-associated waterborne infections in health care facilities. Am J Infect Control 2005; 33:S26-40. [PMID: 15940114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current article is a review of the public health risks attributable to waterborne pathogens in health care. The consequences of health care-associated infections (HAIs) are discussed. Not only are Legionella spp involved in HAIs, but also Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other gram-negative microorganisms, fungi, and amoeba-associated bacteria. This is particularly noteworthy among immunocompromised patients. New prevention strategies and control measures brought about through advanced planning, facility remodelling and reconstruction, disinfection, and filtration have resulted in a significant reduction of the incidence of waterborne HAIs. The positive consequences of a comprehensive multibarrier approach including prevention and control programs in health care facilities are discussed. Environmental cultures are now integrated within the infection control program of some European countries. In high-risk areas, the application of disposable sterile point-of-use filters for faucets and shower heads appears to be the practice of choice to efficiently control waterborne pathogens and to prevent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Exner
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Teichert-Barthel U, Hornbach-Beckers S, Ilschner C, Hornei B, Gebel J, Exner M. Händewaschen - na, klar! Eine Mitmachaktion des Gesundheits- und Jugendamts im Landkreis Ahrweiler in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Hygiene und Öffentliche Gesundheit der Universität Bonn. Gesundheitswesen 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-865584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Recently, new insights into the persistence of pathogens, their transfer from inanimate surfaces to humans and the risk of contamination and dissemination of pathogens by detergents have been gained. Furthermore, new experimental data on the interruption of chains of infection by disinfectants as well as results of outbreak-control studies are now available. Hence it has become necessary to reassess the potential benefits using disinfectants to prevent and control nosocomial infections. Based on the new findings and in view of the increasing incidence of nosocomial infections and antibiotic resistances, the German Robert-Koch-Institut has issued completely revised recommendations on Household Cleaning and Surface Disinfection. With respect to these recommendations we developed a new test method, which allows comparison of the efficacy of disinfection in reducing the microbial loads and their dissemination with that of cleaning procedures under practical conditions. In a multi-factor approach, mechanical properties (wet mop technique), utensils (different mop materials) and active agents (disinfectant, detergent) were taken into consideration. We found that under the given conditions, dissemination of the test organism Staphylococcus aureus did not take place when using aldehydes and peroxides, it did take place, however, when water, surfactants, and the disinfectants glycol derivatives, quaternary ammonium compounds and alkylamines were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Exner
- Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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22
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Klaschik S, Lehmann LE, Raadts A, Book M, Gebel J, Hoeft A, Stuber F. Detection and differentiation of in vitro-spiked bacteria by real-time PCR and melting-curve analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:512-7. [PMID: 14766809 PMCID: PMC344435 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.2.512-517.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a consensus real-time PCR protocol for the detection of bacterial DNA from laboratory-prepared specimens such as water, urine, and plasma. This prototype detection system enables an exact Gram stain classification and, in particular, screening for specific species of 17 intensive care unit-relevant bacteria by means of fluorescence hybridization probes and melting-curve analysis in a one-run experiment. One strain of every species was tested at a final density of 10(6) CFU/ml. All bacteria examined except Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis could be differentiated successfully; S. aureus and S. epidermidis could only be classified as "Staphylococcus species." The hands-on time for preparation of the DNA, performance of the PCR, and evaluation of the PCR results was less than 4 h. Nevertheless, this prototype detection system requires more clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Klaschik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Panglisch S, Gimbel R, Kiepke O, Dautzenberg W, Gebel J, Fischeder R. Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Membranfiltration zur großtechnischen Talsperrenwasseraufbereitung mit Pilotanlagen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.3306909115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sigler K, Gásková D, Chládková K, Knebl R, Wimmer T, Vacata V, Gebel J. Standardized system for quantifying residual dirt on medical appliances cleansed in hospital washers--disinfectors: dirt detection by different methods. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2003; 48:95-102. [PMID: 12744084 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An easy-to construct, easy-to-operate standardized system was developed for determining the residual biological contamination of surgical instruments, endoscopes and other medical appliances subjected to hospital cleansing and/or disinfection. It consists of standard-sized pieces of glass, metal or endoscope plastic--dirt carriers--either bare or enclosed in truncated Eppendorf caps to simulate hard-to-access conditions. The surface of the carriers is covered with model dirt simulating biological contamination and the carriers are then affixed to sturdy metal holders. Conventional model dirt were found to peel or flake off the carrier surface, lowering the precision of residual soil determination. A newly developed model dirt consisting of liver mash, lactose and sunflower oil and exhibiting low tendency to peel off surfaces was therefore used. The whole setup was subjected to chemical or enzymic cleansing