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Balsitis S, Gali V, Mason PJ, Chaniewski S, Levine SM, Wichroski MJ, Feulner M, Song Y, Granaldi K, Loy JK, Thompson CM, Lesniak JA, Brockus C, Kishnani N, Menne S, Cockett MI, Iyer R, Mason SW, Tenney DJ. Safety and efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy in the woodchuck model of HBV infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190058. [PMID: 29444087 PMCID: PMC5812555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune clearance of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is characterized by broad and robust antiviral T cell responses, while virus-specific T cells in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are rare and exhibit immune exhaustion that includes programmed-death-1 (PD-1) expression on virus-specific T cells. Thus, an immunotherapy able to expand and activate virus-specific T cells may have therapeutic benefit for CHB patients. Like HBV-infected patients, woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) can have increased hepatic expression of PD-1-ligand-1 (PD-L1), increased PD-1 on CD8+ T cells, and a limited number of virus-specific T cells with substantial individual variation in these parameters. We used woodchucks infected with WHV to assess the safety and efficacy of anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody therapy (αPD-L1) in a variety of WHV infection states. Experimentally-infected animals lacked PD-1 or PD-L1 upregulation compared to uninfected controls, and accordingly, αPD-L1 treatment in lab-infected animals had limited antiviral effects. In contrast, animals with naturally acquired WHV infections displayed elevated PD-1 and PD-L1. In these same animals, combination therapy with αPD-L1 and entecavir (ETV) improved control of viremia and antigenemia compared to ETV treatment alone, but with efficacy restricted to a minority of animals. Pre-treatment WHV surface antigen (sAg) level was identified as a statistically significant predictor of treatment response, while PD-1 expression on peripheral CD8+ T cells, T cell production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) upon in vitro antigen stimulation (WHV ELISPOT), and circulating levels of liver enzymes were not. To further assess the safety of this strategy, αPD-L1 was tested in acute WHV infection to model the risk of liver damage when the extent of hepatic infection and antiviral immune responses were expected to be the greatest. No significant increase in serum markers of hepatic injury was observed over those in infected, untreated control animals. These data support a positive benefit/risk assessment for blockade of the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway in CHB patients and may help to identify patient groups most likely to benefit from treatment. Furthermore, the efficacy of αPD-L1 in only a minority of animals, as observed here, suggests that additional agents may be needed to achieve a more robust and consistent response leading to full sAg loss and durable responses through anti-sAg antibody seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Balsitis
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Volodymyr Gali
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Mason
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Susan Chaniewski
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Levine
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Wichroski
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michael Feulner
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yunling Song
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Karen Granaldi
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - James K. Loy
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Chris M. Thompson
- Immunotoxicology, Drug Safety Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Lesniak
- Immunotoxicology, Drug Safety Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Catherine Brockus
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Narendra Kishnani
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown Univ. Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Mark I. Cockett
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Renuka Iyer
- Liver and Pancreas Tumor Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen W. Mason
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Tenney
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
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2
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Pruimboom-Brees IM, Brees DJJE, Shen AC, Keener M, Francone O, Amacher DE, Loy JK, Kerlin RL. Using laser scanning cytometry to measure PPAR-mediated peroxisome proliferation and beta oxidation. Toxicol Pathol 2005; 33:86-91. [PMID: 15805059 DOI: 10.1080/01926230590881817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Laser scanning cytometry (LSC) is a new technology that combines the properties and advantages of flow cytometry (FC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), thus providing qualitative and quantitative information on protein expression with the additional perspective provided by cell and tissue localization. Formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded liver sections from rats exposed to a Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) agonist were stained with antibodies against peroxisomal targeting signal-1 (PTS-1) (a highly conserved tripeptide contained within all peroxisomal enzymes), Acyl CoA oxidase (AOX) (the rate limiting enzyme of peroxisomal beta oxidation), and catalase (an inducible peroxisomal antioxidant enzyme) to evaluate peroxisomal beta oxidation, oxidative stress, and peroxisome proliferation. The LSC showed increased AOX, catalase, and PTS-1 expression in centrilobular hepatocytes that correlated favorably with the microscopic observation of centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy and with the palmitoyl CoA biochemical assay for peroxisomal beta oxidation, and provided additional morphologic information about peroxisome proliferation and tissue patterns of activation. Therefore, the LSC provides qualitative and quantitative evaluation of peroxisome activity with similar sensitivity but higher throughput than the traditional biochemical methods. The additional benefits of the LSC include the direct correlation between histopathologic observations and peroxisomal alterations and the potential utilization of archived formalin-fixed tissues from a variety of organs and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M Pruimboom-Brees
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340-8014, USA.
