1
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Zhang Y, Parrish KE, Tortolani DR, Poss MA, Huang A, Wan H, Purandare AV, Donnell AF, Kempson J, Hou X, Pawluczyk J, Yip S, Luk E, Raghavan N, Swanson J, Smalley J, Murtaza A, Yang Z, Augustine-Rauch K, Lombardo LJ, Borzilleri R. Long-Acting Tumor-Activated Prodrug of a TGFβR Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15787-15798. [PMID: 34704759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of TGFβ signaling in concert with a checkpoint blockade has been shown to provide improved and durable antitumor immune response in mouse models. However, on-target adverse cardiovascular effects have limited the clinical use of TGFβ receptor (TGFβR) inhibitors in cancer therapy. To restrict the activity of TGFβR inhibitors to tumor tissues and thereby widen the therapeutic index, a series of tumor-activated prodrugs of a selective small molecule TGFβR1 inhibitor 1 were prepared by appending 1 to a serine protease substrate and a half-life extension fatty acid carbon chain. The prodrugs were shown to be selectively metabolized in tumor tissues relative to the heart and blood and demonstrated a prolonged favorable increase in the tumor-to-heart ratio of the active drug in tissue distribution studies. Once-weekly administration of the most tissue-selective compound 10 provided anti-tumor efficacy comparable to the parent compound and reduced systemic exposure of the active drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Karen E Parrish
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David R Tortolani
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Michael A Poss
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Audris Huang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Honghe Wan
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ashok V Purandare
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Andrew F Donnell
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James Kempson
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Xiaoping Hou
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Joseph Pawluczyk
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Shiuhang Yip
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Emily Luk
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nimmi Raghavan
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jesse Swanson
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James Smalley
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Anwar Murtaza
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Zheng Yang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Karen Augustine-Rauch
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Louis J Lombardo
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert Borzilleri
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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2
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Parrish KE, Swanson J, Cheng L, Luk E, Stetsko P, Smalley J, Shu YZ, Huang J, Pabalan JG, Sun Y, Zvyaga T, Cvijic ME, Burke J, Borzilleri R, Murtaza A, Augustine K, Yang Z. Pharmacodynamics-based approach for efficacious human dose projection of BMS-986260, a small molecule transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 inhibitor. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 42:137-149. [PMID: 33354831 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has a wide array of biological effects. For decades, tumor biology implicated TGF-β as an attractive therapeutic target due to its immunosuppressive effects. Toward this end, multiple pharmaceutical companies developed a number of drug modalities that specifically target the TGF-β pathway. BMS-986260 is a small molecule, selective TGF-βR1 kinase inhibitor that was under preclinical development for oncology. In vivo studies across mouse, rat, dog, and monkey and cryopreserved hepatocytes predicted human pharmacokinetics (PK) and distribution of BMS-986260. Efficacy studies of BMS-986260 were undertaken in the MC38 murine colon cancer model, and target engagement, as measured by phosphorylation of SMAD2/3, was assessed in whole blood to predict the clinical efficacious dose. The human clearance is predicted to be low, 4.25 ml/min/kg. BMS-986260 provided a durable and robust antitumor response at 3.75 mg/kg daily and 1.88 mg/kg twice-daily dosing regimens. Phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 was 3.5-fold less potent in human monocytes than other preclinical species. Taken together, the projected clinical efficacious dose was 600 mg QD or 210 mg BID for 3 days followed by a 4-day drug holiday. Mechanism-based cardiovascular findings in the rat ultimately led to the termination of BMS-986260. This study describes the preclinical PK characterization and pharmacodynamics-based efficacious dose projection of a novel small molecule TGF-βR1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Parrish
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jesse Swanson
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lihong Cheng
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Emily Luk
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paul Stetsko
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - James Smalley
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jonathan G Pabalan
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yongnian Sun
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tatyana Zvyaga
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - James Burke
