1
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Sall DJ, Bailey DL, Bastian JA, Buben JA, Chirgadze NY, Clemens-Smith AC, Denney ML, Fisher MJ, Giera DD, Gifford-Moore DS, Harper RW, Johnson LM, Klimkowski VJ, Kohn TJ, Lin HS, McCowan JR, Palkowitz AD, Richett ME, Smith GF, Snyder DW, Takeuchi K, Toth JE, Zhang M. Diamino benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of active site directed thrombin inhibitors. 5. Potency, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic properties of modified C-3 side chain derivatives. J Med Chem 2000; 43:649-63. [PMID: 10691691 DOI: 10.1021/jm9903388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A systematic investigation of the structure-activity relationships of the C-3 side chain of the screening hit 1a led to the identification of the potent thrombin inhibitors 23c, 28c, and 31c. Their activities (1240, 903, and 1271 x 10(6) L/mol, respectively) represent 2200- and 2900-fold increases in potency over the starting lead 1a. This activity enhancement was accomplished with an increase of thrombin selectivity. The in vitro anticoagulant profiles of derivatives 28c and 31c were determined, and they compare favorably with the clinical agent H-R-1-[4aS, 8aS]perhydroisoquinolyl-prolyl-arginyl aldehyde (D-Piq-Pro-Arg-H; 32). The more potent members of this series have been studied in an arterial/venous shunt (AV shunt) model of thrombosis and were found to be efficacious in reducing clot formation. However, their efficacy is currently limited by their rapid and extensive distribution following administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Sall
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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2
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Fisher MJ, Giese U, Harms CS, Kinnick MD, Lindstrom TD, McCowan JR, Mest HJ, Morin JM, Mullaney JT, Paal M, Rapp A, Rühter G, Ruterbories KJ, Sall DJ, Scarborough RM, Schotten T, Stenzel W, Towner RD, Um SL, Utterback BG, Wyss VL, Jakubowski JA. Fused bicyclic Gly-Asp beta-turn mimics with potent affinity for GPIIb-IIIa. Exploration of the arginine isostere. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:385-9. [PMID: 10714506 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
6-[4-Amidinobenzoyl]amino]-tetralone-2-acetic acid is a potent antagonist of GPIIb-IIIa. Substitution in the meta position of the benzamidine, or replacement with a heteroaryl amidine was tolerated in this series. Use of an acyl-linked 4-alkyl piperidine as an arginine isostere also provided active compounds. Compounds from this series provided substantial systemic exposure in the rat following oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fisher
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46028, USA
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3
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Takeuchi K, Kohn TJ, Sall DJ, Denney ML, McCowan JR, Smith GF, Gifford-Moore DS. Dibasic benzo[B]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of active site directed thrombin inhibitors: 4. SAR studies on the conformationally restricted C3-side chain of hydroxybenzo[B]thiophenes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:759-64. [PMID: 10201843 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of benzo[b]thiophene diamine thrombin inhibitors with a conformationally restricted C3-side chain 3 was investigated. The constrained C3-side chain by a cyclohexyl ring contributed to not only an additive but also a synergistic effect on the thrombin inhibitory activity. The SAR studies resulted in the discovery of a potent thrombin inhibitor 27 that was over 750-fold more potent than the initial lead compound 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takeuchi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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4
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Zhang M, Bailey DL, Bastian JA, Briggs SL, Chirgadze NY, Clawson DK, Denney ML, Gifford-Moore DS, Harper RW, Johnson LM, Klimkowski VJ, Kohn TJ, Lin HS, McCowan JR, Richett ME, Sall DJ, Smith AJ, Smith GF, Snyder DW, Takeuchi K, Utterback BG, Yan SC. Dibasic benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of active site directed thrombin inhibitors: 2. Sidechain optimization and demonstration of in vivo efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:775-80. [PMID: 10201846 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Potent, subnanomolar thrombin inhibitors 4, 5, and 6 are developed through side chain optimization of novel, benzo[b]thiophene-based small organic entities 2 and 3 and through SAR additivity studies of the new structural elements identified. X-ray crystallographic studies of 4b-thrombin complex revealed a hydrophobic and an electrostatic interaction of these new elements with thrombin at the S2 and S3 binding sites. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies showed that 4, 5, and 6 are potent anticoagulants in human plasma with demonstrated antithrombotic efficacy in a rat model of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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5
