1
|
Shippee T, Simon Rosser BR, Wright MM, Aumock C, Moone R, Talley KMC, Duran P, Henning-Smith C, Cahill S, Flatt JD, Slaughter-Acey J, Greenwald S, McCarthy T, Ross MW. Scoping Literature Review: Experiences of Sexual and Gender Minority Older Adults, With Diagnoses of Dementia, Who Use Residential Long-Term Services and Supports. J Appl Gerontol 2024; 43:562-576. [PMID: 37975683 PMCID: PMC10981565 DOI: 10.1177/07334648231213532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of sexual and gender minority (SGM) older adults utilizing residential long-term supports and services (LTSS) will increase in the forthcoming decades. Paradoxically, while requiring more LTSS services than their non-SGM counterparts, SGM older adults are less likely to access these services, partly due to fears of discrimination. Furthermore, SGM older adults living with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD) present unique challenges and opportunities for LTSS facilities. This article provides a scoping review on the intersection between experiences of SGM older adults with AD/ADRD who use residential LTSS. This review identified three themes: (1) the experiences of discrimination among SGM residents in LTSS facilities, (2) the need for comprehensive staff training in residential LTSS to ensure proper care of SGM populations, and (3) the crucial role of inclusive facility policies. As the number of SGM older adults is expected to increase, further research is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Phil Duran
- Aging and Gender Care Access, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Sean Cahill
- Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pharr JR, Chien LC, Gakh M, Flatt JD, Kittle K, Terry E. Moderated Mediation Analysis of Structural Stigma and Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults. LGBT Health 2024; 11:239-248. [PMID: 38285526 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2022.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to conduct a moderated mediation analysis to understand further the complex pathways through which structural stigma in the form of transgender sports bans was associated with suicidal ideation and behaviors among sexual and gender minority (SGM) adults. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1033 adults who identified as SGM from across the 50 U.S. states and Washington, DC was conducted between January 28 and February 7, 2022. Distal discrimination distress was the mediation variable; individual resilience and social resources were the moderation variables. Familiarity with transgender sports bans represented structural stigma. The conditional process analysis was applied to build a moderated mediation model. Both conditional direct and indirect effects were computed by estimated coefficients. All models were based on linear regression. Results: Our final model explained nearly half (46%) of the variation in suicidal ideation and behaviors between those SGM adults familiar and those not familiar with transgender sports bans. Social resources significantly moderated the conditional indirect effect of distal discrimination distress (adjusted estimate = -0.23; 95% confidence interval = -0.37 to -0.08). Conclusion: Both discrimination distress and social resources influenced the association between structural stigma as measured by familiarity with transgender sports bans and suicidal ideation and behaviors among SGM adults. Findings support the need for future research examining the pathway between structural stigma and suicidal ideation and behaviors among SGM adults and how minority stress, social safety, and other constructs shape this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Pharr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Lung-Chang Chien
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Maxim Gakh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Jason D Flatt
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Krystal Kittle
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Emylia Terry
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Romanelli RJ, Rosenblatt AS, Marcum ZA, Flatt JD. Cognitive Impairment in Sexual and Gender Minority Groups: A Scoping Review of the Literature. LGBT Health 2024; 11:178-192. [PMID: 37824757 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2023.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this review was to synthesize evidence on differences in cognitive impairment by sexual orientation/gender identity (SOGI) status. Methods: A scoping review of the literature was conducted. Five databases (PubMed/Medline, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Embase) were searched for primary articles comparing incidence or prevalence of cognitive impairment among sexual and gender minority (SGM) groups versus non-SGM groups. Two reviewers independently screened articles and conducted risk-of-bias assessment on eligible articles. Results: Fifteen primary studies were eligible. Most studies (n = 13) were cross-sectional, with moderate to critical risk of bias. Among eight studies examining self-reported cognitive impairment, seven reported a higher prevalence among some SGM groups versus non-SGM groups. Among seven studies using objective measures of cognitive impairment, three examined prevalence of clinician-documented diagnosis of dementia, of which two reported a higher prevalence specifically among transgender versus cisgender individuals. Among the other four studies examining objective measures, two reported poorer cognitive performance or memory, one reported better performance, and another reported no difference. Comparisons across studies were challenging due to inconsistencies in how SOGI and cognitive impairment were operationalized, and the factors used for statistical adjustment; some studies adjusted for putative intermediary factors that potentially explain differences in cognitive impairment. Conclusions: Whereas most published studies identified a positive relationship between SOGI status and self-reported cognitive impairment, evidence is mixed with regard to objective cognitive performance. Well-designed longitudinal, observational studies are needed, using objective measures of cognitive function, with careful consideration of confounding versus intermediary risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew S Rosenblatt
- Jona Goldrich Center for Alzheimer's & Memory Disorders, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zachary A Marcum
- University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jason D Flatt
- University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Public Health, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zanwar PP, Taylor R, Hill-Jarrett TG, Tsoy E, Flatt JD, Mirza Z, Hill CV, Perianayagam A. Characterizing Multimorbidity Prevalence and Adverse Outcomes in Ethnically and Culturally Diverse Sub-Populations in India: Gaps, Opportunities, and Future Directions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024; 21:327. [PMID: 38541326 PMCID: PMC10970139 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
India is a large middle-income country and has surpassed China in overall population, comprising 20% of the global population (over 1.43 billion people). India is experiencing a major demographic shift in its aging population. Chronic diseases are common among older adults and can be persistent over the life course, lead to the onset of disability, and be costly. Among older adults in India, the existence of multiple comorbid chronic conditions (i.e., multimorbidity) is rapidly growing and represents a burgeoning public health burden. Prior research identified greater rates of multimorbidity (e.g., overweight/obesity diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and malignancies) in minority populations in the United States (U.S.); however, limited studies have attempted to characterize multimorbidity among older adult sub-populations residing in India. To address this gap, we conducted a narrative review of studies on multimorbidity using the data from the Longitudinal Aging Study of India (LASI), the largest nationally representative longitudinal survey study of adults in India. Our definition of multimorbidity was the presence of more than two conditions in the same person. Our findings, based on 15 reviewed studies, aim to (1) characterize the definition and measurement of multimorbidity and to ascertain its prevalence in ethnically and culturally diverse sub-populations in India; (2) identify adverse outcomes associated with multimorbidity in the Indian adult population; and (3) identify gaps, opportunities, and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Pushpalata Zanwar
- Jefferson College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
- Jie Du Center for Innovation and Excellence for Drug Development, University of Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
- The National Institutes on Aging (NIA) Funded Network on Education, Biosocial Pathways, and Dementia in Diverse Populations (EBDDP), College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Robyn Taylor
- National Association of Chronic Disease Directors, Decatur, GA 30030, USA; (R.T.); (Z.M.)
| | - Tanisha G. Hill-Jarrett
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (T.G.H.-J.); (E.T.)
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco & Trinity College Dublin, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elena Tsoy
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (T.G.H.-J.); (E.T.)
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco & Trinity College Dublin, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jason D. Flatt
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA;
| | - Zunera Mirza
- National Association of Chronic Disease Directors, Decatur, GA 30030, USA; (R.T.); (Z.M.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anderson JG, Jabson Tree JM, Flatt JD, Smith JL, Morgan KH, Beebe LH, Rose KM. Use of Digital Health Resources by Sexual and Gender Minority Caregivers of Older Adults: Findings From the 2020 Caregiving in the U.S. Survey. J Fam Nurs 2024; 30:68-80. [PMID: 38098262 DOI: 10.1177/10748407231218000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
We applied Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use to investigate the health needs and use of digital health resources among sexual and/or gender minority (SGM) caregivers. Data were from the Caregiving in the U.S. 2020 survey. Regression analyses were used to describe associations between predisposing, enabling, and need factors and usage of digital health resources. SGM caregivers provided more hours of care per week, reported higher levels of care intensity, and reported higher physical, emotional, and financial strain compared with non-SGM caregivers. Regression analyses indicated SGM status was a significant predictor of overall use of digital health resources. Younger caregivers, racial minority caregivers, those providing higher levels of care, and those reporting a poorer health status were more likely to use digital health resources. Digital health resources may be useful tools for SGM caregivers of older adults. More research is needed to investigate the reasons SGM caregivers use these resources.
