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Hu L, Kim S, Jokisaari JR, Nolis GM, Yoo HD, Freeland JW, Klie RF, Fister TT, Cabana J. Synthesis and Mg2+ deintercalation in manganese spinel nanocrystals. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Jokisaari JR, Hu X, Mukherjee A, Uskoković V, Klie RF. Hydroxyapatite as a scavenger of reactive radiolysis species in graphene liquid cells for in situelectron microscopy. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:485707. [PMID: 34407513 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1ebb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid cell electron microscopy is an imaging technique allowing for the investigation of the interaction of liquids and solids at nanoscopic length scales. Suchin situobservations are increasingly in-demand in an array of fields, from biological sciences to medicine to batteries. Graphene liquid cells (GLCs), in particular, have generated a great interest as a low-scattering window material with the potential for increasing the quality of both imaging and spectroscopy. However, preserving the stability of the liquid and of the sample in the GLC remains a considerable challenge. In the present work we encapsulate water and hydroxyapatite (HAP), a pH-sensitive biological material, in GLCs to observe the interactions between the graphene, HAP, and the electron beam. HAP was chosen for several reasons. One is its ubiquity in biological specimens such as bones and teeth, and the second is the presence of phosphate ions in common buffer solutions. Finally, there is its sensitivity to changes in pH, which result from beam-induced hydrolysis in liquid cells. A dynamic process of dissolution and recrystallization of HAP was observed, which correlated with the production of H+ions by the beam during imaging. In addition, a large increase in the stability of the GLC under irradiation was noted. Specifically, no stable hydrogen bubbles were detected under the electron fluxes routinely exceeding 170 e-Å-2s-1. With the measured threshold dose for the bubble formation in pure water equaling 9 e-Å-2s-1, it was concluded that the presence of HAP increases the resistance of water against radiolysis in the GLC by more than an order of magnitude. These results confirm the possibility of using biological materials, such as HAP, as stabilizers in liquid cell electron microscopy. They outline a potential route for stabilization of specimens in liquid cells through the addition of a scavenger of reactive species generated by the beam-induced hydrolysis of water. These improvements are essential for enhancing both the resolution of imaging and the available imaging time, as well as avoiding the beam-induced artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Jokisaari
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Xuan Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Arijita Mukherjee
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Vuk Uskoković
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- TardigradeNano LLC, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert F Klie
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Bishal AK, Anderson ND, Ho Hung SK, Jokisaari JR, Klie RF, Koh A, Abdussalam W, Sukotjo C, Takoudis CG. Highly Conductive Collagen by Low-Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition of Platinum. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:44371-44380. [PMID: 32886478 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In modern biomaterial-based electronics, conductive and flexible biomaterials are gaining increasing attention for their wide range of applications in biomedical and wearable electronics industries. The ecofriendly, biodegradable, and self-resorbable nature of these materials makes them an excellent choice in fabricating green and transient electronics. Surface functionalization of these biomaterials is required to cater to the need of designing electronics based on these substrate materials. In this work, a low-temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD) process of platinum (Pt) is presented to deposit a conductive thin film on collagen biomaterials, for the first time. Surface characterization revealed that a very thin ALD-deposited seed layer of TiO2 on the collagen surface prior to Pt deposition is an alternative for achieving a better nucleation and 100% surface coverage of ultrathin Pt on collagen surfaces. The presence of a pure metallic Pt thin film was confirmed from surface chemical characterization. Electrical characterization proved the existence of a continuous and conductive Pt thin film (∼27.8 ± 1.4 nm) on collagen with a resistivity of 295 ± 30 μΩ cm, which occurred because of the virtue of TiO2. Analysis of its electronic structures showed that the presence of metastable state due to the presence of TiO2 enables electrons to easily flow from valence into conductive bands. As a result, this turned collagen into a flexible conductive biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya K Bishal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Nickolas D Anderson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sai Ken Ho Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New York at Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Jacob R Jokisaari
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Robert F Klie
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Ahyeon Koh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New York at Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Wildan Abdussalam