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3
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Barten DM, Guss VL, Corsa JA, Loo A, Hansel SB, Zheng M, Munoz B, Srinivasan K, Wang B, Robertson BJ, Polson CT, Wang J, Roberts SB, Hendrick JP, Anderson JJ, Loy JK, Denton R, Verdoorn TA, Smith DW, Felsenstein KM. Dynamics of {beta}-amyloid reductions in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma of {beta}-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice treated with a {gamma}-secretase inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 312:635-43. [PMID: 15452193 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.075408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
gamma-Secretase inhibitors are one promising approach to the development of a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease (AD). gamma-Secretase inhibitors reduce brain beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta), which is believed to be a major contributor in the etiology of AD. Transgenic mice overexpressing the human beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) are valuable models to examine the dynamics of Abeta changes with gamma-secretase inhibitors in plaque-free and plaque-bearing animals. BMS-299897 2-[(1R)-1-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfony](2,5-difluorophenyl)amino]ethyl]-5-fluorobenzenepropanoic acid, a gamma-secretase inhibitor, showed dose- and time dependent reductions of Abeta in brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and plasma in young transgenic mice, with a significant correlation between brain and CSF Abeta levels. Because CSF and brain interstitial fluid are distinct compartments in composition and location, this correlation could not be assumed. In contrast, aged transgenic mice with large accumulations of Abeta in plaques showed reductions in CSF Abeta in the absence of measurable changes in plaque Abeta in the brain after up to 2 weeks of treatment. Hence, CSF Abeta levels were a valuable measure of gamma-secretase activity in the central nervous system in either the presence or absence of plaques. Transgenic mice were also used to examine potential side effects due to Notch inhibition. BMS-299897 was 15-fold more effective at preventing the cleavage of APP than of Notch in vitro. No changes in the maturation of CD8(+) thymocytes or of intestinal goblet cells were observed in mice treated with BMS-299897, showing that it is possible for gamma-secretase inhibitors to reduce brain Abeta without causing Notch-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Barten
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5100, 3CD-405, 5 Research Pkwy., Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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4
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Wallace PM, MacMaster JF, Rouleau KA, Brown TJ, Loy JK, Donaldson KL, Wahl AF. Regulation of inflammatory responses by oncostatin M. J Immunol 1999; 162:5547-55. [PMID: 10228036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OM) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced late in the activation cycle of T cells and macrophages. In vitro it shares properties with related proteins of the IL-6 family of cytokines; however, its in vivo properties and physiological function are as yet ill defined. We show that administration of OM inhibited bacterial LPS-induced production of TNF-alpha and lethality in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with these findings, OM potently suppressed inflammation and tissue destruction in murine models of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. T cell function and Ab production were not impaired by OM treatment. Taken together these data indicate the activities of this cytokine in vivo are antiinflammatory without concordant immunosuppression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/prevention & control
- Cytokines/administration & dosage
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Hindlimb
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Inflammation Mediators/administration & dosage
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/physiology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lipopolysaccharides/administration & dosage
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oncostatin M
- Peptides/administration & dosage
- Peptides/metabolism
- Peptides/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Wallace
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
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5
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Wallace PM, MacMaster JF, Rouleau KA, Brown TJ, Loy JK, Donaldson KL, Wahl AF. Regulation of Inflammatory Responses by Oncostatin M. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OM) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced late in the activation cycle of T cells and macrophages. In vitro it shares properties with related proteins of the IL-6 family of cytokines; however, its in vivo properties and physiological function are as yet ill defined. We show that administration of OM inhibited bacterial LPS-induced production of TNF-α and lethality in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with these findings, OM potently suppressed inflammation and tissue destruction in murine models of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. T cell function and Ab production were not impaired by OM treatment. Taken together these data indicate the activities of this cytokine in vivo are antiinflammatory without concordant immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Wallace
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98121; and
| | - John F. MacMaster
- †Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | | | - T. Joseph Brown
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98121; and
| | - James K. Loy
- †Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Karen L. Donaldson
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98121; and
| | - Alan F. Wahl
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98121; and
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6
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Abstract