Collapse
|
6
|
Perales-Puchalt J, Gauthreaux K, Flatt JD, Meyer OL, Kukull WA. Risk of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Among People Who Develop Cognitive Impairment With and Without a History of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2024; 38:91-94. [PMID: 38194584 PMCID: PMC10922374 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to prospectively assess the change in neuropsychiatric symptoms among people who develop cognitive impairment and have a history of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We analyzed longitudinal data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Unified Data Set (March 2015 to December 2021). Analyses included individuals who were cognitively normal and who had nonmissing assessment of PTSD at the initial visit and had at least 1 follow-up visit with cognitive impairment. We compared the difference in the mean neuropsychiatric symptom score at the first Unified Data Set visit versus the first visit with a Clinical Dementia Rating of 0.5 between those with and without a history of PTSD. The mean neuropsychiatric symptom score change did not differ between those with and without a history of PTSD (1.06 vs. 0.77, respectively; P =0.79). The null results found in this study warrant future research. Several methodological limitations might explain these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Perales-Puchalt
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas, Fairway, KS
| | - Kathryn Gauthreaux
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC), University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jason D Flatt
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Oanh L Meyer
- Department of Neurology, Davis School of Medicine, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California, Sacramento, CA
| | - Walter A Kukull
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC), University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Epps F, Gore J, Flatt JD, Williams IC, Wiese L, Masoud SS, Franks N. Synthesizing Best Practices to Promote Health Equity for Older Adults Through Community-Engaged Research. Res Gerontol Nurs 2024; 17:9-16. [PMID: 38261625 DOI: 10.3928/19404921-20231205-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Achieving health equity requires creating evidence that reflects the nuance and diversity of experiences among populations disproportionately impacted by age- and race-related disparities. Community-engaged research (CEnR) is one way to pursue equity in research on health and aging to ensure the relevance and translational potential of findings. The current review synthesizes best practices regarding CEnR that promote health equity among older adults, including an overview of CEnR, benefits, and fundamental principles, and three research exemplars from the authors' CEnR. Finally, we discuss these best practices and considerations for advancing CEnR to reduce health disparities experienced by historically underserved older adults and their families. [Research in Gerontological Nursing, 17(1), 9-16.].
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang JC, Dalke KB, Nachnani R, Baratz AB, Flatt JD. Medical Mistrust Mediates the Relationship Between Nonconsensual Intersex Surgery and Healthcare Avoidance Among Intersex Adults. Ann Behav Med 2023; 57:1024-1031. [PMID: 37616560 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intersex individuals experience poor health due, in part, to healthcare avoidance. Nonconsensual intersex surgery may contribute to medical mistrust and avoidance among intersex populations. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between nonconsensual surgery and healthcare avoidance among intersex populations and to examine if medical mistrust mediates this relationship. METHODS Data for this cross-sectional study were collected in 2018 and analyzed in 2022. Participants completed a survey collecting information on demographics, medical mistrust, history of nonconsensual surgery, and history of postponing healthcare. One hundred nine participants with valid responses to all regression model variables were included in the study. Multivariable logistic regression models controlling for age, race, and income, examined the relationship between nonconsensual surgery and postponing preventive and emergency healthcare. Mediation analyses of cross-sectional data examined whether medical mistrust mediated the relationship between nonconsensual surgery and postponing preventive and emergency healthcare. RESULTS Mean medical mistrust score was 2.8 (range = 1-4; standard deviation = 0.8), 49.7% of participants had nonconsensual surgery in their lifetime, 45.9% postponed emergency healthcare, and 61.5% postponed preventive healthcare in their lifetime. Nonconsensual surgery was associated with increased odds of delaying preventive (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.17; confidence interval [CI] = 1.76-9.88; p = .016) and emergency healthcare (AOR = 4.26; CI = 1.71-10.59; p = .002). Medical mistrust mediated the relationship between nonconsensual surgery and delaying preventive (indirect effect = 1.78; CI = 1.16-3.67) and emergency healthcare (indirect effect = 1.66; CI = 1.04-3.30). CONCLUSIONS Nonconsensual surgery contributed to healthcare avoidance in this intersex population by increasing medical mistrust. To decrease healthcare avoidance, intersex health promotion interventions should restrict nonconsensual surgery and build trust through trauma-informed care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Wang
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katharine B Dalke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Rahul Nachnani
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Jason D Flatt
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ranuschio B, Bell S, Flatt JD, Barnes L, Puno T, Ribeiro A, Sheik-Yosef N, Villalobos E, Wackens J, Liboro RM. A Focus on Aging, HIV/AIDS, and Neurocognitive Challenges: Examining Southern Nevada HIV Sector Providers' Awareness and Prospective Roles. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6876. [PMID: 37835146 PMCID: PMC10572135 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20196876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Although abundant research has been carried out to investigate the underlying mechanisms that may cause neurocognitive challenges among middle-aged and older people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH), to monitor the prevalence rates of HIV-related neurocognitive deficits, and to identify factors related to the improvement of diagnostic screening tools, classification and nosology, and clinical and rehabilitative treatment of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND); to date, there have been only a few studies that have explored and examined the awareness and work experiences HIV sector healthcare and service providers have related to HAND. To address this research gap, we conducted a qualitative, community-based participatory research study and interviewed 12 HIV sector providers in Southern Nevada, USA, from January to April 2022. After performing a thematic analysis of our interviews, we were able to identify two major themes and several sub-themes. Under our first major theme, provider awareness and knowledge, we identified four sub-themes: (1) prior knowledge and current awareness; (2) lived experiences of patients and clients with neurocognitive challenges; (3) lack of knowledge as a barrier to providing needed care; and (4) continuing education and professional development. Under our second major theme, prospective provider roles, we identified three sub-themes: (1) early detection; (2) direct and practical support; and (3) appropriate and timely referrals. In this article, we discuss our findings and lessons learned from our study, as well as their implications for the future work of researchers and providers in the HIV sector related to improving care and support for people aging with HIV/AIDS and experiencing neurocognitive challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Ranuschio
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Sherry Bell
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Jason D. Flatt
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA;
| | - Lianne Barnes
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Trinity Puno
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Alexander Ribeiro
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Nadia Sheik-Yosef
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Esmeralda Villalobos
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Janelle Wackens
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Renato M. Liboro
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wiese LAK, Gibson A, Guest MA, Nelson AR, Weaver R, Gupta A, Carmichael O, Lewis JP, Lindauer A, Loi S, Peterson R, Radford K, Rhodus EK, Wong CG, Zuelsdorff M, Saidi LG, Valdivieso-Mora E, Franzen S, Pope CN, Killian TS, Shrestha HL, Heyn PC, Ng TKS, Prusaczyk B, John S, Kulshreshtha A, Sheffler JL, Besser L, Daniel V, Tolea MI, Miller J, Musyimi C, Corkey J, Yank V, Williams CL, Rahemi Z, Park J, Magzamen S, Newton RL, Harrington C, Flatt JD, Arora S, Walter S, Griffin P, Babulal GM. Global rural health disparities in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: State of the science. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:4204-4225. [PMID: 37218539 PMCID: PMC10524180 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals living in rural communities are at heightened risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), which parallels other persistent place-based health disparities. Identifying multiple potentially modifiable risk factors specific to rural areas that contribute to ADRD is an essential first step in understanding the complex interplay between various barriers and facilitators. METHODS An interdisciplinary, international group of ADRD researchers convened to address the overarching question of: "What can be done to begin minimizing the rural health disparities that contribute uniquely to ADRD?" In this state of the science appraisal, we explore what is known about the biological, behavioral, sociocultural, and environmental influences on ADRD disparities in rural settings. RESULTS A range of individual, interpersonal, and community factors were identified, including strengths of rural residents in facilitating healthy aging lifestyle interventions. DISCUSSION A location dynamics model and ADRD-focused future directions are offered for guiding rural practitioners, researchers, and policymakers in mitigating rural disparities. HIGHLIGHTS Rural residents face heightened Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD) risks and burdens due to health disparities. Defining the unique rural barriers and facilitators to cognitive health yields insight. The strengths and resilience of rural residents can mitigate ADRD-related challenges. A novel "location dynamics" model guides assessment of rural-specific ADRD issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ann Kirk Wiese
- C.E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Allison Gibson
- University of Kentucky College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Marc Aaron Guest
- Center for Innovation in Healthy and Resilient Aging, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Amy R Nelson
- Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Raven Weaver
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Aditi Gupta
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Owen Carmichael
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jordan P Lewis
- Memory Keepers Medical Discovery Team, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Allison Lindauer
- Oregon Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Samantha Loi
- Neuropsychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel Peterson
- University of Montana School of Public and Community Health Sciences, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Kylie Radford
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elizabeth K Rhodus
- University of Kentucky College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, for Health Equity Transformation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Christina G Wong
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Megan Zuelsdorff
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ladan Ghazi Saidi
- Department of Communication Disorders, Center for Brain Biology and Behavior (CB3), University of Nebraska at Kearney, and Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Esmeralda Valdivieso-Mora
- Department of Psychology and Public Health, Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas, El Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Sanne Franzen
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caitlin N Pope
- Department of Health, Behavior, & Society, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Timothy S Killian
- Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hom L Shrestha
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia C Heyn
- Center for Optimal Aging, Department of Physical Therapy, Marymount University, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Ted Kheng Siang Ng
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Beth Prusaczyk
