1
|
López Pérez C, Marchhart T, Kawashimo K, Nieto-Perez M, Parsons MS, Schamis H, Allain JP. A liquid metal dropper for experiments on the wettability of liquid metals on plasma facing components. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:103506. [PMID: 37843418 DOI: 10.1063/5.0165646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A liquid metal dropper has been developed as a part of the Ion-Gas-Neutral Interactions with Surfaces 2 (IGNIS-2) facility at The Pennsylvania State University. The dropper has the capability of directly applying drops to candidate plasma facing materials for nuclear fusion reactors to enable measurements of their liquid metal wetting properties. The results presented here are specific to the use of lithium in the dropper. This paper discusses the design choices of the liquid metal dropper and its chamber, including the heating and temperature control and the dropper's motorized operation. Lithium drops of masses ranging from 0.05 g up to 0.13 g, equivalent to drop diameters between 5.6 mm to 1 cm, have been consistently dispensed by the dropper. A new algorithm is developed and used to automate the analysis of the contact angle between the liquid drops and substrate material for efficient analysis of video data recorded to study the wetting properties of candidate plasma-facing components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C López Pérez
- Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - T Marchhart
- Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - K Kawashimo
- Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Nieto-Perez
- Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M S Parsons
- Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - H Schamis
- Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J P Allain
- Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lang E, Taylor CN, Madden N, Marchhart T, Smith C, Wang X, Krogstad J, Allain JP. Examination of Early-Stage Helium Retention and Release in Dispersion-Strengthened Tungsten Alloys. Fusion Science and Technology 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2022.2164444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, Urbana, Illinois
- University of New Mexico, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Chase N. Taylor
- Idaho National Laboratory, Fusion Safety Program, Idaho Falls, Idaho
| | - Nathan Madden
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Trevor Marchhart
- Pennsylvania State University, Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles Smith
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Xing Wang
- Pennsylvania State University, Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica Krogstad
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Urbana, Illinois
| | - J. P. Allain
- Pennsylvania State University, Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, State College, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Beers CJ, Jaramillo C, Reid NC, Schamis H, Allain JP, Caughman JBO, Meitner SJ, Rapp J, Zinkle SJ. Development of the materials analysis and particle probe for Proto-MPEX. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:045108. [PMID: 34243379 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Prototype Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (Proto-MPEX) is a linear plasma device being used in plasma source research and development (R&D) for the proposed MPEX. Once the R&D is completed, this device can also be used to perform plasma-material interaction studies. To perform these studies, a new materials analysis and particle probe (MAPP) has been constructed. The MAPP's components are a sample holder and manipulator and a custom vacuum chamber with ports to facilitate surface chemistry diagnostics. The MAPP's overall design enables rapid sample turnaround and in vacuo surface characterization. The surface analysis vacuum chamber has ports for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal desorption spectroscopy, back-scatter ion scattering spectroscopy, forward-scatter ion scattering spectroscopy, and direct recoil spectroscopy. The sample manipulator and holder is a Lesker/UHV Multi-Centre Analytical Stage, which is used to place the samples in the exposure region of the Proto-MPEX or the analysis position in the MAPP vacuum chamber. The sample holder has a heating capability of up to 1200 °C for heated exposure and for desorption studies. In this work, we present the MAPP's design and the first tungsten sample exposure with ex situ analysis that shows a surface deposition layer on the exposed target, highlighting the need for additional in situ measurements on the Proto-MPEX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Beers
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - C Jaramillo
- Ken and Mary Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, Penn State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, USA
| | - N C Reid
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - H Schamis
- Ken and Mary Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, Penn State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, USA
| | - J P Allain
- Ken and Mary Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, Penn State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, USA
| | - J B O Caughman
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - S J Meitner
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J Rapp
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - S J Zinkle
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bedoya F, Allain JP, Dominguez-Gutierrez FJ, Krstic PS. Publisher Correction: Effect of deuterium irradiation on graphite boronized in the NSTX-U tokamak. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2305. [PMID: 32024934 PMCID: PMC7002368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Allain
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and, Radiological Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Technology Entrepreneurship Center, Urbana, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lang E, Reid N, Garrison L, Parish C, Allain JP. Pre-Irradiation Comparison of W-Based Alloys for the PHENIX Campaign: Microstructure, Composition, and Mechanical Properties. Fusion Science and Technology 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2019.1602400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Nathan Reid
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Lauren Garrison
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Chad Parish
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - J. P. Allain