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cortino Sukotjo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Christos G Takoudis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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Ahmadiparidari A, Warburton RE, Majidi L, Asadi M, Chamaani A, Jokisaari JR, Rastegar S, Hemmat Z, Sayahpour B, Assary RS, Narayanan B, Abbasi P, Redfern PC, Ngo A, Vörös M, Greeley J, Klie R, Curtiss LA, Salehi-Khojin A. A Long-Cycle-Life Lithium-CO 2 Battery with Carbon Neutrality. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1902518. [PMID: 31441124 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-CO2 batteries are attractive energy-storage systems for fulfilling the demand of future large-scale applications such as electric vehicles due to their high specific energy density. However, a major challenge with Li-CO2 batteries is to attain reversible formation and decomposition of the Li2 CO3 and carbon discharge products. A fully reversible Li-CO2 battery is developed with overall carbon neutrality using MoS2 nanoflakes as a cathode catalyst combined with an ionic liquid/dimethyl sulfoxide electrolyte. This combination of materials produces a multicomponent composite (Li2 CO3 /C) product. The battery shows a superior long cycle life of 500 for a fixed 500 mAh g-1 capacity per cycle, far exceeding the best cycling stability reported in Li-CO2 batteries. The long cycle life demonstrates that chemical transformations, making and breaking covalent CO bonds can be used in energy-storage systems. Theoretical calculations are used to deduce a mechanism for the reversible discharge/charge processes and explain how the carbon interface with Li2 CO3 provides the electronic conduction needed for the oxidation of Li2 CO3 and carbon to generate the CO2 on charge. This achievement paves the way for the use of CO2 in advanced energy-storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ahmadiparidari
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Robert E Warburton
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Leily Majidi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Mohammad Asadi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Amir Chamaani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jacob R Jokisaari
- Department of Physics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Sina Rastegar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Zahra Hemmat
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Baharak Sayahpour
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Rajeev S Assary
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Badri Narayanan
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Pedram Abbasi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Paul C Redfern
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Anh Ngo
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Márton Vörös
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jeffrey Greeley
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Robert Klie
- Department of Physics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Larry A Curtiss
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Amin Salehi-Khojin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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Jokisaari JR, Wang C, Qiao Q, Hu X, Reed DA, Bleher R, Luan X, Klie RF, Diekwisch TG. Particle-Attachment-Mediated and Matrix/Lattice-Guided Enamel Apatite Crystal Growth. ACS Nano 2019; 13:3151-3161. [PMID: 30763075 PMCID: PMC7067265 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tooth enamel is a hard yet resilient biomaterial that derives its unique mechanical properties from decussating bundles of apatite crystals. To understand enamel crystal nucleation and growth at a nanoscale level and to minimize preparation artifacts, the developing mouse enamel matrix was imaged in situ using graphene liquid cells and atomic resolution scanning transmission electron and cryo-fracture electron microscopy. We report that 1-2 nm diameter mineral precipitates aggregated to form larger 5 nm particle assemblies within ameloblast secretory vesicles or annular organic matrix subunits. Further evidence for the fusion of 1-2 nm mineral precipitates into 5 nm mineral aggregates via particle attachment was provided by matrix-mediated calcium phosphate crystal growth studies. As a next step, aggregated particles organized into rows of 3-10 subunits and developed lattice suprastructures with 0.34 nm gridline spacings corresponding to the (002) planes of apatite crystals. Mineral lattice suprastructures superseded closely matched organic matrix patterns, suggestive of a combination of organic/inorganic templates guiding apatite crystal growth. Upon assembly of 2-5 nm subunits into crystal ribbons, lattice fringes indicative of the presence of larger ordered crystallites were observed surrounding elongating crystal ribbons, presumably guiding the c-axis growth of composite apatite crystals. Cryo-fracture micrographs revealed reticular networks of an organic matrix on the surface of elongating enamel crystal ribbons, suggesting that protein coats facilitate c-axis apatite crystal growth. Together, these data demonstrate (i) the involvement of particle attachment in enamel crystal nucleation, (ii) a combination of matrix- and lattice-guided crystal growth, and (iii) fusion of individual crystals via a mechanism similar to Ostwald ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R. Jokisaari
- UIC Department of Physics. 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Canhui Wang
- UIC Department of Physics. 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Qiao Qiao
- UIC Department of Physics. 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago IL 60607, USA
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, 98 Rochester Street, Building 480, Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Xuan Hu
- UIC Department of Physics. 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - David A. Reed
- UIC Department of Oral Biology, 801 South Paulina, Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Reiner Bleher