programs at elevated temperature in hospital washer-disinfectors of two types, and the residual dirt after cleansing was determined by three methods. The method using toxicant-doped dirt that quenches the luminescence of an indicator bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum gave satisfactory data under laboratory conditions but with hospital-washed samples it exhibited excessive fluctuations caused by bacterium--dirt interactions and by physical influences. Both other methods gave better results but displayed some process sensitivity. The luciferin-luciferase-based ATP bioluminescence assay sometimes gave low or even negative dirt level values and showed a low effect of reduced dirt accessibility on cleansing of metal carriers. The Bradford protein assay showed about equal cleansing efficiency for both easily and poorly accessible carriers after enzymic cleansing. Our system can be used for determining low levels of residual contamination of medical appliances after cleansing/disinfection and assessing the efficiency of commercial washer-disinfectors; its efficiency can be further increased by using a cleansing process-insensitive method for soil detection and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czechia
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25
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Gásková D, Cadek R, Chaloupka R, Vacata V, Gebel J, Sigler K. Monitoring the kinetics and performance of yeast membrane ABC transporters by diS-C3(3) fluorescence. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 34:931-7. [PMID: 12007631 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(02)00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic features (initial start-up phase, drug pumping velocity and efficiency as dependent on drug concentration and growth phase) of yeast plasma membrane multidrug resistance ABC pumps were studied by monitoring the uptake of the fluorescent potentiometric dye diS-C3(3), which has been found to be expelled from the cells by these pumps. The monitoring was done with Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants AD1-8 and AD1-3 deleted in different ABC pumps, and in their pump-competent parent strain US50-18C overexpressing transcriptional activators Pdr1p and Pdr3p. On addition to the cells, diS-C3(3) is expelled by the Pdr5p, Yor1p and Snq2p pumps with overlapping substrate specificity. The pump action can be assessed as a difference between the dye uptake curve for pump-competent and pump-deleted cells. The pump-mediated dye efflux, which shows an initial lag of various lengths, maintains a certain residual intracellular dye level. In the absence of external glucose the dye efflux ability of the pumps depends on the growth phase; late exponential and stationary cells can maintain the export for tens of minutes, whereas exponential cells keep up the pump action for limited time periods. This may reflect an insufficient number of pump molecules in the membrane or an effect of insufficient pump energization from endogenous sources. This effect is not mediated by changes in membrane potential because lowered membrane potential caused by inhibition of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase does not affect the pump action.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gásková
- Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, Prague, Czech Republic.
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26
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Kistemann T, Classen T, Koch C, Dangendorf F, Fischeder R, Gebel J, Vacata V, Exner M. Microbial load of drinking water reservoir tributaries during extreme rainfall and runoff. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:2188-97. [PMID: 11976088 PMCID: PMC127524 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.5.2188-2197.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2001] [Accepted: 01/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hygienic and microbiological examinations of watercourses are usually not carried out during heavy rainfall and runoff events. After rainfall or snowmelt, there are often massive increases in turbidity in flooding creeks in mountain ranges, which are frequently interpreted as an indication of microbial contamination. The aim of this study was to quantify the microbial loads of watercourses during such runoff events and to compare these loads with loads occurring during regular conditions. In a 14-month monitoring period we investigated the microbial loads of three tributaries of different drinking water reservoirs. A total of 99 water samples were taken under different runoff conditions and analyzed to determine physical, chemical, bacterial, and parasitic parameters. Thirty-two water samples were considered event samples during nine measuring series. The criteria for events, based on duration and intensity of precipitation, water depth gauge measurements, and dynamics, had been fixed before the investigation for each creek individually. Of the physical and chemical parameters examined, only the turbidity, pH, and nitrate values differed clearly from the values obtained for regular samples. Most of the bacteriological parameters investigated (colony, Escherichia coli, coliform, fecal streptococcal, and Clostridium perfringens counts) increased considerably during extreme runoff events. If relevant sources of parasitic contamination occurred in catchment areas, the concentrations of Giardia and Cryptosporidium rose significantly during events. The results show that substantial shares of the total microbial loads in watercourses and in drinking water reservoirs result from rainfall and extreme runoff events. Consequently, regular samples are considered inadequate for representing the microbial contamination of watercourse systems. The procedures for raw water surveillance in the context of multiple-barrier protection and risk assessment ought to include sampling during extreme runoff situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kistemann