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, Urbana, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maingi R, Lumsdaine A, Allain JP, Chacon L, Gourlay SA, Greenfield CM, Hughes JW, Humphreys D, Izzo V, McLean H, Menard JE, Merrill B, Rapp J, Schmitz O, Spadaccini C, Wang Z, White AE, Wirth BD. Summary of the FESAC Transformative Enabling Capabilities Panel Report. Fusion Science and Technology 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2019.1565912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Maingi
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - A. Lumsdaine
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - J. P. Allain
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - L. Chacon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - S. A. Gourlay
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, retired
| | | | - J. W. Hughes
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - V. Izzo
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - H. McLean
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - J. E. Menard
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - B. Merrill
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho
| | - J. Rapp
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - O. Schmitz
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - C. Spadaccini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Z. Wang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - A. E. White
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - B. D. Wirth
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bedoya F, Allain JP, Dominguez-Gutierrez FJ, Krstic PS. Effect of deuterium irradiation on graphite boronized in the NSTX-U tokamak. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2435. [PMID: 30792416 PMCID: PMC6385375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Boronization has been used in the National Spherical Torus-Upgrade (NSTX-U) as first wall conditioning technique. The technique decreased the oxygen impurities in the plasma and the O% on the Plasma Facing Components (PFC) as measured with an in-vacuo probe. Samples were extracted from tiles removed from the tokamak for post-mortem and controlled studies. Ex-vessel low energy and fluence D2+ and Ar+ irradiations were characterized in-situ to elucidate surface evolution of a cored graphite sample with an intrinsic concentration of boron from a tokamak environment. In addition, quadrupole mass spectrometer measurements of emitted D-containing species during irradiation, indicate potential retention of D by the boronized graphite interface and correlated back to the surface chemistry evolution. Classical Molecular Dynamics (CMD) simulations were used to investigate the chemistry of the B-C-O-D system. The results suggest that boron coatings retain oxygen by forming oxidized boron states in the presence of deuterium plasmas and corroborate empirical findings. A four times increase in the O% of the boron coatings was observed following in-situ deuterium exposures, in contrast with a reduction of equal magnitude observed after Ar irradiations. These results illustrate the complex chemistry driven by energetic ions at the edge of tokamaks plasmas on the PFCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Bedoya
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - J P Allain
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - P S Krstic
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11749, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Allain JP, Croissant MP, Lerolle D, Houbouyan L, Zuzel M, Frommel D. In Vivo Interactions of Autoantibodies to Factor VIII with the Factor VIII Complex. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1657243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryTwo non-haemophilic elderly patients who had developed autoantibodies to factor VIII were studied over a period of 9 months to 5 years. Sequential measurements of antibody to factor VIII (anti-VIII: C), factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII: C), factor VIII coagulant antigen (VIII: CAg), factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIR: Ag), and factor VIII ristocetin cofactor (VIII: WF) were performed. Before treatment, low VIII: C, norlnal or increased VIII: CAg and high VIIIR: Ag levels were found and were indicative of the presence of circulating immune complexes. Immunosuppressive therapy induced progressive correction of VIII: C and VIIIR: Ag values. High levels of VIII: CAg subsided in the patient who relapsed. It is suggested that antibodies to factor VIII bind and remove VIII: C from the circulation thereby inducing an increased synthesis of VIII: CAg which may be associated with an augmented release or production of VIIIR: Ag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Allain
- The Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, and INSERM, Paris, France
| | - M P Croissant
- The Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, and INSERM, Paris, France
| | - D Lerolle
- The Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, and INSERM, Paris, France
| | - L Houbouyan
- The Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, and INSERM, Paris, France
| | - M Zuzel
- The Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, and INSERM, Paris, France
| | - D Frommel
- The Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, and INSERM, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- F Verroust
- Centre pour enfants hémophiles, Croix Rouge Française, 78940 – La Queue-les-Yvelines, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
SummaryFactor VIII complex and its interaction with antibodies to factor VIII have been studied in 17 non-haemophilic patients with factor VIII inhibitor. Low VIII:C and high VIIIR.Ag levels were found in all patients. VIII:WF levels were 50% of those of VTIIRrAg, possibly related to an increase of poorly aggregated and electrophoretically fast moving VIIIR:Ag oligomers.Antibody function has been characterized by kinetics of VIII :C inactivation, saturability by normal plasma and the slope of the affinity curve. Two major patterns were observed:1) Antibodies from 6 patients behaved similarly to those from haemophiliacs by showing second order inhibition kinetics, easy saturability and steep affinity slope (> 1).2) Antibodies from other patients, usually with lower titres, inactivated VIII :C according to complex order kinetics, were not saturable, and had a less steep affinity slope (< 0.7). In native plasma, or after mixing with factor VIII concentrate, antibodies of the second group did not form immune complexes with the whole factor VIII molecular complex. However, dissociation procedures did release some antibodies from apparently low molecular weight complexes formed in vivo or in vitro. For appropriate management of non-haemophilic patients with factor VIII inhibitor, it is important to determine the functional properties of their antibodies to factor VIII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Allain