- Northwestern University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NUANCE/BioCryo, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208, USA
| | - Xianghong Luan
- UIC Department of Oral Biology, 801 South Paulina, Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Robert F. Klie
- UIC Department of Physics. 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Thomas G.H. Diekwisch
- UIC Department of Oral Biology, 801 South Paulina, Chicago IL 60612, USA
- TAMU Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas TX 75246, USA
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6
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Kwon BJ, Dogan F, Jokisaari JR, Key B, Kim C, Liu YS, Guo J, Klie RF, Cabana J. Effect of Passivating Shells on the Chemistry and Electrode Properties of LiMn 2O 4 Nanocrystal Heterostructures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:3823-3833. [PMID: 30615410 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Building a stable chemical environment at the cathode/electrolyte interface is directly linked to the durability of Li-ion batteries with high energy density. Recently, colloidal chemistry methods have enabled the design of core-shell nanocrystals of Li1+ xMn2- xO4, an important battery cathode, with passivating shells rich in Al3+ through a colloidal synthetic route. These heterostructures combine the presence of redox-inactive ions on the surface to minimize undesired reactions, with the coverage of each individual particle in an epitaxial manner. Although they improve electrode performance, the exact chemistry and structure of the shell as well as the precise effect of the ratio between the shell and the active core remain to be elucidated. Correlation of these parameters to electrode properties would serve to tailor the heterostructure design toward complete shutdown of undesired reactions. These knowledge gaps are the target of this study. Li1+ xMn2- xO4 nanocrystals with Al3+-rich shells of different thicknesses were synthesized. Multimodal characterization comprehensively revealed the elemental distribution, electronic state, and crystallinity in the heterostructures, which confirmed the potential of this approach to finely tune passivating layers. All of the modified nanocrystals improved the capacity retention while retaining charge storage compared to the bare counterpart, even under harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fulya Dogan
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | | | - Baris Key
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Chunjoong Kim
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Sheng Liu
- Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
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7
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Bishal AK, Sukotjo C, Jokisaari JR, Klie RF, Takoudis CG. Enhanced Bioactivity of Collagen Fiber Functionalized with Room Temperature Atomic Layer Deposited Titania. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:34443-34454. [PMID: 30212175 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface modifications of a biomaterial like collagen are crucial in improving the surface properties and thus enhancing the functionality and performance of such a material for a variety of biomedical applications. In this study, a commercially available collagen membrane's surface was functionalized by depositing an ultrathin film of titania or titanium dioxide (TiO2) using a room temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD) process. A novel titanium precursor-oxidizer combination was used for this process in a custom-made ALD reactor. Surface characterizations revealed successful deposition of uniform, conformal TiO2 thin film on the collagen fibrillar surface, and consequently, the fibers became thicker making the membrane pores smaller. The in vitro bioactivity of the ALD-TiO2 thin film coated collagen was investigated for the first time using cell proliferation and a calcium phosphate mineralization assay. The TiO2-coated collagen demonstrated improved biocompatibility promoting higher growth and proliferation of human osteoblastic and mesenchymal stem cells when compared to that of noncoated collagen. A higher level of calcium phosphate or apatite formation was observed on ALD modified collagen surface as compared to that on noncoated collagen. Therefore, this novel material can be promising in bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya K Bishal
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Cortino Sukotjo
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
- Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Jacob R Jokisaari
- Department of Physics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Robert F Klie
- Department of Physics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Christos G Takoudis
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
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8
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Cho S, Park W, Kim H, Jokisaari JR, Roth EW, Lee S, Klie RF, Lee B, Kim DH. Gallstone-Formation-Inspired Bimetallic Supra-nanostructures for Computed-Tomography-Image-Guided Radiation Therapy. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2018; 1:4602-4611. [PMID: 34056557 PMCID: PMC8157682 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.8b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the gallstone formation mechanism, we report a fast one-pot synthesis of high-surface-area bimetallic hierarchical supra-nanostructures. As gallstones are generated from metal cholate complexes, cholate bile acid molecules with Au/Ag metal precursors formed stable nanocomplexes aggregated with metal Au ions and preformed ~2 nm silver halide nanoparticles before reduction. When a reducing agent was added, the metal cholate nanocomplexes quickly formed noble bimetallic hierarchical supra-nanostructures. The morphology of bimetallic supra-nanostructures could be tailored by changing the feeding ratio of each metal precursor. In situ synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering measurement with a custom-designed reaction cell showed two-step growth and attachment behavior toward hierarchical supra-nanostructures from the gallstone-formation-inspired metal cholate nanocomplexes in a 60 s reaction. Additional wide-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray absorption near-edge structure, in situ Fourier transform infrared, and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy investigations subsequently revealed the mechanism for the evolution of bimetallic hierarchical supra-nanostructures. The gallstone-formation-inspired synthesis mechanism can be universally applied to other metals, for example, Pt-Ag and Pd-Ag bimetallic nanostructures. Finally, the synthesized high-surface-area bimetallic supra-nanostructures demonstrated significantly enhanced X-ray computed tomography imaging contrast and radiosensitizing effect for a potential image-guided nanomedicine application. We believe that our synthetic method inspired by gallstone formation and understanding represents an important step toward the development of hierarchical nanoparticles for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojeong Cho
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Wooram Park
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Hacksung Kim
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center for Catalysis and Surface Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jacob R. Jokisaari
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Eric W. Roth
- NUANCE/QBIC, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sungsik Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Robert F. Klie
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Corresponding Authors: (B.L.). (D.-H.K.)
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Corresponding Authors: (B.L.). (D.-H.K.)
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9
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Li L, Jokisaari JR, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Yan X, Heikes C, Lin Q, Gadre C, Schlom DG, Chen LQ, Pan X. Control of Domain Structures in Multiferroic Thin Films through Defect Engineering. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1802737. [PMID: 30084144 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Domain walls (DWs) have become an essential component in nanodevices based on ferroic thin films. The domain configuration and DW stability, however, are strongly dependent on the boundary conditions of thin films, which make it difficult to create complex ordered patterns of DWs. Here, it is shown that novel domain structures, that are otherwise unfavorable under the natural boundary conditions, can be realized by utilizing engineered nanosized structural defects as building blocks for reconfiguring DW patterns. It is directly observed that an array of charged defects, which are located within a monolayer thickness, can be intentionally introduced by slightly changing substrate temperature during the growth of multiferroic BiFeO3 thin films. These defects are strongly coupled to the domain structures in the pretemperature-change portion of the BiFeO3 film and can effectively change the configuration of newly grown domains due to the interaction between the polarization and the defects. Thus, two types of domain patterns are integrated into a single film without breaking the DW periodicity. The potential use of these defects for building complex patterns of conductive DWs is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linze Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jacob R Jokisaari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoxing Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Xingxu Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Colin Heikes
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Qiyin Lin
- Irvine Materials Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Chaitanya Gadre
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Darrell G Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Irvine Materials Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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10
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Jokisaari JR, Hachtel JA, Hu X, Mukherjee A, Wang C, Konecna A, Lovejoy TC, Dellby N, Aizpurua J, Krivanek OL, Idrobo JC, Klie RF. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Water with High Spatial Resolution. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1802702. [PMID: 30062804 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to examine the vibrational spectra of liquids with nanometer spatial resolution will greatly expand the potential to study liquids and liquid interfaces. In fact, the fundamental properties of water, including complexities in its phase diagram, electrochemistry, and bonding due to nanoscale confinement are current research topics. For any liquid, direct investigation of ordered liquid structures, interfacial double layers, and adsorbed species at liquid-solid interfaces are of interest. Here, a novel way of characterizing the vibrational properties of liquid water with high spatial resolution using transmission electron microscopy is reported. By encapsulating water between two sheets of boron nitride, the ability to capture vibrational spectra to quantify the structure of the liquid, its interaction with the liquid-cell surfaces, and the ability to identify isotopes including H2 O and D2 O using electron energy-loss spectroscopy is demonstrated. The electron microscope used here, equipped with a high-energy-resolution monochromator, is able to record vibrational spectra of liquids and molecules and is sensitive to surface and bulk morphological properties both at the nano- and micrometer scales. These results represent an important milestone for liquid and isotope-labeled materials characterization with high spatial resolution, combining nanoscale imaging with vibrational spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Jokisaari