- Institute for Informatics (I2), Center for Population Health Informatics at I2, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Samantha John
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Ambar Kulshreshtha
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Julia L Sheffler
- Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Lilah Besser
- Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Valerie Daniel
- Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Magdalena I Tolea
- Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Justin Miller
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Christine Musyimi
- Africa Mental Health Research and Training Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Veronica Yank
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Christine L Williams
- C.E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Zahra Rahemi
- Clemson School of Nursing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - JuYoung Park
- Sandler School of Social Work, College of Social Work and Criminal Justice, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert L Newton
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Jason D Flatt
- School of Public Health, Department of Social & Behavioral Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Sonakshi Arora
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Sarah Walter
- Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Percy Griffin
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, Alzheimer's Clinical Trials Consortium, University of Southern California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ganesh M Babulal
- Scientific Engagement, Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bayram E, Weigand AJ, Flatt JD. Perceived Discrimination in Health Care for LGBTQIA+ People Living With Parkinson's Disease. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:1459-1465. [PMID: 36896976 PMCID: PMC10461524 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES People who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, asexual, other non-cisgender, and non-heterosexual identities (LGBTQIA+) experience discrimination when accessing health care. We investigated specific experiences of LGBTQIA+ people with Parkinson's disease (PwP) as they are less known. METHODS Data were obtained from Fox Insight for PwP identifying as LGBTQIA+ (n = 210), cisgender, heterosexual women (n = 2,373) or cisgender, heterosexual men (n = 2,453). Discrimination in Medical Settings Scale responses and reports of whether gender identity or sexual orientation played a role in the perceived discrimination were compared across the groups. RESULTS Parkinson's diagnosis age was the youngest for LGBTQIA+ PwP. Despite similar levels of education with cisgender, heterosexual men, LGBTQIA+ people had lower levels of income and were more likely to be unemployed. Cisgender, heterosexual women and LGBTQIA+ PwP reported greater discrimination than cisgender, heterosexual men. Compared to cisgender, heterosexual men; LGBTQIA+ people (25%) and cisgender, heterosexual women (20%) were more likely to report their gender affected how they were treated; LGBTQIA+ PwP (19%) were more likely to report their sexual orientation affected how they were treated. DISCUSSION Women and LGBTQIA+ PwP may be at a higher risk for discrimination in medical settings. Facing disparities while receiving health care based on gender or sexual orientation can affect the health care utilization of PwP. Health care providers should consider their behaviors and interactions with PwP to ensure inclusive and welcoming health care environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ece Bayram
- Parkinson and Other Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexandra J Weigand
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jason D Flatt
- School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Adkins-Jackson PB, George KM, Besser LM, Hyun J, Lamar M, Hill-Jarrett TG, Bubu OM, Flatt JD, Heyn PC, Cicero EC, Zarina Kraal A, Pushpalata Zanwar P, Peterson R, Kim B, Turner RW, Viswanathan J, Kulick ER, Zuelsdorff M, Stites SD, Arce Rentería M, Tsoy E, Seblova D, Ng TKS, Manly JJ, Babulal G. The structural and social determinants of Alzheimer's disease related dementias. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3171-3185. [PMID: 37074203 PMCID: PMC10599200 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The projected growth of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-related dementia (ADRD) cases by midcentury has expanded the research field and impelled new lines of inquiry into structural and social determinants of health (S/SDOH) as fundamental drivers of disparities in AD/ADRD. METHODS In this review, we employ Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory as a framework to posit how S/SDOH impact AD/ADRD risk and outcomes. RESULTS Bronfenbrenner defined the "macrosystem" as the realm of power (structural) systems that drive S/SDOH and that are the root cause of health disparities. These root causes have been discussed little to date in relation to AD/ADRD, and thus, macrosystem influences, such as racism, classism, sexism, and homophobia, are the emphasis in this paper. DISCUSSION Under Bronfenbrenner's macrosystem framework, we highlight key quantitative and qualitative studies linking S/SDOH with AD/ADRD, identify scientific gaps in the literature, and propose guidance for future research. HIGHLIGHTS Ecological systems theory links structural/social determinants to AD/ADRD. Structural/social determinants accrue and interact over the life course to impact AD/ADRD. Macrosystem is made up of societal norms, beliefs, values, and practices (e.g., laws). Most macro-level determinants have been understudied in the AD/ADRD literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paris B Adkins-Jackson
- Departments of Epidemiology & Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristen M George
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lilah M Besser
- Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jinshil Hyun
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tanisha G Hill-Jarrett
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Omonigho M Bubu
- Departments of Psychiatry, Population Health & Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jason D Flatt
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Patricia C Heyn
- Center for Optimal Aging, Marymount University, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Ethan C Cicero
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - A Zarina Kraal
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Preeti Pushpalata Zanwar
- Applied Health Economics & Outcomes Research & Health Policy, Jefferson College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- NIA Funded Network on Life Course and Health Dynamics and Disparities, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rachel Peterson
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Boeun Kim
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W Turner
- Clinical Research & Leadership, Neurology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | - Erin R Kulick
- MPH Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Megan Zuelsdorff
- School of Nursing, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shana D Stites
- MA Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Miguel Arce Rentería
- Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elena Tsoy
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco and Trinity College Dublin, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dominika Seblova
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ted K S Ng
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Center for Innovation in Healthy and Resilient Aging, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer J Manly
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ganesh Babulal
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Institute of Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rosser BRS, Shippee T, Wright MM, Aumock C, Moone R, Talley KM, Duran P, Henning-Smith C, Cahill S, Flatt JD, Slaughter-Acey J, Greenwald S, McCarthy T, Ross MW. "Going Back in the Closet": Addressing Discrimination Against Sexual and Gender Minority Residents in Long-Term Services and Supports by Providing Culturally Responsive Care. J Aging Soc Policy 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37348486 PMCID: PMC10739643 DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2023.2226300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Sexual and gender minority (SGM) older adults face discrimination in long-term services and supports (LTSS). Yet, SGM older adults use LTSS disproportionately higher relative to their non-SGM counterparts. The discrimination is compounded by existing disparities, resulting in worse health outcomes and well-being for SGM older adults. Guided by socioecological model, we posit that training LTSS staff in SGM responsive care and implementing SGM anti-discrimination policies will be needed to improve care. Considering accessibility and turnover challenges, training should be online, interactive, and easily accessible. Studies that assess interventions for SGM responsive care are needed to guide policy and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. R. Simon Rosser
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tetyana Shippee
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Morgan M. Wright
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cailynn Aumock
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rajean Moone
- Long Term Care Administration Program, College of Continuing and Professional Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kristine M.C. Talley
- Adult and Gerontological Health Cooperative, University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Carrie Henning-Smith
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sean Cahill
- Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason D. Flatt
- Department of Social and Behavior Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Jaime Slaughter-Acey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samuel Greenwald
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Teresa McCarthy
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael W. Ross
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cicero EC, Lett E, Flatt JD, Benson GP, Epps F. Transgender Adults From Minoritized Ethnoracial Groups in the U.S. Report Greater Subjective Cognitive Decline. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:1051-1059. [PMID: 36688593 PMCID: PMC10214655 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigate subjective cognitive decline (SCD) among 4 study groups consisting of cisgender and transgender adults who are from minoritized ethnoracial groups (i.e., minoritized ethnoracial transgender, minoritized ethnoracial cisgender) and White cisgender and transgender adults aged 45+ (i.e., White transgender, White cisgender) to determine the odds of SCD by group and to test for group differences. METHODS Data from the 2015-2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used in a modified case-control approach to perform an intercategorical intersectional study. Each transgender participant was matched to 2 cisgender men and 2 cisgender women, on state, ethnoracial identity, and age. Multivariable logistic regressions modeled SCD odds by group and post hoc contrasts estimated pairwise odds ratios comparing the SCD odds for each combination of groups. RESULTS SCD prevalence was highest among minoritized ethnoracial transgender (21.6%), followed by White transgender (15.0%), minoritized ethnoracial cisgender (12.0%), and White cisgender (9.0%). After accounting for age, education, and survey year, the odds of SCD were higher in minoritized ethnoracial transgender when compared to White cisgender (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.59-3.96) and minoritized ethnoracial cisgender (aOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.16-3.09). The odds of SCD were higher in White transgender compared to White cisgender (aOR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.20-2.30). DISCUSSION When considering the intersection of transgender and ethnoracial identities, we found that transgender adults from minoritized ethnoracial groups reported higher odds of SCD when compared to cisgender adults from minoritized ethnoracial groups. Additional studies are needed to understand the relationship between racialized and gendered inequities in cognitive impairment and how specific mechanisms of systemic transphobia and racism may contribute to this inequity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Cicero
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elle Lett
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Applied Transgender Studies, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason D Flatt
- School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Health Program, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - G Perusi Benson
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fayron Epps