- The Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, Paris and Inserm, Université de Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - A Gaillandre
- The Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, Paris and Inserm, Université de Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - D Frommel
- The Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, Paris and Inserm, Université de Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Frommel D, Allain JP, Saint-Paul E, Bosser C, Noël B, Mannucci PM, Pannicucci F, Blombäck M, Prou-Wartelle O, Muller JY. HLA Antigens and Factor VIII Antibody in Classic Hemophilia. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1653453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryPossible interrelations between the immune response factor VIII and the major histocompatibility system were investigated in 57 multi-transfused hemophilic brothers belonging to 26 families. Linkage appears very unlikely although formal proof of independence cannot be offered. The HLA system, therefore, does not provide markers predictive for the development of antibodies to factor VIII in severe hemophilia A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Frommel
- The Participating Centers: I.N.S.E.R.M. U 56 & Clinique de Pédiatrie Université Paris-Sud, Bicêtre
| | - J P Allain
- Internats médico-pédagogiques pour Jeunes hémophiles de la Croix Rouge franҫaise, Centre Air & Soleil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - O Prou-Wartelle
- Tissue Typing Laboratories, Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, Paris
| | - J Y Muller
- Tissue Typing Laboratories, Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, Paris
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
SummaryThe localization of factor VIII procoagulant antigen (VIII: Ag) and factor VIII von Willebrand antigen (VWF: Ag) was investigated in human liver, lung, spleen, placenta and umbilical cord, by an immunoperoxidase technique using an avidin biotin complex (ABC). Positive staining for VIII: Ag was observed in the endothelial cells of liver sinusoids, veins and arteries, as well as in the endothelial cells of placenta, lung and spleen. VWF: Ag was detected in the vascular endothelial cells of all the organs explored. The staining intensity of both VIII: Ag and VWF: Ag varied in the different tissues and showed a distinctive pattern of distribution in the liver. VIII: Ag was also observed in the cytoplasm of dysplastic, foetal-like hepatocytes which infiltrated one liver specimen. Our results agree with the view that liver endothelial cells are a major site of Factor VIII (F VIII) storage and secondary release into the circulation. However, the bright staining intensity of VIII: Ag and VWF: Ag in the lung and placenta suggests that these two tissues might also be a substantial source of F VIII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kadhom
- The Unités 56, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre and Paris, France
| | - C Wolfrom
- The Unités 56, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre and Paris, France
| | - M Gautier
- The Unités 56, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre and Paris, France
| | - J P Allain
- The Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | - D Frommel
- The Unités 56, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre and Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gates DA, Anderson D, Anderson S, Zarnstorff M, Spong DA, Weitzner H, Neilson GH, Ruzic D, Andruczyk D, Harris JH, Mynick H, Hegna CC, Schmitz O, Talmadge JN, Curreli D, Maurer D, Boozer AH, Knowlton S, Allain JP, Ennis D, Wurden G, Reiman A, Lore JD, Landreman M, Freidberg JP, Hudson SR, Porkolab M, Demers D, Terry J, Edlund E, Lazerson SA, Pablant N, Fonck R, Volpe F, Canik J, Granetz R, Ware A, Hanson JD, Kumar S, Deng C, Likin K, Cerfon A, Ram A, Hassam A, Prager S, Paz-Soldan C, Pueschel MJ, Joseph I, Glasser AH. Stellarator Research Opportunities: A Report of the National Stellarator Coordinating Committee. J Fusion Energ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10894-018-0152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- M. Nieto
- Dept. of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 103 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, Ph: (217)333-6291, Fax: (217)333-2906
| | - D. N. Ruzic
- Dept. of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 103 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, Ph: (217)333-6291, Fax: (217)333-2906
| | - J. P. Allain
- NPL Associates, Inc. 912 W. Armory Ave. Champaign, IL 61821
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brooks JN, Allain JP, Bastasz R, Doerner R, Evans T, Hassanein A, Kaita R, Luckhardt S, Maingi R, Majeski R, Morley NB, Narula M, Rognlien T, Ruzic D, Stubbers R, Ulrickson M, Wong C, Whyte D, Ying A. Overview of the ALPS Program. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. N. Brooks
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave, Argonne IL, 60439, USA
| | - J. P. Allain
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave, Argonne IL, 60439, USA
| | | | | | | | - A. Hassanein
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave, Argonne IL, 60439, USA
| | - R. Kaita
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
| | | | | | | | | | - M. Narula
- University of California Los Angeles
| | | | - D. Ruzic
- University of Illinois Urbana Champaign
| | | | | | | | - D. Whyte
- University of California San Diego
| | - A. Ying
- University of California Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hassanein A, Allain JP, Insepov Z, Konkashbaev I. Plasma/Liquid-Metal Interactions During Tokamak Operation. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Hassanein
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave, Argonne IL, 60439, USA
| | - J. P. Allain
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave, Argonne IL, 60439, USA
| | - Z. Insepov
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave, Argonne IL, 60439, USA
| | - I. Konkashbaev