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert Borzilleri
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anwar Murtaza
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Karen Augustine
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Dierks EA, Luk CE, Cai H, MacGuire J, Fox M, Smalley J, Fancher RM, Janovitz E, Foster K, Sun Q. Application of ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis to the evaluation of the metabolite profiling in bile of dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00488. [PMID: 31149343 PMCID: PMC6536413 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe a novel approach for collecting bile from dogs and cynomolgus monkeys for metabolite profiling, ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis (UCC). Sampling bile by UCC twice within 24 hours was well tolerated by dogs and monkeys. In studies with atorvastatin (ATV) the metabolite profiles were similar in bile obtained through UCC and from bile duct-cannulated (BDC) dogs. Similar results were observed in UCC and BDC monkeys as well. In both monkey and dog, the primary metabolic pathway observed for ATV was oxidative metabolism. The 2-hydroxy- and 4-hydroxyatorvastatin metabolites were the major oxidation products, which is consistent with previously published metabolite profiles. S-cysteine and glucuronide conjugates were also observed. UCC offers a viable alternative to bile duct cannulation for collection of bile for metabolite profiling of compounds that undergo biliary excretion, given the similar metabolite profiles in bile obtained via each method. Use of UCC for metabolite profiling may reduce the need for studies using BDC animals, a resource-intensive model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Dierks
- Pharmaceutical Candidate OptimizationBristol‐Myers SquibbPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - Chiuwa E. Luk
- Pharmaceutical Candidate OptimizationBristol‐Myers SquibbPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - Hong Cai
- Pharmaceutical Candidate OptimizationBristol‐Myers SquibbPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - Jamus MacGuire
- Veterinary SciencesBristol‐Myers SquibbPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - Maxine Fox
- Veterinary SciencesBristol‐Myers SquibbPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - James Smalley
- Pharmaceutical Candidate OptimizationBristol‐Myers SquibbPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - R. Marc Fancher
- Pharmaceutical Candidate OptimizationBristol‐Myers SquibbPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - Evan Janovitz
- Pharmaceutical Candidate OptimizationBristol‐Myers SquibbPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - Kimberly Foster
- Pharmaceutical Candidate OptimizationBristol‐Myers SquibbPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - Qin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Candidate OptimizationBristol‐Myers SquibbPrincetonNew Jersey
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Kick EK, Busch BB, Martin R, Stevens WC, Bollu V, Xie Y, Boren BC, Nyman MC, Nanao MH, Nguyen L, Plonowski A, Schulman IG, Yan G, Zhang H, Hou X, Valente MN, Narayanan R, Behnia K, Rodrigues AD, Brock B, Smalley J, Cantor GH, Lupisella J, Sleph P, Grimm D, Ostrowski J, Wexler RR, Kirchgessner T, Mohan R. Discovery of Highly Potent Liver X Receptor β Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1207-1212. [PMID: 27994765 PMCID: PMC5150697 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
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Introducing a uniquely substituted
phenyl sulfone into a series
of biphenyl imidazole liver X receptor (LXR) agonists afforded a dramatic
potency improvement for induction of ATP binding cassette transporters,
ABCA1 and ABCG1, in human whole blood. The agonist series demonstrated
robust LXRβ activity (>70%) with low partial LXRα agonist
activity (<25%) in cell assays, providing a window between desired
blood cell ABCG1 gene induction in cynomolgus monkeys and modest elevation
of plasma triglycerides for agonist 15. The addition
of polarity to the phenyl sulfone also reduced binding to the plasma
protein, human α-1-acid glycoprotein. Agonist 15 was selected for clinical development based on the favorable combination
of in vitro properties, excellent pharmacokinetic
parameters, and a favorable lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett B. Busch
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Martin
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - William C. Stevens
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Venkataiah Bollu
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yinong Xie
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brant C. Boren
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael C. Nyman
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Max H. Nanao
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lam Nguyen
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Artur Plonowski
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ira G. Schulman
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Grace Yan
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raju Mohan
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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5