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ackley SF, Zimmerman SC, Flatt JD, Riley AR, Sevelius J, Duchowny KA. Discordance in chromosomal and self-reported sex in the UK Biobank: Implications for transgender- and intersex-inclusive data collection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218700120. [PMID: 37094118 PMCID: PMC10161036 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218700120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing need to distinguish between sex and gender. While sex is assigned at birth, gender is socially constructed and may not correspond to one's assigned sex. However, in most research studies, sex or gender is assessed in isolation or the terms are used interchangeably, which has implications for research accuracy and inclusivity. We used data from the UK Biobank to quantify the prevalence of disagreement between chromosomal and self-reported sex and identify potential reasons for discordance. Among approximately 200 individuals with sex discordance, 71% of discordances were potentially explained by the presence of intersex traits or transgender identity. The findings indicate that when describing sex- and/or gender-specific differences in health, researchers may be limited in their ability to draw conclusions regarding specific sex and/or gender health information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. Ackley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Scott C. Zimmerman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Jason D. Flatt
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV89119
| | - Alicia R. Riley
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA95064
| | - Jae Sevelius
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
- Center of Excellence for Transgender Health, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Kate A. Duchowny
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48104
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Spetz J, Flatt JD. Alzheimer's Disease Services, Staffing, and Outcomes in Adult Day Health Centers. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2023; 24:645-652. [PMID: 36623809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increasing rates of Alzheimer disease and related dementia (ADRD) has resulted in greater reliance on adult day health centers (ADHCs) and their skilled workforce. Little is known about staffing in ADHCs that provide ADRD services compared with ADHCs that do not. This study examines whether there are differences in staffing between ADHCs that offer ADRD services versus those that do not, and whether the percentage of ADHC participants with ADRD is associated with staffing levels. It also examines whether staffing levels and provision of ADRD services are associated with participant outcomes. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of secondary survey data. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS We used facility-level data from the 2014 National Post-acute and Long-term Care Study Adult Day Services Center module. This survey is completed by administrators of ADHCs, who provide information about their ADHC's organization, services, participants, sources of payment, staffing, and participant outcomes. METHODS Bivariate comparisons and multivariate regressions were used to compare scope of services, staffing, and participant outcomes for ADHCs that offered ADRD programs compared with those that did not. RESULTS ADHCs with ADRD programs had similar average daily attendance, less revenue from Medicaid and self-payment, and greater proportions of Black and female participants. ADHCs with ADRD programs had similar staff hours per participant day for all staff categories; licensed nurse staffing increased and social worker staffing decreased with the proportion of participants with ADRD. Staffing had significant associations with participant outcomes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ADHCs that have more participants with ADRD have greater staffing of licensed nurses but fewer social workers. Participant outcomes are associated with staffing, but the results suggest that there are unmeasured dimensions of participant risk that confound the relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Spetz
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jason D Flatt
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Correro AN, Gauthreaux K, Perales-Puchalt J, Chen YC, Chan KC, Kukull WA, Flatt JD. Cognitive Aging with Dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment, or No Impairment: A Comparison of Same- and Mixed-Sex Couples. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:109-128. [PMID: 36710669 PMCID: PMC10029351 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lesbian and gay older adults have health disparities that are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease, yet little is known about the neurocognitive aging of sexual minority groups. OBJECTIVE To explore cross-sectional and longitudinal dementia outcomes for adults in same-sex relationships (SSR) and those in mixed-sex relationships (MSR). METHODS This prospective observational study utilized data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set (NACC UDS) collected from contributing Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers. Participants were adults aged 55+ years at baseline with at least two visits in NACC UDS (from September 2005 to March 2021) who had a spouse, partner, or companion as a co-participant. Outcome measures included CDR® Dementia Staging Instrument, NACC UDS neuropsychological testing, and the Functional Activities Questionnaire. Multivariable linear mixed-effects models accounted for center clustering and repeated measures by individual. RESULTS Both MSR and SSR groups experienced cognitive decline regardless of baseline diagnosis. In general, MSR and SSR groups did not differ statistically on cross-sectional or longitudinal estimates of functioning, dementia severity, or neuropsychological testing, with two primary exceptions. People in SSR with mild cognitive impairment showed less functional impairment at baseline (FAQ M = 2.61, SD = 3.18 vs. M = 3.97, SD = 4.53, respectively; p < 0.01). The SSR group with dementia had less steep decline in attention/working memory (β estimates = -0.10 versus -0.18; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Participants in SSR did not show cognitive health disparities consistent with a minority stress model. Additional research into protective factors is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N. Correro
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kathryn Gauthreaux
- National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yen-Chi Chen
- National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kwun C.G. Chan
- National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Walter A. Kukull
- National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason D. Flatt
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stites SD, Cao H, James R, Harkins K, Coykendall C, Flatt JD. A systematic review of measures of gender and biological sex: Exploring candidates for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD) research. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2023; 15:e12359. [PMID: 36845632 PMCID: PMC9943901 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Gender and biological sex are social and structural determinants of health and umbrella concepts encompassing many distinct attributes. This systematic review summarizes measures of gender and biological sex published in the biomedical literature. The goal was to identify measures that may be useful to researchers studying Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease related dementias (AD/ADRD). Methods A search of PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO (ProQuest platform) databases from 2000 to 2021 identified 1454 articles, which were then screened by five independent reviewers. Measures of gender and biological sex are summarized according to theoretical commitments and psychometric properties. Results Twenty-nine measures were identified that assessed gender-related constructs, and 4 were identified that assessed biological factors. Self-report instruments characterized aspects of gender, such as gender stereotypes, norms, and ideologies. One measure was developed with a focus on older adults (65+ years). Discussion We offer recommendations to guide measurement of gender in AD/ADRD research, including how the use of specific existing measures may help advance AD/ADRD research. The lack of gender measures for older adults limits AD/ADRD research. New measures may be needed to address lifespan and generational differences in gender factors. Highlights A review of articles identifies 29 measures of gender in biomedical research.Gender is captured using multidimensional, self-reported concepts.One measure was developed with a focus on older adults (65+).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shana D. Stites
- Department of PsychiatryPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hannah Cao
- School of Social Policy and PracticeUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Richard James
- University of Pennsylvania LibrariesPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kristin Harkins
- Division of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of MedicinePerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Cameron Coykendall
- Division of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of MedicinePerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jason D. Flatt
- Department of Social and Behavioral HealthSchool of Public HealthUniversity of NevadaLas VegasNevadaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wharton W, Anderson JG, Verble DD, Likos KDS, Flatt JD, Kittle KR. Research Inclusion Supports Equity (RISE): Building Community and Research Engagement among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.064305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel G Anderson
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kittle KR, Flatt JD, Anderson JG, Verble DD, Likos KDS, Wharton W. Caregiving Experiences and Health of LGBTQ+ Caregivers: Results from the Equality in Caregiving Study. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.062329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joel G Anderson
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Flatt JD, Stites SD, Kittle KR, Cicero EC, Anderson JG, Wharton W. Promoting Inclusion of Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias Research. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.062324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joel G Anderson
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kittle KR, Flatt JD, Perales J, Anderson JG. Exploring Care Service Use Among Latino LGBTQ+ Caregivers of Persons Living with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.066237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaime Perales
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center Fairway KS USA
| | - Joel G Anderson
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lewis NE, Papazyan A, Flatt JD, Kietzman KG, Song Y. Preliminary Analysis of Aspects of Caregiving among Spousal Caregivers and Adult Child Caregivers for Persons with Dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.067903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Papazyan
- University of California Los Angeles CA USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System North Hills CA USA
| | - Jason D. Flatt
- University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas NV USA
- Institute for Health & Aging, University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Yeonsu Song
- University of California Los Angeles CA USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System North Hills CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Flatt JD, Evans A, John SE, Correro AN, Kittle KR, Cicero EC, Wharton W, Anderson JG. Exploring Cognitive Impairment in a Community‐Based Sample of LGBTQ+ Older Adults. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.066241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthony N Correro
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System & Michigan Medicine Consortium Ann Arbor MI USA
| | | | | | | | - Joel G Anderson
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Anderson JG, Flatt JD, Cicero EC, Kittle K, Myers CR, Rose KM, Wharton W. Inclusive Care Practices and Policies Among Sexual and Gender Minority Older Adults. J Gerontol Nurs 2022; 48:6-15. [PMID: 36441066 PMCID: PMC10441248 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20221107-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
As the health care and well-being of sexual and gender minority (SGM; i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, and/or transgender or gender non-binary) people in the United States receive federal and local-level attention, SGM older adults and caregivers continue to be left out of important health policy and care conversations. The current article describes policy issues and affirmative strategies related to inclusive care practices among SGM older adults and caregivers. In addition to the broader policies considered related to health and well-being, we include a discussion of local-level policy strategies to mitigate discrimination and promote inclusive care for SGM older adults and caregivers. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48(12), 6-15.].