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave, Argonne IL, 60439, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Andruczy D, Ruzic DN, Curreli D, Allain JP. HIDRA: Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst14-989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Andruczy
- Center for Plasma Material Interaction, Department of Nuclear Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, 61801 USA
| | - D. N. Ruzic
- Center for Plasma Material Interaction, Department of Nuclear Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, 61801 USA
| | - D. Curreli
- Center for Plasma Material Interaction, Department of Nuclear Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, 61801 USA
| | - J. P. Allain
- Center for Plasma Material Interaction, Department of Nuclear Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, 61801 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bedoya F, Allain JP, Kaita R, Skinner CH, Buzi L, Koel BE. Unraveling wall conditioning effects on plasma facing components in NSTX-U with the Materials Analysis Particle Probe (MAPP). Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D403. [PMID: 27910555 DOI: 10.1063/1.4955276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) diagnostic, the Materials Analysis Particle Probe (MAPP), has been recently commissioned in the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U). MAPP is currently monitoring the chemical evolution of the PFCs in the NSTX-U lower divertor at 107 cm from the tokamak axis on a day-to-day basis. In this work, we summarize the methodology that was adopted to obtain qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the samples chemistry. Using this methodology, we were able to describe all the features in all our spectra to within a standard deviation of ±0.22 eV in position and ±248 s-1 eV in area. Additionally, we provide an example of this methodology with data of boronized ATJ graphite exposed to NSTX-U plasmas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Bedoya
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J P Allain
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - R Kaita
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - C H Skinner
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - L Buzi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - B E Koel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
El-Atwani O, Norris SA, Ludwig K, Gonderman S, Allain JP. Ion beam nanopatterning of III-V semiconductors: consistency of experimental and simulation trends within a chemistry-driven theory. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18207. [PMID: 26670948 PMCID: PMC4680892 DOI: 10.1038/srep18207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several proposed mechanisms and theoretical models exist concerning nanostructure evolution on III-V semiconductors (particularly GaSb) via ion beam irradiation. However, making quantitative contact between experiment on the one hand and model-parameter dependent predictions from different theories on the other is usually difficult. In this study, we take a different approach and provide an experimental investigation with a range of targets (GaSb, GaAs, GaP) and ion species (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) to determine new parametric trends regarding nanostructure evolution. Concurrently, atomistic simulations using binary collision approximation over the same ion/target combinations were performed to determine parametric trends on several quantities related to existing model. A comparison of experimental and numerical trends reveals that the two are broadly consistent under the assumption that instabilities are driven by chemical instability based on phase separation. Furthermore, the atomistic simulations and a survey of material thermodynamic properties suggest that a plausible microscopic mechanism for this process is an ion-enhanced mobility associated with energy deposition by collision cascades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O El-Atwani
- School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - S A Norris
- Department of Mathematics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275
| | - K Ludwig
- Physics Department and Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - S Gonderman
- School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - J P Allain
- School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lucia M, Kaita R, Majeski R, Bedoya F, Allain JP, Boyle DP, Schmitt JC, Onge DAS. Development progress of the Materials Analysis and Particle Probe. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11D835. [PMID: 25430248 DOI: 10.1063/1.4890257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Materials Analysis and Particle Probe (MAPP) is a compact in vacuo surface science diagnostic, designed to provide in situ surface characterization of plasma facing components in a tokamak environment. MAPP has been implemented for operation on the Lithium Tokamak Experiment at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), where all control and analysis systems are currently under development for full remote operation. Control systems include vacuum management, instrument power, and translational/rotational probe drive. Analysis systems include onboard Langmuir probes and all components required for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy, direct recoil spectroscopy, and thermal desorption spectroscopy surface analysis techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lucia
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - R Kaita
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - R Majeski
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - F Bedoya
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J P Allain
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - D P Boyle
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - J C Schmitt
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - D A St Onge
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