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Kirchgessner TG, Martin R, Sleph P, Grimm D, Liu X, Lupisella J, Smalley J, Narayanan R, Xie Y, Ostrowski J, Cantor GH, Mohan R, Kick E. Pharmacological characterization of a novel liver X receptor agonist with partial LXRα activity and a favorable window in nonhuman primates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:305-14. [PMID: 25467132 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.219923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X Receptors (LXRs) α and β are nuclear hormone receptors that regulate multiple genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and are potential drug targets for atherosclerosis. However, full pan agonists also activate lipogenic genes, resulting in elevated plasma and hepatic lipids. We report the pharmacology of BMS-779788 [2-(2-(1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-methylethyl)-1-(3'-(methylsulfonyl)-4-biphenylyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-propanol], a potent partial LXR agonist with LXRβ selectivity, which has an improved therapeutic window in the cynomolgus monkey compared with a full pan agonist. BMS-779788 induced LXR target genes in blood in vivo with an EC50 = 610 nM, a value similar to its in vitro blood gene induction potency. BMS-779788 was 29- and 12-fold less potent than the full agonist T0901317 in elevating plasma triglyceride and LDL cholesterol, respectively, with similar results for plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein and apolipoprotein B. However, ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA inductions in blood, which are critical for RCT, were comparable. Increased liver triglyceride was observed after 7-day treatment with BMS-779788 at the highest dose tested and was nearly identical to the dose response for plasma triglyceride, consistent with the central role of liver LXR in these lipogenic effects. Dose-dependent increases in biliary cholesterol and decreases in phospholipid and bile acid occurred in BMS-779788-treated animals, similar to LXR agonist effects reported in mouse. In summary, BMS-779788, a partial LXRβ selective agonist, has decreased lipogenic potential compared with a full pan agonist in cynomolgus monkeys, with similar potency in the induction of genes known to stimulate RCT. This provides support in nonhuman primates for improving LXR agonist therapeutic windows by limiting LXRα activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd G Kirchgessner
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Richard Martin
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Paul Sleph
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Denise Grimm
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - John Lupisella
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - James Smalley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Rangaraj Narayanan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Yinong Xie
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Jacek Ostrowski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Glenn H Cantor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Raju Mohan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Ellen Kick
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
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6
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Smalley J, Xin B, Olah TV. Increasing high-throughput discovery bioanalysis using automated selected reaction monitoring compound optimization, ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography, and single-step sample preparation workflows. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2009; 23:3457-3464. [PMID: 19813283 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
QuickQuan is an integrated software package for Thermo Scientific triple quadrupole mass spectrometers that allows users to automate routine operations ranging from method development to data processing. QuickQuan automated optimization of compound-selected reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions by evaluating both positive and negative polarities during an infusion. Whichever mode produces the most intense Q1 scan is then carried to product ion spectra. QuickQuan then writes these SRM methods to a shared network database. The total volume of compound needed is 100 microL infused over approximately 1.6 min. The auto-optimization is carried out in 96-well plates and does not require an operator present. The SRM database was shared between two identical TSQ Quantum mass spectrometers. For data acquisition, QuickQuan automatically created a sequence file complete with a data processing method pre-populated with compound IDs and corresponding SRM transitions. To increase throughput we coupled each Finnigan Quantum with ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (uHPLC) accomplished using 4x Ultra Flux quaternary pumps that were designed to handle pressures up to 15 000 psi. The total run time for all analyses was 1.2 min using BEH 1.7 microm particle C18 columns. Further time reductions were realized with sample preparation accomplished using Strata Impact protein precipitation plates which provided an in-well protein crash and 0.20 micron filtering in a one-step process. Pharmacokinetic data turnaround time was significantly improved by combining these three techniques of automated method development with the speed efficiency of uHPLC and a single step in well sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Smalley
- Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Hopewell, NJ 08543-5400, USA.