Oncostatin M (OM) is a member of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine subfamily. The binding of OM to its receptor initiates signal transduction through JAK-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathways and activates transcription activators through mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. Results of in vitro assays documented that OM modulates cytokine expression and alters the production of proteases that down-regulate inflammation. Administration of OM to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice lowered serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and decreased the lethal effects of LPS administration. OM also reduced inflammation in animal models of human disease, including inflammatory bowel disease, antibody-induced arthritis, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Preclinical safety studies have been conducted in the mouse and monkey. Mice were administered OM (subcutaneously) at 72, 360, or 1,560 micrograms/kg/day in a 2-wk toxicity study. Decreased body weights occurred at 1,560 micrograms/kg. Drug-related changes at 360 and 1,560 micrograms/kg consisted of dermal irritation at the injection site, leukopenia, and thymic lymphoid depletion; all changes were reversible following a 2-wk recovery period. In a 2-wk subcutaneous study in monkeys, OM was administered at 1, 5, 15, 45, or 150 micrograms/kg/day. At all doses there was reversible, transient inappetence and dermal irritation at the injection site. Drug-related changes at 5, 15, 45, and 150 micrograms/kg consisted of reversible elevations in both serum amyloid A and IL-6, and reversible thymic lymphoid depletion. Transient increases in body temperature occurred at 15, 45, and 150 micrograms/kg. The observed spectrum of immunomodulatory effects suggests that OM may have therapeutic utility in treating chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Loy
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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7
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Loy JK, Dewhirst FE, Weber W, Frelier PF, Garbar TL, Tasca SI, Templeton JW. Molecular phylogeny and in situ detection of the etiologic agent of necrotizing hepatopancreatitis in shrimp. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:3439-45. [PMID: 8795235 PMCID: PMC168141 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.9.3439-3445.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP) is a severe disease of farm-raised Penaeus vannamei that has been associated with mortality losses ranging from 20 to 95%. NHP was first recognized in Texas in 1985 (S. K. Johnson, p. 16, in Handbook of Shrimp Diseases, 1989) and is an economically important disease that has limited the ability to culture shrimp in Texas. The putative cause of NHP is a gram-negative, pleomorphic, intracellular, rickettsia-like bacterium that remains uncultured in part because of the absence of established shrimp cell lines. The inability to culture the NHP bacterium necessitated the use of molecular methods for phylogenetic placement of the NHP bacterium. The gene encoding the 16S rRNA (16S rDNA) of this shrimp pathogen was amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Sequence analysis of the cloned 16S rDNA indicates that the NHP bacterium is a member of the alpha subclass of the Proteobacteria. Within the alpha subclass, the NHP bacterium is shown to be most closely related to bacterial endosymbionts of protozoa, Caedibacter caryophila and Holospora obtusa. Also, the NHP bacterium is distinct from but related to members of the typhus group (Rickettsia typhi and R. prowazekii) and spotted fever group (R. rickettsii) of the family Rickettsiaceae. Fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide DNA probes that bind to variable regions (V2, V6, and V8) of 16S rRNA of the NHP bacterium were used to detect the bacterium in infected shrimp by in situ hybridization. This technique provided direct visual evidence that the 16S rDNA that was amplified, cloned, and sequenced was derived from the intracellular bacterium that infects the hepatopancreas of farm-raised P. vannamei shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Loy
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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8
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Tani M, Fuentes ME, Peterson JW, Trapp BD, Durham SK, Loy JK, Bravo R, Ransohoff RM, Lira SA. Neutrophil infiltration, glial reaction, and neurological disease in transgenic mice expressing the chemokine N51/KC in oligodendrocytes. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:529-39. [PMID: 8755666 PMCID: PMC507459 DOI: 10.1172/jci118821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines (pro-inflammatory chemoattractant cytokines) are expressed in pathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). Previous studies suggested that the CNS is relatively resistant to leukocyte diapedesis after chemokine injection, leaving their functional role unresolved. The CNS function of N51/KC, a neutrophil-selective chemokine, was addressed by expressing N51/KC under control of the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter in transgenic (tg) mice (MBP-N51/KC mice). CNS-specific N51/KC expression produced remarkable neutrophil infiltration into perivascular, meningeal, and parenchymal sites, demonstrating that this chemokine exerts the multiple functions in vivo required to recruit leukocytes into the CNS. MBP-N5 1/KC mice represent an incisive model for the molecular dissection of neutrophil entry into the CNS. Unexpectedly, MBP-N51/KC mice developed a neurological syndrome of pronounced postural instability and rigidity at high frequency beginning at 40 days of age, well after peak chemokine expression. 68/182 mice in one tg fine were found dead before one year of age, with prominent neurological symptoms premortem in 26 (38%). Florid microglial activation and blood-brain barrier disruption without dysmyelination were the major neuropathological alterations. Late-onset neurological symptoms in MBP-N51/KC mice may indicate unanticipated consequences of CNS chemokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tani