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jordan A Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Xuan Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Arijita Mukherjee
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Canhui Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Andrea Konecna
- Center for Material Physics (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and DIPC, Donostia - San Sebastián Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain
| | | | - Niklas Dellby
- Nion Company, 11511 NE 118th St., Kirkland, WA, 98034, USA
| | - Javier Aizpurua
- Center for Material Physics (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and DIPC, Donostia - San Sebastián Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain
| | | | - Juan-Carlos Idrobo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Robert F Klie
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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11
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Li L, Cheng X, Jokisaari JR, Gao P, Britson J, Adamo C, Heikes C, Schlom DG, Chen LQ, Pan X. Defect-Induced Hedgehog Polarization States in Multiferroics. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:137602. [PMID: 29694202 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.137602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Continuous developments in nanotechnology require new approaches to materials synthesis that can produce novel functional structures. Here, we show that nanoscale defects, such as nonstoichiometric nanoregions (NSNRs), can act as nano-building blocks for creating complex electrical polarization structures in the prototypical multiferroic BiFeO_{3}. An array of charged NSNRs are produced in BiFeO_{3} thin films by tuning the substrate temperature during film growth. Atomic-scale scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging reveals exotic polarization rotation patterns around these NSNRs. These polarization patterns resemble hedgehog or vortex topologies and can cause local changes in lattice symmetries leading to mixed-phase structures resembling the morphotropic phase boundary with high piezoelectricity. Phase-field simulations indicate that the observed polarization configurations are mainly induced by charged states at the NSNRs. Engineering defects thus may provide a new route for developing ferroelectric- or multiferroic-based nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linze Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoxing Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Jacob R Jokisaari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jason Britson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Carolina Adamo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Colin Heikes
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Darrell G Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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12
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Li L, Zhang Y, Xie L, Jokisaari JR, Beekman C, Yang JC, Chu YH, Christen HM, Pan X. Atomic-Scale Mechanisms of Defect-Induced Retention Failure in Ferroelectrics. Nano Lett 2017; 17:3556-3562. [PMID: 28471679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to switch the ferroelectric polarization using an electric field makes ferroelectrics attractive for application in nanodevices such as high-density memories. One of the major challenges impeding this application, however, has been known as "retention failure", which is a spontaneous process of polarization back-switching that can lead to data loss. This process is generally thought to be caused by the domain instability arising from interface boundary conditions and countered by defects, which can pin the domain wall and impede the back-switching. Here, using in situ transmission electron microscopy and atomic-scale scanning transmission electron microscopy, we show that the polarization retention failure can be induced by commonly observed nanoscale impurity defects in BiFeO3 thin films. The interaction between polarization and the defects can also lead to the stabilization of novel functional nanodomains with mixed-phase structures and head-to-head polarization configurations. Thus, defect engineering provides a new route for tuning properties of ferroelectric nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linze Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California - Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California - Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California - Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Jacob R Jokisaari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christianne Beekman
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jan-Chi Yang
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hao Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hans M Christen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California - Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California - Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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13
