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Kestler A, Kaczorowski J, Dong K, Orkin AM, Daoust R, Moe J, Van Pelt K, Andolfatto G, Klaiman M, Yan J, Koh JJ, Crowder K, Webster D, Atkinson P, Savage D, Stempien J, Besserer F, Wale J, Lam A, Scheueremeyer F. A cross-sectional survey on buprenorphine-naloxone practice and attitudes in 22 Canadian emergency physician groups: a cross-sectional survey. CMAJ Open 2021; 9:E864-E873. [PMID: 34548331 PMCID: PMC8476213 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20200190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Buprenorphine-naloxone (BUP) initiation in emergency departments improves follow-up and survival among patients with opioid use disorder. We aimed to assess self-reported BUP-related practices and attitudes among emergency physicians. METHODS We designed a cross-sectional physician survey by adapting a validated questionnaire on opioid harm reduction practices, attitudes and barriers. We recruited physician leads from 6 Canadian provinces to administer surveys to the staff physicians in their emergency department groups between December 2018 and November 2019. We included academic and community non-locum emergency department staff physicians. We excluded responses from emergency department groups with response rates less than 50% to minimize nonresponse bias. Primary (BUP prescribing practices) and secondary (willingness and attitudes) outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS After excluding 1 group for low response (9/26 physicians), 652 of 798 (81.7%) physicians responded from 22 groups serving 34 emergency departments. Among respondents, 64.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 60.4%-67.8%, emergency department group range 7.1%-100.0%) had prescribed BUP at least once in their career, 38.4% had prescribed it for home initiation and 24.8% prescribed it at least once a month. Overall, 68.9% (95% CI 65.3%-72.4%, emergency department group range 24.1%-97.6%) were willing to administer BUP, 64.2% felt it was a major responsibility and 37.1% felt they understood people who use drugs. Respondents most frequently rated lack of adequate training (58.2%) and lack of time (55.2%) as very important barriers to BUP initiation. INTERPRETATION Two-thirds of the emergency physicians surveyed prescribed BUP, although only one-quarter did so regularly and one-third prescribed it for home initiation; wide variation between emergency department groups existed. Strategies to increase BUP initiation must address physicians' lack of time and training for BUP initiation and improve their understanding of people who use drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kestler
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que.
| | - Janusz Kaczorowski
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Kathryn Dong
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Aaron M Orkin
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Raoul Daoust
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Jessica Moe
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Kelsey Van Pelt
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Gary Andolfatto
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Michelle Klaiman
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Justin Yan
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Justin J Koh
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Kathryn Crowder
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Devon Webster
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Paul Atkinson
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - David Savage
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - James Stempien
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Floyd Besserer
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Jason Wale
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Alice Lam
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
| | - Frank Scheueremeyer
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Kestler, Moe, Scheueremeyer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence ( Kaczorowski), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family & Community Medicine (Orkin), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Daoust), Montréal, Que.; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Van Pelt), Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Andolfatto), University of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Klaiman), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Koh, Stempien), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Crowder), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Webster, Atkinson), Dalhousie University, St. John, NB; Division of Clinical Sciences (Savage), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Besserer), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Wale), University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Lam), Montréal, Que.; Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (Lam), Montréal, Que
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