Collapse
|
26
|
Kittle KR, Lee R, Pollock K, Song Y, Wharton W, Anderson JG, Dowling NM, Flatt JD. Feasibility of the Savvy Caregiver Program for LGBTQ+ Caregivers of People Living with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15102. [PMID: 36429819 PMCID: PMC9690560 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 350,000 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ+) adults in the U.S. are currently living with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Informal caregivers face challenges impacting their ability to access and receive adequate and inclusive care for LGBTQ+ persons living with ADRD. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of the Savvy Caregiver Program for caregivers of LGBTQ+ individuals living with ADRD. Data for this secondary analysis come from caregivers (n = 17) who completed 6 sessions of the Savvy program. Caregivers were very satisfied with tailored program activities. Analyses of trends suggest non-significant increases in positive aspects of caregiving and decreases in caregiver burden and depressive symptoms. This is the first known study assessing the feasibility of the Savvy Caregiver Program for caregivers of LGBTQ+ individuals living with ADRD. Future research on the Savvy Caregiver Program for caregivers of LGBTQ+ people living with ADRD is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystal R. Kittle
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Rebecca Lee
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Yeonsu Song
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Joel G. Anderson
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - N. Maritza Dowling
- School of Nursing, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20006, USA
| | - Jason D. Flatt
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pharr JR, Chien LC, Gakh M, Flatt JD, Kittle K, Terry E. Moderating Effect of Community and Individual Resilience on Structural Stigma and Suicidal Ideation among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:14526. [PMID: 36361405 PMCID: PMC9656182 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural stigma in the form of discriminatory laws and policies impacts the mental health of sexual and gender minorities, especially with regard to suicidality. However, this relationship could be moderated by resilience. The past two years has brought anti-SGM legislation, particularly transgender sports bans, at the state level in the United States into focus. This study aims to understand if the relationship between familiarity with transgender sports bans (proposed or enacted) and suicidality was moderated by individual or community resilience. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of survey data collected from a national sample of 1033 SGM adults in the United States between 28 January and 7 February 2022. Univariate and multivariate moderation analyses were used. RESULTS In the univariate analyses and the final model, community resilience moderated the relationship between structural stigma and suicidality (p = 0.0002); however, individual resilience did not (p = 0.0664). CONCLUSION Interventions to bolster community resilience may attenuate the negative mental health impacts of structural stigma and are warranted, along with concerted efforts to minimize structural stigma in the form of discriminatory laws and policies targeting people who are SGM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Pharr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA
| | - Lung-Chang Chien
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA
| | - Maxim Gakh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA
| | - Jason D. Flatt
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA
| | - Krystal Kittle
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA
| | - Emylia Terry
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Manca R, Correro AN, Gauthreaux K, Flatt JD. Divergent patterns of cognitive deficits and structural brain alterations between older adults in mixed-sex and same-sex relationships. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:909868. [PMID: 36118969 PMCID: PMC9479099 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.909868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual minority (SM) older adults experience mental health disparities. Psychiatric disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are risk factors for cognitive decline. Although older people in same-sex (SSR) compared to mixed-sex relationships (MSR) perform more poorly on cognitive screening tests, prior studies found no differences in rates of dementia diagnosis or neuropsychological profiles. We sought to explore the role of NPS on neurocognitive outcomes for SM populations. We compared cognitive performance and structural brain parameters of older adults in SSR and MSR. Methods Data were originally collected at Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers (ADRCs). Inclusion criteria were: age of 55+ years, a study partner identified as a spouse/partner, and availability of T1-MRI brain volumes/thickness. Participants were labeled as either SSR or MSR based on their/their co-participant's reported sex. We identified 1,073 participants (1,037 MSR−555 cognitively unimpaired [CU]; 36 SSR−23 CU) with structural MRI data, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), and Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) scores. A subset of the overall sample completed comprehensive neuropsychological assessment (n = 939; 908 MSR−494 CU; 31 SSR−22 CU). Covariates included in statistical models were age, sex, education, total intracranial volume, and apolipoprotein E genotype. Results Multivariate general linear models showed significant diagnosis-by-relationship interaction effects on the left parahippocampal gyrus volume. After stratification by relationship group, only cognitively impaired (CI) MSR had significantly smaller left parahippocampal volumes than MSR-CU. The SSR group showed better episodic memory performance. Severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms was negatively associated with volume/thickness of bilateral fronto-temporal areas and with MMSE scores, predominantly in the MSR group. Conclusion In our study, MSR participants presented with a more compromised cognitive profile than SSR participants. MSR-CI participants showed significantly smaller left medio-temporal volumes, a neural signature of AD. Neuropsychiatric symptoms predicted smaller fronto-temporal volumes in the MSR more consistently than in the SSR group. These findings may be due to unexplored protective factors against cognitive decline in SM elders. Indeed, social support has been proposed as a protective factor warranting future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Manca
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony N. Correro
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Anthony N. Correro II
| | - Kathryn Gauthreaux
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jason D. Flatt
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lambrou NH, Gleason CE, Obedin-Maliver J, Lunn MR, Flentje A, Lubensky ME, Flatt JD. Subjective Cognitive Decline Associated with Discrimination in Medical Settings among Transgender and Nonbinary Older Adults. IJERPH 2022; 19:ijerph19159168. [PMID: 35954522 PMCID: PMC9368374 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: Transgender and nonbinary (TNB) individuals report greater subjective cognitive decline (SCD) compared to non-TNB people. SCD involves self-reported problems with memory and thinking and is a potential risk for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). We explored psychosocial factors, such as discrimination in medical settings, associated with SCD in a sample of TNB older adults. Methods: We utilized cross-sectional data on aging health, SCD (memory complaints and worsening memory in the past year), and discrimination in medical settings from The PRIDE Study for LGBTQ+ adults aged 50+ including TNB adults (n = 115). Associations were tested using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Nearly 16% of TNB participants rated their memory as poor/fair, and 17% reported that their memory was worse than a year ago. TNB older adults with SCD were more likely to report experiencing discrimination in medical settings. After adjustment, those reporting discrimination in medical settings had 4.5 times higher odds of reporting worsening memory than those who did not (OR: 4.5; 95%-CI: 1.5–13.2; p = 0.006), and 7.5 times more likely to report poor/fair memory (OR: 7.49; 95%-CI: 1.7–32.8; p = 0.008); Conclusions: TNB older adults reported high frequencies of SCD and discrimination in medical settings. Further research exploring affirmative cognitive screening and healthcare services is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas H. Lambrou
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (N.H.L.); (C.E.G.)
| | - Carey E. Gleason
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (N.H.L.); (C.E.G.)
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Juno Obedin-Maliver
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (J.O.-M.); (M.R.L.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mitchell R. Lunn
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (J.O.-M.); (M.R.L.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Annesa Flentje
- Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (A.F.); (M.E.L.)
- Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA
| | - Micah E. Lubensky
- Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (A.F.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Jason D. Flatt
- Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-702-895-5586
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Travers JL, Shippee TP, Flatt JD, Caceres BA. Functional Limitations and Access to Long-Term Services and Supports Among Sexual Minority Older Adults. J Appl Gerontol 2022; 41:2056-2062. [PMID: 35537185 DOI: 10.1177/07334648221099006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Little is known about sexual minority (SM) older adults' activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) limitations and their subsequent access to long-term services and supports (LTSS). Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the 2016 Health and Retirement Study limited to individuals ≥50 years old. Bivariate analyses were performed to examine 1) sexual identity differences in the prevalence of ADL/IADL limitations and 2) associations of sexual identity with having ADL/IADL limitations and having access to help with ADL/IADL limitations. Results: Our sample consisted of 3833 older adults, 6% (n = 213) were SM. Compared to heterosexual participants, bisexual older adults had greater reports of ADL/IADL limitations (20.9% vs. 35.9%, p = 0.013). Among those who reported having ADL/IADL limitations (n = 803), there were no sexual identity differences in accessing help for ADL/IADL limitations (p = .901). Discussion: Our findings contribute to the limited research on LTSS access among SM older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine L Travers
- 5894New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tetyana P Shippee
- 43353University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jason D Flatt
- 14722University of Nevada, Las Vegas, School of Public Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Billy A Caceres
- 5798Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Flatt JD, Cicero EC, Kittle KR, Brennan-Ing M, Anderson JG, Wharton W, Hughes TL. Advancing Gerontological Health Research With Sexual and Gender Minorities Across the Globe. J Gerontol Nurs 2022; 48:13-20. [PMID: 35343840 PMCID: PMC9949509 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20220304-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The current article presents results of a scoping review of international research on the health and health care needs of sexual and gender minority (SGM) older adults. Electronic databases and related resources were used to identify empirical and review studies published during the past 10 years. We reviewed 33 peer-reviewed articles from 19 countries. Findings were organized using the SGM Health Disparities Research Framework, which highlights factors at individual, interpersonal, community, and societal levels that impact health. Overall, historic and current environmental factors, including stigma, discrimination, and social exclusion, played an important role in SGM older adults' health, health care access, and use of related aging and social services. There is a critical need for training and future research, and health professionals are needed to advance gerontological health and health care research and improve the health and care of SGM older adults globally. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48(4), 13-20.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Flatt
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Ethan C. Cicero
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Krystal R. Kittle
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Mark Brennan-Ing
- Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Joel G. Anderson
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Whitney Wharton
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tonda L. Hughes
- School of Nursing and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Anderson JG, Jabson Tree JM, Flatt JD, Gross AL, Williams IC, Rose KM. A Comparative Analysis of Family Quality of Life Between Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Caregivers of People with Dementia. J Appl Gerontol 2022; 41:1576-1584. [PMID: 35343304 DOI: 10.1177/07334648221079496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing care for someone with Alzheimer's disease or related dementias (ADRD) is associated with significant physical and mental strain affecting quality of life among caregivers. However, little attention has been given to sexual minority (SM; lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer) people caring for those with ADRD. In this cross-sectional study, we used psychosocial measures to describe the characteristics and family quality of life of SM and heterosexual caregivers for people with ADRD. SM caregivers were significantly younger and more frequently reported full or part-time employment compared with their heterosexual counterparts. Lesbian and bisexual caregivers reported more difficulty in paying for everyday basics. After controlling for demographic covariates, SM caregivers had significantly higher family quality of life scores compared with heterosexual caregivers. This study is among the first to compare family quality of life between SM and heterosexual caregivers. Findings can guide development of targeted interventions for SM caregivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Anderson
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - Jason D Flatt
- School of Public Health, 14722University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Alden L Gross
- 25802Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ishan C Williams
- School of Nursing, 2358University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Karen M Rose
- Center for Healthy Aging, Self-Management and Complex Care, College of Nursing, 2647The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Flatt JD, Cicero EC, Kittle KR, Brennan-Ing M. Recommendations for Advancing Research With Sexual and Gender Minority Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:1-9. [PMID: 34216459 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Flatt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Ethan C Cicero
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Krystal R Kittle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Mark Brennan-Ing
- Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging, Hunter College, the City University of New York, New York City, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Flatt JD, Pollock K, Lee R, Song Y, Wharton W, Anderson JG. Feasibility of the Savvy Caregiver program for care providers of LGBTQ adults living with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [PMID: 34971232 DOI: 10.1002/alz.055633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By 2030, there will be nearly six million lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and/or queer (LGBTQ) older adults aged 50 and older in the U.S.; this number will more than double by 2050. Approximately 350,000 LGBTQ older adults in the U.S. currently have Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), with projections nearing 1 million by 2030. LGBTQ older adults face distinct challenges impacting their ability to receive adequate and inclusive care, as well as services for informal caregivers due to living alone, the inability to rely on traditional family supports, higher risks for disability, and experiencing discrimination when seeking aging-related social services. METHODS We partnered with the Los Angeles LGBT Center, Senior Services to evaluate the: 1) Adaptation of the Savvy Caregiver training program for care providers of LGBTQ older adults living with AD; and 2) Determine the feasibility and acceptability of the Savvy program. Data comes from caregivers (n=18) who completed the 6 session, 12-hour training for Savvy. RESULTS The average age of care providers was 66 (range: 52-82), and over half (56%) identified as a LGB and 6% as transgender. Overall, care providers were very satisfied with the overall program, strategies, information, and activities of the tailored Savvy Caregiver program. For instance, all participants (100%) reported being more knowledgeable of dementia care and that they would recommend the program to others. Nearly 90% of participants found the content to be relevant to their personal situation, reported gaining new skills, and felt that the class format/number of sessions was appropriate. DISCUSSION We developed a community partnership with the Los Angeles LGBT Center on the needs of LGBTQ older adults living with ADRD and their care providers. This is the first known study regarding the adaptability and feasibility of the Savvy Caregiver program for care providers of LGBTQ older adults living with ADRD. There is need for additional research to promote culturally relevant aging services and behavioral interventions for care providers of LGBTQ older adults living with ADRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yeonsu Song
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Joel G Anderson
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Stites SD, Cao H, Harkins K, Flatt JD. Measuring Sex and Gender in Aging and Alzheimer's Research: Results of a National Survey. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:1005-1016. [PMID: 34865028 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differences between men and women are common in published research on aging and Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD). What do these differences mean? To answer this, rigorous measurement is needed. We investigated current methods for measuring sex/gender in aging and AD/ADRD cohort studies. METHOD An online survey was sent to NIA-funded Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers (ADRCs) (n=38) and investigator-initiated cohort studies (n=38) to assess practices around enrollment of men and women and measurement of sex and gender. RESULTS The response rate was 65.8% (n=50). All enrolled men and all but two investigator-initiated studies enrolled women. Most cohorts (43/50) had no documented definitions for categories of "men" or "women". Over 85% of cohorts relied solely on self-report questions to capture sex/gender data (n=43/50). Issues with administration were also identified (n=7). DISCUSSION Our findings identify gaps in current approaches used to measure sex and gender in aging and AD/ADRD research. We discuss opportunities to bridge these gaps and advance measurement of sex and gender in aging and AD/ADRD research. Changes are needed to ensure inclusion and representation of sociocultural diversity in research samples, and consistency in data collection in aging and AD/ADRD research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shana D Stites
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hannah Cao
- School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kristin Harkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jason D Flatt
- Social and Behavioral Health Program, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cicero E, Flatt JD, Wharton W. Transgender adults report greater cognitive and related functional challenges: Findings from the 2015‐2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.053902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
37
|
Lambrou NH, Norton DL, Gleason CE, Flatt JD. Prevalence of modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias, and association with cognitive disability among transgender and gender non‐binary adults in the U.S.: BRFSS 2019. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.055822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas H Lambrou
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison WI USA
| | - Derek L Norton
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA
| | - Carey E Gleason