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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9
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Abstract
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP) is a disease of farm-raised Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) caused by a pleomorphic intracellular bacterium. A DNA probe that is specific for the etiologic agent of necrotizing hepatopancreatitis was devised and tested in an in situ hybridization assay. A procedure was developed for labeling a single-stranded DNA probe with digoxigenin by the polymerase chain reaction. The DNA probe encompasses the V1 and V2 variable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and is designed to hybridize to complementary sequences of the 16S rRNA of the NHP bacterium. The probe was tested on fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens, and an intense, specific hybridization signal was localized to the cytoplasm of hepatopancreatic epithelial cells that were infected with the NHP bacterium, as demonstrated by serial sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin or the Steiner and Steiner method. Negative results were obtained from normal shrimp and from shrimp infected with Vibrio spp. The specificity of the probe was confirmed using either mammalian or avian tissues infected with other intracellular bacteria, including Ehrlichia canis, Salmonella enteritidis, Brucella abortus, and Chlymidia spp., and using another species of shrimp (P. monodon) infected with a different rickettisa-like intracellular bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Loy
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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10
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Zamos DT, Schumacher J, Loy JK. Nasopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208:100-1. [PMID: 8682695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus was diagnosed in a horse after endoscopic and histopathologic examinations of a biopsy specimen. The fungal lesions in the nasopharynx were substantially reduced in size after intralesional injection of amphotericin B through the biopsy channel of a videoendoscope in combination with i.v. administration of sodium iodide and oral administration of potassium iodide during a 2-month period. Endoscopy performed 15 months after initial examination revealed regression of the granulomatous masses in the nasopharynx and complete disappearance of the nasal masses. Two months later, clinical signs recurred, and the owner elected euthanasia without evaluation and treatment. Nasopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis may be treated successfully with intralesional injection of amphotericin B in combination with administration of sodium iodide and potassium iodide, but there is a possibility of recrudescence of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Zamos
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4475, USA
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11
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Edwards JF, Wikse SE, Loy JK, Field RW. Vertebral fracture associated with trauma during movement and restraint of cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 207:934-5. [PMID: 7559028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two female Limousin calves in a group of 68 calves suffered fractures of a lumbar vertebra subsequent to moving through a chute and being restrained to facilitate administration of vaccines. One calf collapsed as it exited the chute, whereas the second calf collapsed 10 minutes after it was released from the chute. Both heifers were euthanatized. The fractures, of the first lumbar and of the third lumbar vertebral bodies, respectively, were not associated with mineral imbalances. Fractures were determined to be the result of calves attempting to escape through a gap formed by erosion of the area beneath a gate in the holding pen of the corral system. By moving cattle in such a way as to bypass the gate, further injuries were avoided. The calves described here underscore the importance of the use of corral systems appropriate for cattle of various sizes and the necessity of maintaining properly repaired corral systems to prevent injuries to cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Edwards
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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12
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Clements CA, Rogers KS, Green RA, Loy JK. Splenic vein thrombosis resulting in acute anemia: an unusual manifestation of nephrotic syndrome in a Chinese shar pei with reactive amyloidosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1995; 31:411-5. [PMID: 8542358 DOI: 10.5326/15473317-31-5-411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome in a seven-year-old Chinese shar pei resulted in oliguric renal failure, coagulopathy, and acute anemia. Renal amyloidosis and widespread thromboses were diagnosed postmortem. Splenic vein thrombosis caused significant splenic congestion, coagulative necrosis, and acute anemia. Splenic vein thrombosis is reported here as an unusual consequence of nephrotic syndrome in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Clements
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4474, USA
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13
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Cohen ND, Loy JK, Lay JC, Craig TM, McMullan WC. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with encapsulated nematodes in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 200:1518-20. [PMID: 1612991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A 3-year-old Quarter Horse gelding admitted for evaluation of weight loss, signs of depression, and dermatitis of the coronary bands was found to have eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Intralesional nematodes identified as Strongylus edentatus were seen in multiple microscopic sections of the small colon, suggesting a parasitic cause of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4475
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