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7
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Shipkova P, Drexler DM, Langish R, Smalley J, Salyan ME, Sanders M. Application of ion trap technology to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry quantitation of large peptides. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2008; 22:1359-1366. [PMID: 18381620 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Triple quadrupole mass spectrometers are generally considered the instrument of choice for quantitative analysis. However, for the analysis of large peptides we have encountered some cases where, as the data presented here would indicate, ion trap mass spectrometers may be a good alternative. In general, specificity and sensitivity in bioanalytical liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) assays are achieved via tandem MS (MS/MS) utilizing collision-induced dissociation (CID) while monitoring unique precursor to product ion transitions (i.e. selected reaction monitoring, SRM). Due to the difference in CID processes, triple quadrupoles and ion traps often generate significantly different fragmentation spectra of product ion species and intensities. The large peptidic analytes investigated here generated fewer fragments with higher relative abundance on the ion trap as compared to those generated on the triple quadrupole, resulting in lower limits of detection on the ion trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petia Shipkova
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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8
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Smalley J, Marino AM, Xin B, Olah T, Balimane PV. Development of a quantitative LC–MS/MS analytical method coupled with turbulent flow chromatography for digoxin for the in vitro P-gp inhibition assay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 854:260-7. [PMID: 17524973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Caco-2 cells, the human colon carcinoma cells, are typically used for screening compounds for their permeability characteristics and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) interaction potential during discovery and development. The P-gp inhibition of test compounds is assessed by performing bi-directional permeability studies with digoxin, a well established P-gp substrate probe. Studies performed with digoxin alone as well as digoxin in presence of test compounds as putative inhibitors constitute the P-gp inhibition assay used to assess the potential liability of discovery compounds. Radiolabeled (3)H-digoxin is commonly used in such studies followed by liquid scintillation counting. This manuscript describes the development of a sensitive, accurate, and reproducible LC-MS/MS method for analysis of digoxin and its internal standard digitoxin using an on-line extraction turbulent flow chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometric detection that is amendable to high throughput with use of 96-well plates. The standard curve for digoxin was linear between 10 nM and 5000 nM with regression coefficient (R(2)) of 0.99. The applicability and reliability of the analysis method was evaluated by successful demonstration of efflux ratio (permeability B to A over permeability A to B) greater than 10 for digoxin in Caco-2 cells. Additional evaluations were performed on 13 marketed compounds by conducting inhibition studies in Caco-2 cells using classical P-gp inhibitors (ketoconazole, cyclosporin, verapamil, quinidine, saquinavir etc.) and comparing the results to historical data with (3)H-digoxin studies. Similarly, P-gp inhibition studies with LC-MS/MS analytical method for digoxin were also performed for 21 additional test compounds classified as negative, moderate, and potent P-gp inhibitors spanning multiple chemo types and results compared with the historical P-gp inhibition data from the (3)H-digoxin studies. A very good correlation coefficient (R(2)) of 0.89 between the results from the two analytical methods affords an attractive LC-MS/MS analytical option for labs that need to conduct the P-gp inhibition assay without using radiolabeled compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Smalley
- Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, NJ 08543-5400, USA
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Fyfe J, Smalley J, Hagare D, Sivakumar M. Physical and hydrodynamic characteristics of a dairy shed waste stabilisation pond system. Water Sci Technol 2007; 55:11-20. [PMID: 17591191 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2007.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Waste stabilization pond systems are widely used to treat animal wastes under highly variable hydraulic loading regimes. These systems have received limited research attention with regard to their hydrodynamic behaviour and the potential impact of shock hydraulic loading on their performance. In this study a two-stage dairy shed waste stabilisation pond system was topographically surveyed to determine the physical shape and the theoretical hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each pond, as well as the extent of sludge accumulation in the primary pond. The primary pond was then subjected to a series of drogue tracking runs whereby weighted floating survey targets with submerged 'sails' were tracked during their movement through the pond at times of peak flow in order to characterise the hydrodynamic behaviour of the pond. The full capacity volumes of the primary and secondary ponds were calculated to be 1285 m3 and 2391 m3, respectively. Sludge had been accumulating in the primary pond at a rate of 0.73 m3/d over a period of 2.4 years and this has reduced the active treatment volume of the pond to 657 m3. Based on mean outflow, the HRTs of the ponds were 40 d and 137 d, respectively. The drogue runs revealed a vortex-like mixing pattern within the pond with higher velocities around the perimeter of the pond between the inlet and outlet, and lower velocities in the centre of the pond. In-pond velocities seemed relatively high in comparison with those from other drogue studies of larger ponds and the surging inflow caused the formation of a flow 'jet' that potentially contributed to significant short-circuiting. The range of influence of this flow jet, however, was limited to within 15 m of the inlet, suggesting that short-circuiting would be likely to occur only under certain high inflow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fyfe