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, WHO'CC for Health Promoting Water Management and Risk Communication, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Gebel J, Sonntag HG, Werner HP, Vacata V, Exner M, Kistemann T. The higher disinfectant resistance of nosocomial isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca: how reliable are indicator organisms in disinfectant testing? J Hosp Infect 2002; 50:309-11. [PMID: 12014906 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.2002.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Children's Clinic in Giessen, Germany recently reported several severe infections with Klebsiella oxytoca resulting in deaths of two neonates. The putative source of the infections was a contaminated infusion solution. The resistance to disinfectant of the K. oxytoca isolates was investigated in three independent laboratories and was indeed found to be significantly increased. Comparative tests with standard strains of K. oxytoca and other recommended bacterial surrogates showed the disinfection procedures used were fully effective. The higher resistance of the nosocomial isolates may have developed due to improper handling and storage of the cleaning utensils. This report describes the events and draws conclusions concerning the use of disinfectants, the treatment of cleaning utensils, the reliability of procedures for testing disinfectants, and suggests additional measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gebel
- Committee for Disinfectants, German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology (DGHM), c/o Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Meltzer CC, Kondziolka D, Villemagne VL, Wechsler L, Goldstein S, Thulborn KR, Gebel J, Elder EM, DeCesare S, Jacobs A. Serial [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography after human neuronal implantation for stroke. Neurosurgery 2001; 49:586-91; discussion 591-2. [PMID: 11523668 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200109000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is no known effective treatment for chronic stroke. In this report, we used positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to map the metabolic brain response to neuronal cell implantation in the first human neuroimplantation trial for stroke. METHODS Twelve patients (nine men, three women; mean age +/- standard deviation, 60.8+/-8.3 yr) with chronic basal ganglia infarction and persistent motor deficit underwent FDG PET within 1 week before and 6 and 12 months after stereotactic implantation of human neuronal cells. Serial neurological evaluations during a 52-week postoperative period included the National Institutes of Health stroke scale and the European stroke scale. RESULTS Alterations in glucose metabolic activity in the stroke and surrounding tissue at 6 and 12 months after implantation correlated positively with motor performance measures. CONCLUSION FDG PET performed as part of an initial open-label human trial of implanted LBS-Neurons (Layton BioScience, Sunnyvale, CA) for chronic stroke demonstrates a relationship between relative regional metabolic changes and clinical performance measures. These preliminary findings suggest improved local cellular function or engraftment of implanted cells in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Meltzer
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania 15213-2582, USA.
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29
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Gebel J, Vacata V, Sigler K, Pietsch H, Rechenburg A, Exner M, Kistemann T. Disinfectant activity against different morphological forms of Helicobacter pylori: first results. J Hosp Infect 2001; 48 Suppl A:S58-63. [PMID: 11759029 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-6701(01)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which has infected more than one-half of the world's human population, exists in two morphological forms; the viable helical form and the disputed viable-but-not-culturable coccoid form. Infection by the helical form proceeds through the oral-oral route, while that by the coccoid form, if possible at all, is by the faecal-oral and/or the oral-oral route. The present pilot study addresses the question of disinfectant efficacy against both forms of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gebel
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Bonn, Germany.
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30
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Kissela B, Broderick J, Woo D, Kothari R, Miller R, Khoury J, Brott T, Pancioli A, Jauch E, Gebel J, Shukla R, Alwell K, Tomsick T. Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study: volume of first-ever ischemic stroke among blacks in a population-based study. Stroke 2001; 32:1285-90. [PMID: 11387488 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.32.6.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The volume of ischemic stroke on CT scans has been studied in a standardized fashion in acute stroke therapy trials with median volumes between 10.5 to 55 cm(3). The volume of first-ever ischemic stroke in the population is not known. METHODS The first phase of the population-based Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study identified all ischemic strokes occurring in blacks in the greater Cincinnati region between January and June of 1993. The patients in this phase of the study who had a first-ever ischemic clinical stroke were identified, and the volume of ischemic stroke was measured. RESULTS There were 257 verified clinical cases of ischemic stroke, of which 181 had a first-ever ischemic infarct. Imaging was available for 150 of these patients, and 79 had an infarct on the CT or MRI study that was definitely or possibly related to the clinical symptoms. For these patients, volumetric measurements were performed by means of the modified ellipsoid method. The median volume of first-ever ischemic stroke for the 79 patients was 2.5 cm(3) (interquartile range, 0.5 to 8.8 cm(3)). There was a significant relation between location of lesion and infarct size (P<0.001) and between volume and mechanism of stroke (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS The volume of first-ever ischemic stroke among blacks in our population-based study is smaller than has been previously reported in acute stroke therapy trials. The large proportion of small, mild strokes in blacks may be an important reason for the low percentage of patients who meet the inclusion criteria for tissue plasminogen activator. Further study is necessary to see if these results are generalizable to a multiracial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kissela
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0525, USA.