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison WI USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Kachen A, Pharr JR, Chien LC, Flatt JD. Creating a Minority Stress Index to Examine Mental Health Impacts of Discrimination Among Transgender and Gender Nonbinary Adults. LGBT Health 2021; 9:63-71. [PMID: 34767739 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2021.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study analyzed the differing impact of discrimination on mental health outcomes among transgender and gender nonbinary (TGNB) adults. Methods: We utilized data from the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Mental health outcomes included psychological distress, suicidal thoughts, and a suicide attempt. To determine the impact of discrimination categories, we utilized a weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression approach to create a minority stress index (MSI). The MSI included seven discrimination categories: interpersonal, workplace, health care, religious, public services, housing, and verbal and/or physical attack. Results: The average psychological distress score was 10.65 points (standard deviation = 6.05), range: 0-24. Nearly 82% and 39% of TGNB adults reported ever having suicidal thoughts and a suicide attempt, respectively. Verbal and/or physical attack and religious discrimination had the most significant weights in the MSI for each mental health outcome. Every 0.1 point increase in the MSI significantly increased the psychological distress score by 0.468 points (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.434-0.503; p < 0.0001), and the odds of suicidal thoughts and a suicide attempt by 27.07% (95% CI = 24.15-30.05; p < 0.0001) and 28.46% (95% CI = 26.34-30.61; p < 0.0001), respectively. Conclusion: This study introduces a novel method for analyzing experiences of minority stress in health disparities research. By using the WQS regression method, we were able to parse out the indicators of minority stress that had the greatest impact on mental health outcomes. There is a continued need for interventions to mitigate the high rates of suicidality and psychological distress among TGNB populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axenya Kachen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Jennifer R Pharr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Lung-Chang Chien
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Jason D Flatt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Flatt JD, Cicero EC, Lambrou NH, Wharton W, Anderson JG, Bouldin ED, McGuire LC, Taylor CA. Subjective cognitive decline higher among sexual and gender minorities in the United States, 2015-2018. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2021; 7:e12197. [PMID: 34337136 PMCID: PMC8319657 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) represents self-reported problems with memory, a possible early sign of dementia. Little is known about SCD among sexual and gender minority (SGM) adults who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and/or transgender or gender non-binary. METHODS Data were weighted to represent population estimates from 25 states' 2015-2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to describe SCD in adults ≥45 years by SGM status. Logistic regression tested associations between demographic and health conditions. RESULTS SCD prevalence was higher in SGM (15.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI]:13.1-18.2) than in non-SGM adults (10.5%; 95% CI:10.1-10.9; P < .0001). SGM adults with SCD were also more likely to report functional limitations due to SCD than non-SGM adults with SCD, 60.8% versus 47.8%, P = .0048. Differences in SCD by SGM status were attenuated after accounting for depression. DISCUSSION Higher prevalence of SCD in SGM adults highlights the importance of ensuring inclusive screenings, interventions, care services, and resources for SGM adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Flatt
- School of Public HealthUniversity of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Ethan C. Cicero
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of NursingEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Nickolas H. Lambrou
- Department of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Whitney Wharton
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of NursingEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | | | - Erin D. Bouldin
- Division of Population HealthNational Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health PromotionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Health and Exercise ScienceAppalachian State UniversityBooneNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Lisa C. McGuire
- Division of Population HealthNational Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health PromotionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Christopher A. Taylor
- Division of Population HealthNational Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health PromotionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Importance Little is known about the neurologic health needs of sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals, and existing research indicates health care disparities for this group. Objective To describe the current state of science in SGM neurology and highlight areas of knowledge and gaps to guide future research. Evidence Review All articles published before April 12, 2020, in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and BIOSIS Previews were searched using a search string encompassing SGM descriptors and neurologic disorders. A total of 8359 items were found and entered into EndNote, and 2921 duplicates were removed. A blind title and abstract review was performed followed by full-text review in duplicate, with conflicts settled through consensus, to identify 348 articles eligible for data abstraction. Articles presenting primary data about an identified adult SGM population addressing a clinical neurology topic were included. Descriptive statistics were used for abstracted variables. Findings Of 348 studies, 205 (58.9%) were case reports or series, 252 (72.4%) included sexual minority cisgender men, and 247 (70.9%) focused on HIV. An association was found between autism spectrum disorder and gender dysphoria in 9 of 16 studies (56.3%), and a higher risk of ischemic stroke in transgender women was shown in other studies. Literature in neuroinfectious disease, the most common topic, largely focused on HIV (173 of 200 studies [86.5%]). Findings in other neurologic topics were limited by lack of data. Conclusions and Relevance In this rigorous compendium of SGM neurology literature, several deficiencies were found: most studies focused on a limited breadth of neurologic pathology, included only a portion of the overall SGM community, and did not assess other aspects of sociodemographic diversity that may contribute to disparities in health care access and outcomes among SGM individuals. Expanding neurologic research to include broader representation of SGM individuals and incorporating sociodemographic factors, like race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status, are essential steps toward providing equitable neurologic care for this community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rosendale
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Jason D Flatt
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
| | - Evans Whitaker
- Health Science Library, University of California, San Francisco
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Objectives: Given what little is known about the experiences of sexual and gender minority (SGM) caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), the aim of the current study was to describe psychosocial measures among these caregivers. Methods: We used an online survey and social media recruitment strategies. Results: Of 286 caregivers, the majority were gay men. Most respondents were white, with a third identifying as Latino American. The plurality of caregivers identified as a spouse/partner and were providing care for someone who identified as a sexual minority; one-fifth cared for someone transgender. Sexual orientation, perceived stress, caregiver stigma, and microaggressions were psychosocial factors associated with family quality of life and depressive symptoms in the caregivers. Discussion: This study is the first to provide a focused description of the characteristics and psychosocial needs of SGM caregivers of someone with ADRD, supporting development of targeted interventions for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Anderson
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville TN, USA
| | - Jason D Flatt
- School of Public Health, 14722University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | | | - Alden L Gross
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen M Rose
- Center for Healthy Aging, Self-Management and Complex Care, College of Nursing, 2647The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Anderson JG, Bartmess M, Jabson Tree JM, Flatt JD. Predictors of Mind-Body Therapy Use Among Sexual Minority Older Adults. J Altern Complement Med 2021; 27:352-359. [PMID: 33601924 PMCID: PMC8182477 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sexual minority (SM; lesbian, gay, bisexual) older adults age 50+ experience a higher prevalence of chronic disease and disability, as well as a poorer physical and mental health status, compared with their heterosexual peers. Many adults use complementary and integrative therapies, particularly mind-body therapies, as health-enhancing approaches and to support well-being. However, no study to date has examined the use of mind-body therapies among SM older adults. Materials and Methods: Data were from the 2017 National Health Interview Survey. Descriptive and summary statistics were calculated to describe use of mind-body therapies by SM older adults (aged 50+). The authors also tested associations between use of mind-body therapies and health and well-being among SM older adults and compared associations with their non-SM counterparts. Results: SM older adults reported higher usage (36%) of mind-body therapies compared with heterosexual adults (22%), with lesbian women reporting the highest use (39.4%). Having a SM identity was associated with mind-body therapy use; SM older adults were 57% more likely to use a mind-body therapy. Conclusion: Mind-body therapies may be a useful tool for SM older adults to enhance their health and well-being. Future qualitative research is needed to investigate more deeply the reasons SM older adults use mind-body therapies. To advance the health and well-being of SM older adults, the authors also need intervention studies that explore the effectiveness of mind-body interventions and the possible need for tailoring these to the unique needs of this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Anderson
- College of Nursing, and University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Marissa Bartmess
- College of Nursing, and University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - Jason D. Flatt
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lambrou NH, Gleason CE, Cicero E, Flatt JD. Prevalence of subjective cognitive decline higher among transgender and gender nonbinary adults in the U.S., 2016‐2018. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.044298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas H Lambrou
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI USA
- Department of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin‐Madison Division of Geriatrics Madison WI USA
- VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison WI USA
| | - Carey E Gleason
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI USA
- Department of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin‐Madison Division of Geriatrics Madison WI USA
- VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison WI USA
| | - Ethan Cicero
- University of California San Francisco School of Nursing San Francisco CA USA
| | - Jason D Flatt
- University of Nevada School of Public Health, Las Vegas Las Vegas NV USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Felix C, Rosano C, Zhu X, Flatt JD, Rosso AL. Greater Social Engagement and Greater Gray Matter Microstructural Integrity in Brain Regions Relevant to Dementia. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 76:1027-1035. [PMID: 33219690 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social engagement (SE) may protect against cognitive decline in older adults. We estimate associations of SE with gray matter (GM) microstructure in regions of interest (ROI) relevant to social cognition, among community-dwelling older adults. METHOD Cross-sectional analysis of 293 Health ABC study participants who underwent 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion tensor and free from cognitive impairment was conducted. Linear regression models tested associations between SE index (marital status, not living alone, social activities, work, and volunteering) and mean diffusivity (MD) of GM ROIs, adjusted for age, race, gender, and education. Hearing and activities of daily living (ADL) difficulties were tested as confounders. Effect modification by gender was tested with interaction terms and stratification by gender. RESULTS Higher SE was significantly related to lower MD (greater GM microstructural integrity) (shown as standardized estimate [p-value]) in left middle frontal gyrus-orbital part: -.168 (.005), left caudate nucleus: -.141 (.02), left temporal pole-middle temporal gyrus: -.136 (.03), right middle frontal gyrus: -.160 (.006), right superior frontal gyrus-orbital part: -.187 (.002), and right middle frontal gyrus-orbital part: -.124 (.04), when adjusted for demographic attributes. Associations were robust to adjustments for hearing or ADL difficulty. There was significant effect modification by gender for some ROIs, with associations only for females. DISCUSSION SE is related to greater microstructural integrity of specific GM regions relevant to social cognition, that have described roles in dementia. SE may therefore be a useful preventive mechanism against loss of GM integrity in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Felix