El-Atwani O, Hinks JA, Greaves G, Gonderman S, Qiu T, Efe M, Allain JP. In-situ TEM observation of the response of ultrafine- and nanocrystalline-grained tungsten to extreme irradiation environments. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4716. [PMID: 24796578 PMCID: PMC4010930 DOI: 10.1038/srep04716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of defects, and in particular He bubbles, can have significant implications for the performance of materials exposed to the plasma in magnetic-confinement nuclear fusion reactors. Some of the most promising candidates for deployment into such environments are nanocrystalline materials as the engineering of grain boundary density offers the possibility of tailoring their radiation resistance properties. In order to investigate the microstructural evolution of ultrafine- and nanocrystalline-grained tungsten under conditions similar to those in a reactor, a transmission electron microscopy study with in situ 2 keV He(+) ion irradiation at 950 °C has been completed. A dynamic and complex evolution in the microstructure was observed including the formation of defect clusters, dislocations and bubbles. Nanocrystalline grains with dimensions less than around 60 nm demonstrated lower bubble density and greater bubble size than larger nanocrystalline (60-100 nm) and ultrafine (100-500 nm) grains. In grains over 100 nm, uniform distributions of bubbles and defects were formed. At higher fluences, large faceted bubbles were observed on the grain boundaries, especially on those of nanocrystalline grains, indicating the important role grain boundaries can play in trapping He and thus in giving rise to the enhanced radiation tolerance of nanocrystalline materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O. El-Atwani
- School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - J. A. Hinks
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - G. Greaves
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - S. Gonderman
- School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - T. Qiu
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - M. Efe
- Center for Materials Processing and Tribology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Current address: Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - J. P. Allain
- School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, West Lafayette, IN 47906
- Current address: Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ono M, Jaworski M, Kaita R, Skinner CH, Allain JP, Maingi R, Scotti F, Soukhanovskii VA. Overview of Innovative PMI Research on NSTX-U and Associated PMI Facilities at PPPL. Fusion Science and Technology 2013. [DOI: 10.13182/fst13-a16868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ono
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - M. Jaworski
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - R. Kaita
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - C. H. Skinner
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - J. P. Allain
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - R. Maingi
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - F. Scotti
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Krstic PS, Allain JP, Taylor CN, Dadras J, Maeda S, Morokuma K, Jakowski J, Allouche A, Skinner CH. Deuterium uptake in magnetic-fusion devices with lithium-conditioned carbon walls. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:105001. [PMID: 23521267 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lithium wall conditioning has lowered hydrogenic recycling and dramatically improved plasma performance in many magnetic-fusion devices. In this Letter, we report quantum-classical atomistic simulations and laboratory experiments that elucidate the roles of lithium and oxygen in the uptake of hydrogen in amorphous carbon. Surprisingly, we show that lithium creates a high oxygen concentration on a carbon surface when bombarded by deuterium. Furthermore, surface oxygen, rather than lithium, plays the key role in trapping hydrogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Krstic
- Joint Institute of Computational Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-3460, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Taylor CN, Heim B, Gonderman S, Allain JP, Yang Z, Kaita R, Roquemore AL, Skinner CH, Ellis RA. Materials analysis and particle probe: a compact diagnostic system for in situ analysis of plasma-facing components (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10D703. [PMID: 23126877 DOI: 10.1063/1.4729262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the materials analysis particle probe (MAPP) in NSTX is to enable prompt and direct analysis of plasma-facing components exposed to plasma discharges. MAPP allows multiple samples to be introduced to the level of the plasma-facing surface without breaking vacuum and analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ion-scattering and direct recoil spectroscopy, and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) immediately following the plasma discharge. MAPP is designed to operate as a diagnostic within the ∼12 min NSTX minimum between-shot time window to reveal fundamental plasma-surface interactions. Initial calibration demonstrates MAPP's XPS and TDS capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C N Taylor
- School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Freimanis GL, Loua A, Allain JP. HIV-1 subtypes D and F are prevalent in Guinea Conakry. J Clin Virol 2012; 53:350-3. [PMID: 22269393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data is available upon the distribution of different HIV-1/2 genotypes in the blood donor population from Guinea Conakry. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of HIV-1/2 subtypes in asymptomatic blood donors in Guinea Conakry, in order to update knowledge of HIV-1/2 epidemiology within this country. STUDY DESIGN Samples from 104 blood donors seropositive for HIV-1/2 were tested for HIV-1 by real-time RT-PCR. Those negative for HIV-1 were tested with HIV-2 nested RT-PCR. Positive samples were further amplified in the HIV-1 gag and pol regions and sequenced. Subtypes were determined by phylogenetic analysis on amplicon sequences. RESULTS 61 samples were positive by HIV-1 real-time RT-PCR. Of the 43 negative, 2 (4.6%) were positive for HIV-2. 52/61 (85.3%) samples were positive by nested RT-PCR. Of the 52, 43 (70.5%) and 31(59.6%) sequences were obtained in the gag and pol regions, respectively; 23 for both regions. HIV-1 subtype distribution was 1 B (2.1%), 8 F (17%), 8 D (17%) and 28 CRF02_AG (59.6%) with 2 unclassified recombinants (4.3%). Unique clusters for subtype D and F distinguished Guinea from HIV-1 subtype distribution in neighboring countries. CONCLUSIONS Subtype F and subtype D strains, uncommon in West Africa, are a substantial part of HIV-1 epidemiology in Guinea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G L Freimanis