- Sustainable Water and Energy Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Smalley J, Kadiyala P, Xin B, Balimane P, Olah T. Development of an on-line extraction turbulent flow chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for cassette analysis of Caco-2 cell based bi-directional assay samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 830:270-7. [PMID: 16307910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Caco-2 cells are frequently used for screening compounds for their permeability characteristics and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) interaction potential. Bi-directional permeability studies performed on Caco-2 cells followed by analysis by HPLC-UV or LC-MS method constitutes the "method of choice" for the functional assessment of efflux characteristics of a test compound. A high throughput LC-MS/MS method has been developed using on-line extraction turbulent flow chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometric detection to analyze multiple compounds present in Hanks balanced salt solution in a single analytical run. All standard curves (P-gp substrates: quinidine, etoposide, rhodamine 123, dexamethasone, and verapamil and non-substrates: metoprolol, sulfasalazine, propranolol, nadolol, and furosemide) were prepared in a cassette mode (ten-in-one) while Caco-2 cell incubations were performed both in discreet mode and in cassette mode. The standard curve range for most compounds was 10-2500 nM with regression coefficients (R(2)) greater than 0.99 for all compounds. The applicability and reliability of the analysis method was evaluated by successful demonstration of efflux ratio greater than 1 for the P-gp substrates studied in the Caco-2 cell model. The use of cassette mode analysis through selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry presents an attractive option to increase the throughput, sensitivity, selectivity, and efficiency of the model over discreet mode UV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Smalley
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA.
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Smalley J. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis harnesses the chemistry of the μ-oxo bishaem of iron protoporphyrin IX to protect against hydrogen peroxide. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(99)00660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Smalley J. "If they could see me now!". Health Inf Manag 1996; 26:131-2. [PMID: 10164390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Mackenzie CF, Barnas GM, Smalley J, Moorman R, Baptiste J. Low-flow endobronchial insufflation with air for 2 hours of apnea provides ventilation adequate for survival. Anesth Analg 1990; 71:279-84. [PMID: 2118313 DOI: 10.1213/00000539-199009000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We tested the efficacy of low-flow endobronchial insufflation (EI) with air, as it may be useful in emergency situations in which positive-pressure mechanical ventilation is not possible. The only equipment required is a source of compressed air with flow controller and a specially designed insufflation catheter. The insufflation catheter has forked ends that can be positioned blindly in the mainstem bronchi. In six anesthetized, apneic dogs averaging 9.6 kg, we determined that the average air flow needed to maintain PaO2 above 45 mm Hg and PaCO2 below 65 mm Hg after 30 min was 2.5 L/min. At these flow rates, all dogs survived 2 h of endobronchial insufflation with no neurologic dysfunction. The small internal diameters (0.8 mm) of the catheter ends increase gas exit velocity and allow for adequate oxygenation and CO2 removal at low flow rates. Endobronchial insufflation could also be employed with cricothyroidotomy and a compressor for emergency situations in the field involving mass casualties, where oxygen supplies and equipment are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Mackenzie
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201
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Abstract
1. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of quinidine and 3-hydroxyquinidine based upon measurements of total and unbound serum concentrations were determined after a single dose (400 mg) and at steady state (200 mg every 6 h). 2. The oral clearance (7.6 +/- 1.9 vs 4.8 +/- 2.0 ml min-1 kg-1; P less than 0.05) and renal clearance (1.2 +/- 0.3 vs 0.63 +/- 0.25 ml min-1 kg-1; P less than 0.005) or quinidine were lower during steady state than after the single dose. 3. The area under the serum concentration vs time curve (AUC) of 3-hydroxyquinidine was greater at steady state than after the single dose (2.0 +/- 0.7 vs 3.0 +/- 0.6 mg l-1 h; P less than 0.05) and its renal clearance was less (3.0 +/- 1.1 vs 1.54 +/- 0.38 ml min-1 kg-1; P less than 0.05). 4. The slope of the relationship between quinidine concentration and change in QTc interval was greater at steady state (40.1 +/- 21.7 vs 72.2 +/- 41.7 ms/(mg l-1); P less than 0.05).
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Smalley J. Sterilization of Syringes. West J Med 1938. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4038.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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