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31
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Kondziolka D, Wechsler L, Goldstein S, Meltzer C, Thulborn KR, Gebel J, Jannetta P, DeCesare S, Elder EM, McGrogan M, Reitman MA, Bynum L. Transplantation of cultured human neuronal cells for patients with stroke. Neurology 2000; 55:565-9. [PMID: 10953194 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.55.4.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of cultured neuronal cells is safe in animal models and improves motor and cognitive deficits in rats with stroke. The authors studied the safety and feasibility of human neuronal cellular transplantation in patients with basal ganglia stroke and fixed motor deficits, including 12 patients (aged 44 to 75 years) with an infarct 6 months to 6 years previously (stable for at least 2 months). Serial evaluations (12 to 18 months) showed no adverse cell-related serologic or imaging-defined effects. The total European Stroke Scale score improved in six patients (3 to 10 points), with a mean improvement 2.9 points in all patients (p = 0. 046). Six of 11 PET scans at 6 months showed improved fluorodeoxyglucose uptake at the implant site. Neuronal transplantation is feasible in patients with motor infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kondziolka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15213, USA
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Woo D, Gebel J, Miller R, Kothari R, Brott T, Khoury J, Salisbury S, Shukla R, Pancioli A, Jauch E, Broderick J. Incidence rates of first-ever ischemic stroke subtypes among blacks: a population-based study. Stroke 1999; 30:2517-22. [PMID: 10582971 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.30.12.2517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the incidence rates of ischemic stroke subtypes among blacks. METHODS Hospitalized and autopsied cases of stroke and transient ischemic attack among the 187 000 blacks in the 5-county region of greater Cincinnati/northern Kentucky From January 1, 1993, through June 30, 1993, were identified. Incidence rates were age- and sex-adjusted to the 1990 US population. Subtype classification was performed after extensive review of all available imaging, laboratory data, clinical information, and past medical history. Case-control comparisons of risk factors were made with age-, race-, and sex-matched control subjects. RESULTS Annual incidence rates per 100 000 for first-ever ischemic stroke subtypes among blacks were as follows: uncertain cause, 103 (95% confidence interval [CI], 80 to 126); cardioembolic, 56 (95% CI, 40 to 73); small-vessel infarct, 52 (95% CI, 36 to 68); large vessel, 17 (95% CI, 8 to 26); and other causes, 17 (95% CI, 9 to 26). Of the patients diagnosed with an infarct of uncertain cause, 31% underwent echocardiography, 45% underwent carotid ultrasound, and 48% had neither. Compared with age-, race-, and sex- (proportionally) matched control subjects from the greater Cincinnati/northern Kentucky region, the attributable risk of hypertension for all causes of first-ever ischemic stroke is 27% (95% CI, 7 to 43); for diabetes, 21% (95% CI, 11 to 29); and for coronary artery disease, 9% (95% CI, 2 to 16). For small-vessel ischemic stroke, the attributable risk of hypertension is 68% (95% CI, 31 to 85; odds ratio [OR], 5.0), and the attributable risk of diabetes is 30% (95% CI, 10 to 45; OR, 4.4). For cardioembolic stroke, the attributable risk of diabetes is 25% (95% CI, 4 to 41; OR, 3.1). CONCLUSIONS Stroke of uncertain cause is the most common subtype of ischemic stroke among blacks. Cardioembolic stroke and small-vessel stroke are the most important, identifiable causes of first-ever ischemic stroke among blacks. The incidence rates of cardioembolic and large-vessel stroke are likely underestimated because noninvasive testing of the carotid arteries and echocardiography were not consistently obtained in stroke patients at the 18 regional hospitals. Most small-vessel strokes in blacks can be attributed to hypertension and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Woo
- Departments of Neurology, Environmental Health, and Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0525, USA.