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Dept of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Blood Centre, Cambridge CB2 2PT, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Power JP, El Chaar M, Temple J, Thomas M, Spillane D, Candotti D, Allain JP. HBV reactivation after fludarabine chemotherapy identified on investigation of suspected transfusion-transmitted Hepatitis B virus. J Hepatol 2010; 53:780-7. [PMID: 20638744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Multi-transfused patients often receive treatments inducing various levels of immunodeficiency. Acute viral infections may then be attributed either to transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI) or reactivation of a past infection. METHODS A patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who had >250 blood donor exposures developed acute Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Routine donor testing for HB core antibodies (anti-HBc) was in place in the relevant period and investigations undertaken on the blood donors were negative. RESULTS Review of historical, molecular, and antigenic evidence demonstrated reactivation of a recovered HBV infection dating >30 years and the selection of a rare escape mutant that briefly replicated and caused acute liver disease. This mutant was unreactive with several HBsAg assays and poorly reactive with an HBV vaccine plasma. Correcting the C139Y substitution by site directed mutagenesis of recombinant surface proteins re-established assay reactivity. CONCLUSIONS Fludarabine, but not Chlorambucil, appeared sufficiently immunosuppressive to trigger reactivation despite low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Differentiating between TTI and reactivation of HBV becomes more challenging with the increasing frequency of immunocompromised blood recipients. Chemotherapy with Fludarabine alone should be considered as carrying high risk of viral reactivation. Pre-treatment testing and peripheral blood sample archiving may be indicated in HBsAg negative patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Power
- Munster Regional Transfusion Centre, Irish Blood Transfusion Service, St. Finbarr's Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Niederhauser C, Weingand T, Candotti D, Maier A, Tinguely C, Wuillemin WA, Gowland P, Allain JP, Stolz M. Fatal outcome of a hepatitis B virus transfusion-transmitted infection. Vox Sang 2010; 98:504-7. [PMID: 20070649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In 2008, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA testing was not yet mandatory for the screening of blood donations in Switzerland. At that time, HBsAg was the only specific mandatory marker for HBV. The importance of high sensitivity for HBV NAT screening is shown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Donor and recipient of a transfusion-transmitted HBV infection were followed up. Multiple samples were tested for HBV serological and molecular markers. RESULTS At donation, the donor appeared healthy, HBsAg was negative and had a normal ALAT level. Ten weeks later, clinical symptoms suggested acute HBV infection as was confirmed with positive HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBc IgG, anti-HBc IgM and anti-HBe. The archived sample from the original donation was negative for anti-HBc, but positive for HBV DNA (17 IU/ml). A recipient transfused with the red cell concentrate was HBV DNA positive (3100 IU/ml) 3 months post-transfusion. After five months, HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBc and HBV DNA (1.1 x 10(11) IU/ml) were positive. Two weeks later, the patient died from complications associated with HBV infection and his underlying bone marrow disease. CONCLUSIONS The present case illustrates the importance of introducing highly sensitive HBV NAT screening strategy to prevent possible HBV transfusion-transmitted infections from donors with low viral load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Niederhauser
- Blood Transfusion Service SRC Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Allain JP, Blombäck M, Brackmann HH, De Vreker RA, Jeanty L, Jones P, Josephson AM, Levine P, Panicucci F, Schmitz TH, Taub R, Verstraete M. 10. Recommendations on home treatment of hemophilias. Scand J Haematol Suppl 2009; 31:75-7. [PMID: 268021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1977.tb01545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
30
|
Allain JP. Principles of in vivo recovery and survival studies. Scand J Haematol Suppl 2009; 40:161-3. [PMID: 6433447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1984.tb02559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Allain JP. Production of antihemophilic factor in France. Scand J Haematol Suppl 2009; 40:499-503. [PMID: 6433471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1984.tb02608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
33
|
Frommel D, Panicucci F, Baicchi U, Chiara S, Mannucci PM, Ruggeri Z, Muller JY, Allain JP, Seger J, Mercuriali F. Development of Factor VIII Antibody in Haemophilic Monozygotic Twins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1979.tb02856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Allain JP. The nature of the antibody response. Scand J Haematol Suppl 2009; 40:177-9. [PMID: 6433449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1984.tb02561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
36
|
|
37
|
Allain JP, Nieto M, Hendricks MR, Plotkin P, Harilal SS, Hassanein A. IMPACT: a facility to study the interaction of low-energy intense particle beams with dynamic heterogeneous surfaces. Rev Sci Instrum 2007; 78:113105. [PMID: 18052463 DOI: 10.1063/1.2805677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Interaction of Materials with Particles and Components Testing (IMPACT) experimental facility is furnished with multiple ion sources and in situ diagnostics to study the modification of surfaces undergoing physical, chemical, and electronic changes during exposure to energetic particle beams. Ion beams with energies in the range between 20 and 5000 eV can bombard samples at flux levels in the range of 10(10)-10(15) cm(-2) s(-1); parameters such as ion angle of incidence and exposed area are also controllable during the experiment. IMPACT has diagnostics that allow full characterization of the beam, including a Faraday cup, a beam imaging system, and a retarding field energy analyzer. IMPACT is equipped with multiple diagnostics, such as electron (Auger, photoelectron) and ion scattering spectroscopies that allow different probing depths of the sample to monitor compositional changes in multicomponent and/or layered targets. A unique real-time erosion diagnostic based on a dual quartz crystal microbalance measures deposition from an eroding surface with rates smaller than 0.01 nm/s, which can be converted to a sputter yield measurement. The monitoring crystal can be rotated and placed in the target position so that the deposited material on the quartz crystal oscillator surface can be characterized without transfer outside of the vacuum chamber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Allain