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Caterina Rosano
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaonan Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason D Flatt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas
| | - Andrea L Rosso
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lambrou NH, Cochran KM, Everhart S, Flatt JD, Zuelsdorff M, O'Hara JB, Weinhardt L, Flowers Benton S, Gleason CE. Learning from Transmasculine Experiences with Health Care: Tangible Inlets for Reducing Health Disparities Through Patient-Provider Relationships. Transgend Health 2020; 5:18-32. [PMID: 32322685 PMCID: PMC7173690 DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2019.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We examined health care experiences of transmasculine young adults to clarify factors contributing to mistrust in the health care system and identify tangible and modifiable means to address health disparities through improved patient-provider interactions. Thematic analysis highlights patterns within historical relationships between medical models and transmasculine embodiment, and provides guidance for health care clinicians, researchers, and policy makers to deliver competent services for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals. Methods: The study team used qualitative methodology guided by interpretive phenomenological analysis. Semistructured interviews with 12 participants who self-identified as transmasculine were conducted, transcribed, and coded thematically. Results: Participants were a community sample of 12 young adults 18-35 years of age (M=23, standard deviation=3.74), who self-identified as transmasculine. Three participants identified as a racial/ethnic minority. Participants were highly educated, with most completing at least some college. The superordinate thematic domain Perspectives on Health Care emerged, under which three subthemes were nested: (1) an essentialist, binary medical model is inaccurate and oppressive, (2) consequences of medicalizing gender (i.e., gender as a diagnosis), and (3) recommendations to improve health care. Conclusions: Qualitative analysis revealed specific ways in which the relationship between transmasculine individuals and current health care systems are fraught with difficulties, including the impact of stigma, gatekeeping, and inaccuracies, in current diagnostic criteria. Participants shared lived experiences and offered innovative ideas to improve health care delivery, such as challenging socialized biases, increased education, and immersion in TGD communities to advocate for change in research, practice, and policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas H Lambrou
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Katherine M Cochran
- University Counseling Services, Norris Health Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Samantha Everhart
- Department of Educational Psychology, School of Education, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jason D Flatt
- Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Megan Zuelsdorff
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - John B O'Hara
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Institute of Living, Hartford Healthcare, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Lance Weinhardt
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Susan Flowers Benton
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,College of Nursing and Allied Health, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Carey E Gleason
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Johnson JK, Stewart AL, Acree M, Nápoles AM, Flatt JD, Max WB, Gregorich SE. A Community Choir Intervention to Promote Well-Being Among Diverse Older Adults: Results From the Community of Voices Trial. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:549-559. [PMID: 30412233 PMCID: PMC7328053 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test effects of the Community of Voices choir intervention on the health, well-being, and health care costs of racial/ethnically diverse older adults. METHOD Twelve Administration-on-Aging-supported senior centers were cluster randomized into two groups: the intervention group started the choir immediately and a wait-list control group began the choir 6 months later. The choir program was designed for community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older. The multimodal intervention comprises activities that engage participants cognitively, physically, and socially. Outcome measures assessed these three domains as well as health care utilization and costs. The intention-to-treat comparison was at 6 months. RESULTS The sample (N = 390) had a mean age of 71.3 years (SD = 7.2); 65% were nonwhite. Six-month retention was 92%. Compared to controls, intervention group members experienced significantly greater improvements in loneliness (p = .02; standardized effect size [ES = 0.34] and interest in life (p = .008, ES = 0.39). No significant group differences were observed for cognitive or physical outcomes or for health care costs. DISCUSSION Findings support adoption of community choirs for reducing loneliness and increasing interest in life among diverse older adults. Further efforts need to examine the mechanisms by which engagement in choirs improves aspects of well-being and reduces health disparities among older adults, including potential longer-term effects. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV REGISTRATION NCT01869179 registered January 9, 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julene K Johnson
- Institute for Health & Aging, University of California San Francisco, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Aging in Diverse Communities, University of California San Francisco, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anita L Stewart
- Institute for Health & Aging, University of California San Francisco, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Aging in Diverse Communities, University of California San Francisco, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael Acree
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anna M Nápoles
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jason D Flatt
- Institute for Health & Aging, University of California San Francisco, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wendy B Max
- Institute for Health & Aging, University of California San Francisco, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven E Gregorich
- Center for Aging in Diverse Communities, University of California San Francisco, Bethesda, Maryland
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Anderson JG, Flatt JD, Jabson J, Wharton W. USE OF COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES BY SEXUAL MINORITY OLDER ADULTS: FINDINGS FROM THE NATIONAL HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEY. Innov Aging 2019. [PMCID: PMC6846431 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igz038.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual minority (lesbian, gay, bisexual; LGB) older adults age 50+ experience a higher prevalence of chronic disease and disability, as well as a poorer physical and mental health status. Many adults use complementary and integrative therapies, particularly mind-body therapies, as health-enhancing approaches and to support wellbeing. However, no study to date has examined the use of mind-body therapies among sexual minority older adults. We examined data from the 2017 National Health Interview Survey to determine the use of mind-body therapies by sexual minority older adults (aged 50+), as well as the influence of health and wellbeing characteristics on mind-body therapy use, compared with their non-LGB counterparts. Sexual minority older adults overall reported higher usage (36%) of mind-body therapies compared with their non-LGB counterparts (22%), with lesbians reporting the highest use (41%). Sexual minority identity was a significant predictor of mind-body therapy use, with LGB adults roughly two times more likely to use a mind-body therapy after controlling for chronic disease status and other wellbeing measures. Future research is needed to explore the reasons sexual minority older adults use complementary and integrative therapies, as well as potential development of mind-body interventions targeted toward this population to address stress and quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Anderson
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jason D Flatt
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Jennifer Jabson
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rosenwohl-Mack A, Beld M, Greene M, Skultety K, Dubbin L, Deutsch MB, Flatt JD. BUILDING H.O.U.S.E. (HEALTHY OUTCOMES USING A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT) FOR LGBTQ OLDER ADULTS. Innov Aging 2019. [PMCID: PMC6845445 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igz038.3528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) older adults face unique challenges in finding affordable, inclusive, and supportive housing. These challenges may be due to discrimination, income disparities, and higher rates of health problems compared to cisgender heterosexual seniors. To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study of the health and wellbeing of older adults who move into LGBTQ-welcoming, affordable senior housing. Participants completed a brief baseline survey at the time of their housing lottery application. Questions focused on physical, psychological, and social health and current health service use. We calculated descriptive statistics on health status at baseline. 184 participants completed the baseline survey, mean age was 68 years (SD 5.2), and nearly 75% reported an annual income under $30,000. Almost half reported a diagnosis of hypertension, 40% depression, 27% anxiety, and 25% HIV/AIDS. Around 70% reported their health as good to excellent, 21% fair, and 9% poor or very poor. However, 58% reported their physical activities were at least somewhat limited by their physical health, 43% reported difficulties with balance or walking, and 32% reported memory problems. Nearly 3% had been admitted into the hospital and 10% had visited the emergency room in the past 30 days. In terms of social wellbeing, 63% felt isolated from others at least some of the time. In summary, LGBTQ older adults seeking affordable senior housing report relatively good health, although they also experience functional and social difficulties. New forms of housing that are explicitly LGBTQ-welcoming may help address these health challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Rosenwohl-Mack
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Matt Beld
- Institute for Health & Aging, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Meredith Greene
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | | | - Leslie Dubbin
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Madeline B Deutsch
- Center of Excellence for Transgender Health, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Jason D Flatt
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Flatt JD. Addressing Life Course Trauma and Cardiometabolic Risk in Sexual Minority Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2019; 28:1177-1178. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.7941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Flatt
- Institute for Health and Aging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|