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Sall DJ, Briggs SL, Chirgadze NY, Clawson DK, Gifford-Moore DS, Klimkowski VJ, McCowan JR, Smith GF, Wikel JH. Dibasic benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of active site directed thrombin inhibitors. 2. Exploring interactions at the proximal (S2) binding site. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:2527-32. [PMID: 9873574 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to increase the thrombin inhibitory activity of a novel series of inhibitors (i.e., 1a), substituents were incorporated at the C-3" position of the C-3 aryl ring (2). Consistent with the X-ray crystallography studies, small hydrophobic groups at the C-3" site (Br and Me) enhanced thrombin inhibitory activity by 8-fold. However, a few more hydrophilic substituents (NO2 and OMe) also enhanced the potency of the series. The biological results are discussed in terms of molecular modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Sall
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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6
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Su T, Naughton MA, Smyth MS, Rose JW, Arfsten AE, McCowan JR, Jakubowski JA, Wyss VL, Ruterbories KJ, Sall DJ, Scarborough RM. Fibrinogen receptor (GPIIb-IIIa) antagonists derived from 5,6-bicyclic templates. Amidinoindoles, amidinoindazoles, and amidinobenzofurans containing the N-alpha-sulfonamide carboxylic acid function as potent platelet aggregation inhibitors. J Med Chem 1997; 40:4308-18. [PMID: 9435900 DOI: 10.1021/jm9704863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of highly potent and specific fibrinogen receptor antagonists have been discovered and optimized through structural modification of the novel amidinoindole and benzofuran compounds, I and II. Systematic linker optimization afforded the amidinobenzofuran-containing inhibitor 29, which displayed an IC50 value of 250 nM in platelet aggregation assays. Attempts to enhance activity by modification of the beta-position of the beta-alanyl carboxylate group of 29 had only a modest effect on inhibitory activity in aggregation assays. Analogues prepared to enhance the activity by conformational restriction were also found to be equally or less potent. In contrast, modification at the alpha-position of the beta-alanyl carboxylate group resulted in the identification of extremely potent and novel amidinobenzofuran-containing derivatives 46-49. Reexamination of 5,6-bicyclic aromatic nucleus led to the further identification of amidinoindole- and amidinoindazole-containing derivatives 53-55. These analogues, 46-49 and 53-55, exhibited potent in vitro activity with IC50 values of 25-65 nM in platelet aggregation assays and an IC50 value of 2 nM in fibrinogen binding assays and demonstrated a selectivity of > 50,000-fold for GPIIb-IIIa versus the most closely related integrin, the vitronectin receptor, alpha v beta 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Su
- COR Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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7
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Sall DJ, Bastian JA, Briggs SL, Buben JA, Chirgadze NY, Clawson DK, Denney ML, Giera DD, Gifford-Moore DS, Harper RW, Hauser KL, Klimkowski VJ, Kohn TJ, Lin HS, McCowan JR, Palkowitz AD, Smith GF, Takeuchi K, Thrasher KJ, Tinsley JM, Utterback BG, Yan SC, Zhang M. Dibasic benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of active site-directed thrombin inhibitors. 1. Determination of the serine protease selectivity, structure-activity relationships, and binding orientation. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3489-93. [PMID: 9357512 DOI: 10.1021/jm9704107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Sall
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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8
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Sall DJ, Arfsten AE, Bastian JA, Denney ML, Harms CS, McCowan JR, Morin JM, Rose JW, Scarborough RM, Smyth MS, Um SL, Utterback BG, Vasileff RT, Wikel JH, Wyss VL, Jakubowski JA. Use of conformationally restricted benzamidines as arginine surrogates in the design of platelet GPIIb-IIIa receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 1997; 40:2843-57. [PMID: 9288166 DOI: 10.1021/jm970020k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of 5,6-bicyclic amidines as arginine surrogates in the design of a novel class of potent platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor (GPIIb-IIIa) antagonists is described. The additional conformational restriction offered by the bicyclic nucleus results in 20-400-fold increases in potency compared to the freely flexible, acyclic benzamidine counterpart. The design, synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and in vitro activity of this novel class of GPIIb-IIIa antagonists are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Sall