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Candotti D, Allain JP. The utility of multiplex NAT in blood screening. Dev Biol (Basel) 2007; 127:71-86. [PMID: 17486882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Candotti
- National Blood Service, Cambridge Blood Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Allain JP, Nieto M, Hassanein A, Titov V, Plotkin P, Hendricks M, Hinson E, Chrobak C, van der Velden MHL, Rice B. Effect of charged-particle bombardment on collector mirror reflectivity in EUV lithography devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1117/12.656652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
40
|
Allain JP, Owusu-Ofori S, Bedu-Addo G. Donor management in a teaching hospital blood bank in west Africa. Dev Biol (Basel) 2005; 120:125-30. [PMID: 16050165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Allain
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Affiliation(s)
- H H Lee
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
|
44
|
Li C, Candotti D, Allain JP. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for a conserved epitope within hepatitis C virus hypervariable region 1. J Virol 2001; 75:12412-20. [PMID: 11711631 PMCID: PMC116137 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.24.12412-12420.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent mutations in hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the main envelope protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major mechanism of persistence by escaping the host immune recognition. HVR1 contains an epitope eliciting neutralizing antibodies. This study was aimed to prepare broadly cross-reacting, high-affinity, monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to the HVR1 C terminus of HCV with potential therapeutic neutralizing capacity. A conserved amino residue group of glycine (G) at position 23 and glutamic acid (Q) at position 26 in HVR1 was confirmed as a key epitope against which two MAbs were selected and characterized. MAbs 2P24 and 15H4 were immunoglobulin G1 kappa chain [IgG1(kappa)], cross-reacted with 32 and 30 of 39 random C-terminal HVR1 peptides, respectively, and did not react with other HCV peptides. The V(H) of 2P24 and 15H4 heavy chains originated from Igh germ line v gene family 1 and 8, respectively. In contrast, the V(L) kappa sequences were highly homologous. The affinity (K(d)) of 2P24 and 15H4 (10(-9) or 10(-8) M with two immunizing peptides and 10(-8) M with two nonimmunizing HVR1 peptides) paralleled the reactivity obtained with peptide enzyme immunoassay. MAbs 2P24 and 15H4 captured 25 of 31 (81%) HCV in unselected patients' plasmas. These antibodies also blocked HCV binding to Molt-4 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. The data presented suggest that broadly cross-reactive MAbs to a conserved epitope within HCV HVR1 can be produced. Clinical application for passive immunization in HCV-related chronic liver disease and after liver transplantation is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- National Blood Service, Division of Transfusion Medicine, East Anglia Blood Centre, Cambridge CB2 2PT, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) binds to platelets in chronically infected patients where free HCV constitutes only about 5% of total circulating virus. Free HCV preferentially binds to human mononuclear cell lines but free and complexed virus binds equally to platelets. The extent of free HCV binding to human Molt-4 T cells (which express CD81) and to human promonocytic U937 cells or to platelets (which do not express CD81) was similar. The binding of free HCV to the cell lines was saturated at a virus dose of 1 IU HCV RNA per cell but binding to platelets was not saturable. Human anti-HCV IgG, but not anti-CD81, markedly inhibited HCV binding to target cells in a dose-dependent manner. Human antibodies to HCV hypervariable region 1 of E2 glycoprotein partially inhibited viral binding to target cells. Recombinant E2 also inhibited viral binding to target cells in a dose-dependent manner, with the efficacy of this decreasing in the rank order of Molt-4 cells more than U937 cells more than platelets. In contrast to HCV, recombinant E2 bound to Molt-4 cells to an extent markedly greater than that apparent with U937 cells or platelets. These results suggest that the binding of HCV to blood cells is mediated by multiple cell surface receptors and that recombinant E2 binding may not be representative of the interaction of the intact virus with target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hamaia
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Candotti D, Mundy C, Kadewele G, Nkhoma W, Bates I, Allain JP. Serological and molecular screening for viruses in blood donors from Ntcheu, Malawi: high prevalence of HIV-1 subtype C and of markers of hepatitis B and C viruses. J Med Virol 2001; 65:1-5. [PMID: 11505436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T lymphotropic virus I (HTLV-I), and hepatitis B (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) was determined in blood donors from Ntcheu, Malawi. Each donation was also screened for HIV-1 RNA and HCV RNA. Among 159 blood donations, the prevalence of HIV-1 infection was 10.7%, 8.1% for HBV carriage, 6.8% for anti-HCV, and 2.5% for anti-HTLV-I. HIV-1/HTLV-I and HIV-1/HCV dual infections were observed in 1.2% of the donations. Consequently, 13% of blood donors from Ntcheu should be deferred for retroviral infections and 15% for hepatitis viral infections. Sequence analyses of the HIV-1 strains revealed a relatively homogeneous circulation of subtype C viruses in Malawi. These findings confirm the high endemicity of blood-borne viruses in Malawi and the need for a sensitive viral screening of blood donations to improve blood safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Candotti
- National Blood Service, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The development of new technologies leads to the discovery of new viruses. For each of these new infectious agents, their possible relevance to blood transfusion needs to be assessed. The questions to be answered are transmissibility by transfusion, pathogenicity, prevalence in blood donors, persistence, and the availability of screening assays. Since 1995, three new viruses have been identified and extensively studied.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Blood Transfusion/standards