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Li L, Britson J, Jokisaari JR, Zhang Y, Adamo C, Melville A, Schlom DG, Chen LQ, Pan X. Giant Resistive Switching via Control of Ferroelectric Charged Domain Walls. Adv Mater 2016; 28:6574-6580. [PMID: 27213756 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Controlled switching of resistivity in ferroelectric thin films is demonstrated by writing and erasing stable, nanoscale, strongly charged domain walls using an in situ transmission electron microscopy technique. The resistance can be read nondestructively and presents the largest off/on ratio (≈10(5) ) ever reported in room-temperature ferroelectric devices, opening new avenues for engineering ferroelectric thin-film devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linze Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jason Britson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jacob R Jokisaari
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Carolina Adamo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alexander Melville
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Darrell G Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Zhang K, Katz MB, Li B, Kim SJ, Du X, Hao X, Jokisaari JR, Zhang S, Graham GW, Van der Ven A, Bartlett BM, Pan X. Water-free titania-bronze thin films with superfast lithium-ion transport. Adv Mater 2014; 26:7365-7370. [PMID: 25244308 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using pulsed laser deposition, TiO2 (-) B and its recently discovered variant Ca:TiO2 (-) B (CaTi5O11) are synthesized as highly crystalline thin films for the first time by a completely water-free process. Significant enhancement in the Li-ion battery performance is achieved by manipulating the crystal orientation of the films, used as anodes, with a demonstration of extraordinary structural stability under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Li L, Gao P, Nelson CT, Jokisaari JR, Zhang Y, Kim SJ, Melville A, Adamo C, Schlom DG, Pan X. Atomic scale structure changes induced by charged domain walls in ferroelectric materials. Nano Lett 2013; 13:5218-5223. [PMID: 24070735 DOI: 10.1021/nl402651r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Charged domain walls (CDWs) are of significant scientific and technological importance as they have been shown to play a critical role in controlling the switching mechanism and electric, photoelectric, and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric materials. The atomic scale structure and properties of CDWs, which are critical for understanding the emergent properties, have, however, been rarely explored. In this work, using a spherical-aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope with subangstrom resolution, we have found that the polarization bound charge of the CDW in rhombohedral-like BiFeO3 thin films not only induces the formation of a tetragonal-like crystal structure at the CDW but also stabilizes unexpected nanosized domains with new polarization states and unconventional domain walls. These findings provide new insights on the effects of bound charge on ferroelectric domain structures and are critical for understanding the electrical switching in ferroelectric thin films as well as in memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linze Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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16
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Grossklaus KA, Jokisaari JR, Pan XQ, Millunchick JM. Electrical transport in ion beam created InAs nanospikes. Nanotechnology 2012; 23:315301. [PMID: 22796874 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/31/315301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ion beam irradiation has previously been demonstrated as a method for creating nanowire-like semiconductor nanostructures, but no previous studies have reported on the electrical properties of those structures. In this work we describe the creation and in situ transmission electron microscopy electrical characterization of nanoscale InAs spike structures on both InAs and InP substrates fabricated using a focused ion beam erosion method. Those InAs 'nanospikes' are found to possess internal structures with varying amounts of ion damaged and single crystalline material. Nanospike electrical behavior is analyzed with respect to model electronic structures and is similar to cases of barrier limited conduction in nanowires. The different electrical responses of each nanospike are found to be the result of variation in their structure, with the conductivity of InAs nanospikes formed on InAs substrates found to increase with the degree of nanospike core crystallinity. The conductivity of InAs nanospikes formed on InP substrates does not show a dependence on core crystallinity, and may be controlled by the other internal barriers to conduction inherent in that system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Grossklaus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136, USA
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17
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Gao P, Nelson CT, Jokisaari JR, Zhang Y, Baek SH, Bark CW, Wang E, Liu Y, Li J, Eom CB, Pan X. Direct observations of retention failure in ferroelectric memories. Adv Mater 2012; 24:1106-1110. [PMID: 22331626 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonvolatile ferroelectric random-access memory uses ferroelectric thin films to save a polar state written by an electric field that is retained when the field is removed. After switching, the high energy of the domain walls separating regions of unlike polarization can drive backswitching resulting in a loss of switched domain volume, or in the case of very small domains, complete retention loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Gao P, Nelson CT, Jokisaari JR, Baek SH, Bark CW, Zhang Y, Wang E, Schlom DG, Eom CB, Pan X. Revealing the role of defects in ferroelectric switching with atomic resolution. Nat Commun 2011; 2:591. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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