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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9
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Yu MJ, McCowan JR, Phebus LA, Towner RD, Ho PP, Keith PT, Luttman CA, Saunders RD, Ruterbories KJ, Lindstrom TD. Benzylamine antioxidants: relationship between structure, peroxyl radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and cytoprotection. J Med Chem 1993; 36:1262-71. [PMID: 8487263 DOI: 10.1021/jm00061a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Three homologous series of 3,5-dialkoxy-4-hydroxybenzylamines were prepared and tested (1) as peroxyl radical scavengers in homogeneous aqueous solution, (2) as inhibitors of iron-dependent peroxidation of rabbit brain vesicular membrane lipids, and (3) as cytoprotective agents using primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons exposed to hydrogen peroxide. The structural requirements for efficient radical trapping in homogeneous solution differed from those for effective lipid peroxidation inhibition: In homogeneous solution a kinetic preference existed for smaller, less sterically encumbered substituents flanking the reactive phenolic hydroxyl group. Lipid peroxidation inhibition, on the other hand, required longer more lipophilic substituents. Consequently, a lipophilic alkoxyl substituent at C3 and a small substituent at C5 appeared optimal for efficient radical scavenging activity in both lipid and homogeneous solution. Maximal cytoprotection of rat hippocampal neurons exposed to hydrogen peroxide was also associated with more lipophilic derivatives although substituent length and substituent bulk may represent independent parameters for relating structure and efficacy in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Yu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We previously reported that 2-(10H-phenothiazin-2-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine hydrochloride is a potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in vitro and can protect primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons from hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity. Because oxidants may play an important role in mediating postischemic tissue injury, we evaluated this agent in two rat models of transient cerebral ischemia. METHODS In a model of global forebrain ischemia, 23 male Wistar rats were subjected to 10 minutes of four-vessel occlusion followed by 72 hours of reperfusion. The rats received three intraperitoneal injections of either vehicle (2% aqueous acacia) or test agent (40 mg/kg). In a model of focal stroke, 19 spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to 2 hours of tandem middle cerebral and ipsilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. The rats received three intraperitoneal injections of either vehicle (2% aqueous acacia) or test agent (40 mg/kg). RESULTS In the global model, the phenothiazine significantly protected the CA1 layer of the hippocampus, with a reduction in mean damage score from 2.1 +/- 0.3 for control rats to 1.0 +/- 0.4 for treated rats (p less than 0.05). In the transient focal stroke model, the compound reduced cortical infarct volume from 130.1 +/- 10.3 mm3 for control rats to 95.2 +/- 24.5 mm3 for treated rats (p less than 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Although the primary mechanism responsible for the protective effect is unclear at the present time, our study is consistent with the hypothesis that oxidant-mediated lipid peroxidation may be involved in the pathophysiology of postischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Yu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Ind. 46285
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11
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Yu MJ, McCowan JR, Mason NR, Deeter JB, Mendelsohn LG. Synthesis and X-ray crystallographic analysis of quinazolinone cholecystokinin/gastrin receptor ligands. J Med Chem 1992; 35:2534-42. [PMID: 1635055 DOI: 10.1021/jm00092a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Compounds exemplified by 2-[2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-3-[3-(1- methylethoxy)phenyl]-4(3H)-quinazolinone (3, IC50 = 0.0093 microM using mouse brain membranes) represent a structurally novel series of non-peptide cholecystokinin B receptor ligands. Since asperlicin, a selective CCK-A receptor antagonist, may be regarded as a conformationally constrained 2-substituted-3-phenyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone, the