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/blood
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/prevention & control
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology
- DNA Virus Infections/blood
- DNA Virus Infections/prevention & control
- DNA Virus Infections/transmission
- DNA Virus Infections/virology
- Flaviviridae/isolation & purification
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/blood
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/prevention & control
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/transmission
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/virology
- Herpesviridae Infections/blood
- Herpesviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Herpesviridae Infections/transmission
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Mass Screening
- Torque teno virus/isolation & purification
- Transfusion Reaction
- Viremia/diagnosis
- Viremia/transmission
- Virus Diseases/blood
- Virus Diseases/prevention & control
- Virus Diseases/transmission
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Allain
- Dept of Haematology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Baldrich-Rubio E, Anagonou S, Stirrups K, Lafia E, Candotti D, Lee H, Allain JP. A complex human immunodeficiency virus type 1 A/G/J recombinant virus isolated from a seronegative patient with AIDS from Benin, West Africa. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:1095-1106. [PMID: 11297684 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-5-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1(B76)) originating from Benin (West Africa) was isolated and characterized. The patient had severe clinical AIDS and presented an unusual serological profile. Only one out of five different detection assays was able to demonstrate the presence of antibodies to HIV, whereas confirmatory assays remained indeterminate. In contrast, both plasma viral load and p24 antigen level were unusually high. HIV-1 infection was proved by viral RNA and proviral DNA amplification. HIV-1(B76) partially purified lysate reacted strongly with all anti-HIV-1-positive sera from the region but B76 plasma did not react with subtype A control viral antigen. This patient is likely to have had severe acquired immune dysfunction explaining her lack of immunological reactivity. Phylogenetic analysis of the genome identified a complex HIV-1 A/G/J recombinant. The gag and pol genes, and the majority of nef,are characteristic of subtype A; the gag/pol junction, the 3' end of pol, vpu and env genes were characteristic of subtype G; vif, vpr and the 5' end of nef were subtype J. In addition, part of the HIV-1(B76) genome had considerable sequence similarity with the previously described CRF06 cpx (BFP90) isolate. HIV-1(B76) did not exhibit any remarkable replication properties or cell tropism in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Baldrich-Rubio
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, East Anglia Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 2PT, UK1
| | - S Anagonou
- Department of Microbiology, Centre National Hôpitalier Universitaire and Programme National de Lutte contre le SIDA, Cotonou, Benin2
| | - K Stirrups
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, East Anglia Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 2PT, UK1
| | - E Lafia
- Department of Microbiology, Centre National Hôpitalier Universitaire and Programme National de Lutte contre le SIDA, Cotonou, Benin2
| | | | - H Lee
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, East Anglia Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 2PT, UK1
| | - J P Allain
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, UK4
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plasma samples from replacement and volunteer blood donors in Kumasi, Ghana were pooled and tested using a duplex human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA detection METHOD Individual plasmas constitutive of reactive pools were confirmed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. HIV and HCV infections were significantly higher in 1569 replacement donors than in 1169 volunteers; 2.4 and 1.7 versus 0.3 and 0.7% respectively (P < 0.01). Two duplex RNA-positive plasma pools contained a confirmed/seronegative HIV or HCV RNA individual plasma. The residual post-transfusion risk of HIV and HCV infection of blood collected from replacement blood donors ranged between 1:260 and 1:16 393 after screening for anti-HIV, p24 antigen and anti-HCV. These data indicate that in high-prevalence HIV and HCV blood donor populations, a substantial residual post-transfusion risk of infection remains. This risk might be reduced by collecting blood in younger volunteer donors or by genomic screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Candotti
- East Anglia Blood Centre, National Blood Service, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sarkodie F, Adarkwa M, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Candotti D, Acheampong JW, Allain JP. Screening for viral markers in volunteer and replacement blood donors in West Africa. Vox Sang 2001; 80:142-7. [PMID: 11840974 DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2001.00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES West Africa is a highly endemic area for viral infections. The prevalence of five viral markers was determined in Ghanaian blood donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Replacement and volunteer blood donors were screened using enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), human immunodeficiency virus antibodies (anti-HIV), HIV p24 antigen, human T-cell lymphocytotrophic virus-I and -II antibodies (anti-HTLV-I/II) and hepatitis C virus antibodies (anti-HCV). RESULTS HBsAg was present at an equally high frequency (15%) in young volunteer (median age 18 years) and older replacement (median age 33 years) blood donors. In contrast, the prevalence of anti-HIV and anti-HCV was significantly higher in replacement blood donors (2.4 and 0.3%, respectively, P < 0.001). HCV RNA was detected in 74 or 55% of seropositive donors, depending on the confirmatory criteria used. No p24 antigen-positive/anti-HIV-negative donations were found. The prevalence of HTLV-I/II was generally low (0.5%). CONCLUSION All blood donations should be screened for hepatitis B virus (HBV), HIV and HCV markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Sarkodie
- Blood Service, Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|