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Broderick J, Brott T, Kothari R, Miller R, Khoury J, Pancioli A, Gebel J, Mills D, Minneci L, Shukla R. The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study: preliminary first-ever and total incidence rates of stroke among blacks. Stroke 1998; 29:415-21. [PMID: 9472883 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.29.2.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study was designed to be the first large, population-based metropolitan study of temporal trends in stroke incidence rates and outcome within a biracial population. METHODS We are identifying all hospitalized and autopsied cases of stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) among the 1.3 million inhabitants of a five-county region of Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky for the period 7/1/93-6/30/94. We have already prospectively monitored for out-of-hospital stroke and TIAs for this same time period at 128 screening sites, including a random sample of all primary care physicians and nursing homes in the region. We have already identified all hospitalized and autopsied cases of stroke and TIA among blacks for 1/1/93-6/30/93 and report preliminary incidence rates for this 6-month period. RESULTS The overall incidence rate for all first-ever hospitalized or autopsied stroke (excluding TIAs) among blacks in the Greater Cincinnati region was 288 per 100000 (95% CI, 250 to 325, age- and sex-adjusted to 1990 US population). The overall incidence rate for first-ever and recurrent stroke (excluding TIAs) was 411 per 100000 (95% CI, 366 to 456). By comparison, the overall incidence rate of first-ever stroke among whites in Rochester, Minn, during the period 1985-1989 was 179 per 100000 (95% CI, 164 to 194, age- and-sex adjusted to 1990 US population). The incidence rates among blacks in Greater Cincinnati were substantially greater than the rates among whites in Rochester, Minn, for all age categories except ages 75 and older, for which the rates were similar. CONCLUSIONS We conservatively estimate that 731100 first-ever or recurrent strokes occurred in the United States during 1996. Studies of first-ever as well as total stroke among biracial and representative populations are critical for understanding temporal trends in the incidence rate and the burden of stroke in the US population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Broderick
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0525, USA.
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Schoenen D, Kolch A, Gebel J. Influence of geometrical parameters in different irradiation vessels on UV disinfection rate. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed 1993; 194:313-20. [PMID: 8338617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Possible differences in the disinfection rate of two irradiation concepts, e.g. irradiation in cuvettes and petri dishes, were examined and quantified on a UV laboratory irradiation plant unit. In addition the geometrical parameters of the irradiation vessels and mixing of the bacterial suspension during UV irradiation were considered. The results showed differences in disinfection rates of more than 2 log between different sample areas in the vessels. The mixing caused an improvement of the disinfection rates in unfavourable irradiation areas of the cuvettes and in contrast a deterioration in all irradiation areas in the petri dishes.
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35
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Lange OL, Zellner H, Gebel J, Schramel P, K�stner B, Czygan FC. Photosynthetic capacity, chloroplast pigments, and mineral content of the previous year's spruce needles with and without the new flush: analysis of the forest-decline phenomenon of needle bleaching. Oecologia 1987; 73:351-357. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00385250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/1987] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lange OL, Gebel J, Schulze ED, Walz H. Eine Methode zur raschen Charakterisierung der photosynthetischen Leistungsfähigkeit von Bäumen unter Freilandbedingungen—Anwendung zur Analyse «neuartiger Waldschäden” bei der Fichte. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02740714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tenhunen JD, Lange OL, Gebel J, Beyschlag W, Weber JA. Changes in photosynthetic capacity, carboxylation efficiency, and CO2 compensation point associated with midday stomatal closure and midday depression of net CO2 exchange of leaves of Quercus suber. Planta 1984; 162:193-203. [PMID: 24253090 DOI: 10.1007/bf00397440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/1983] [Accepted: 04/07/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The carbon-dioxide response of photosynthesis of leaves of Quercus suber, a sclerophyllous species of the European Mediterranean region, was studied as a function of time of day at the end of the summer dry season in the natural habitat. To examine the response experimentally, a "standard" time course for temperature and humidity, which resembled natural conditions, was imposed on the leaves, and the CO2 pressure external to the leaves on subsequent days was varied. The particular temperature and humidity conditions chosen were those which elicited a strong stomatal closure at midday and the simultaneous depression of net CO2 uptake. Midday depression of CO2 uptake is the result of i) a decrease in CO2-saturated photosynthetic capacity after light saturation is reached in the early morning, ii) a decrease in the initial slope of the CO2 response curve (carboxylation efficiency), and iii) a substantial increase in the CO2 compensation point caused by an increase in leaf temperature and a decrease in humidity. As a consequence of the changes in photosynthesis, the internal leaf CO2 pressure remained essentially constant despite stomatal closure. The effects on capacity, slope, and compensation point were reversed by lowering the temperature and increasing the humidity in the afternoon. Constant internal CO2 may aid in minimizing photoinhibition during stomatal closure at midday. The results are discussed in terms of possible temperature, humidity, and hormonal effects on photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Tenhunen
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik II der Universität, Mittlerer Dallenbergweg 64, D-8700, Würzburg, Germany
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