progenitor of compound 3 (compound 2, 2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-3-phenyl-4(3H)- quinazolinone) might therefore represent a conformationally flexible pharmacophore of the natural product. To probe possible conformational preferences for this class of receptor ligands, in particular the spatial relationship between the indole and quinazolinone rings, we prepared a series of analogues with methyl substituents on the ethylene bridge as well as congeners with different linkers. The X-ray crystal structure conformation for compound 22 (2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-3-]-3-(1-methylethoxy) phenyl]-4(3H)-quinazolinone, IC50 = 0.026 microM) is extended with the two heteroaromatic rings adopting an antiperiplanar arrangement around the central sigma bond of the ethane linker, whereas the solid-state conformation for a less active analogue 19 (2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methylethyl]-3-[3-(1- methylethoxy)phenyl]-4(3H)-quinazolinone, IC50 = 9.1 microM) is folded with the two heteroaromatic systems adopting a synclinal orientation. However, MM2 force field calculations (MacroModel, v 3.0) suggest that the energy difference between the folded and extended conformation is small. Thus, other factors such as unfavorable steric interactions may account for the difference in receptor affinity. For derivatives with one to three methylene units separating the indole and quinazolinone rings, maximal receptor binding activity was found when the distance separating the two heteroaromatic systems is defined by an ethyl group. Introducing unsaturation into the ethylene bridge of compound 3 limited the conformational flexibility of the molecule and decreased its receptor affinity greater than 2 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Yu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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12
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Yu MJ, McCowan JR, Thrasher KJ, Keith PT, Luttman CA, Ho PP, Towner RD, Bertsch B, Horng JS, Um SL. Phenothiazines as lipid peroxidation inhibitors and cytoprotective agents. J Med Chem 1992; 35:716-24. [PMID: 1542098 DOI: 10.1021/jm00082a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of phenothiazines was synthesized and evaluated as in vitro inhibitors of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. The MIC (minimum tested concentration that gave greater than or equal to 50% inhibition) for 2-(10H-phenothiazin-2-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanolamine methanesulfonate (6) was 0.26 microM. Whereas methyl substitution at N-10 diminished activity nearly 100-fold, other structural modifications such as varying the amine group, the distance separating the amine substituent from the phenothiazine nucleus, and the linking group had little effect. Compound 6 was more effective than probucol, a known antioxidant, in blocking Cu2+ catalyzed oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) as measured by competitive scavenger receptor mediated degradation of 125I-labeled acetyl-LDL by mouse peritoneal macrophage cells in vitro. At a concentration of 5 microM, compound 6 also protected primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons exposed to hydrogen peroxide (50 microM) when assessed 18 h later by fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Yu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Yu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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14
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Yu MJ, McCowan JR, Steinberg MI, Wiest SA, Wyss VL, Horng JS. Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor modulators: effects of disubstituted quinazolines on receptor binding and in vitro biological activity. J Med Chem 1990; 33:348-53. [PMID: 1967315 DOI: 10.1021/jm00163a056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prazosin (25 microM) was found to increase 125I-labeled rat atrial natriuretic peptide ([125I]rANP) receptor binding by 50% (SC50) in bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa membranes. A series of 2,4-disubstituted quinazolines was prepared in order to identify more potent analogues for additional in vitro testing. Compound 7 (N-[3-[[2-(diethyl-amino)-4-quinazolinyl]amino]propyl] guanidine dinitrate) from this series (3 microM) significantly decreased the EC50 for rANP-mediated inhibition of ACTH-stimulated aldosterone synthesis in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. At a higher concentration (20 microM), compound 7 had no effect on particulate guanylate cyclase from rabbit glomeruli in either the presence or absence of rANP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Yu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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