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Vignardi CP, Muller EB, Tran K, Couture JL, Means JC, Murray JLS, Ortiz C, Keller AA, Smith Sanchez N, Lenihan HS. Conventional and nano-copper pesticides are equally toxic to the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 224:105481. [PMID: 32380301 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Modern nano-engineered pesticides have great promise for agriculture due to their extended, low dose release profiles that are intended to increase effectiveness but reduce environmental harm. Whether nanopesticides, including copper (Cu) formulations, cause reduced levels of toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms is unclear but important to assess. Predicting how aquatic species respond to incidental exposure to Cu-based nanopesticides is challenging because of the expected very low concentrations in the environment, and the two forms of exposure that may occur, namely to Cu ions and Cu nanoparticles. We conducted Cu speciation, tissue uptake, and 7-day toxicity laboratory experiments to test how a model estuarine organism, the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus, responded to two popular Cu-based nanopesticides, CuPRO and Kocide, and conventional CuCl2. Exposure concentrations ranged from 0 to 2.5 ppm, which were similar to those found in estuarine water located downstream of agricultural fields. Cu dissolution rates were much slower for the nanopesticides than the ionic formula, and Cu body burden in amphipods increased approximately linearly with the nominal exposure concentration. Amphipod survival declined in a normal dose-response manner with no difference among Cu formulations. Growth and movement rates after 7 days revealed no difference among exposure levels when analyzed with conventional statistical methods. By contrast, analysis of respiration rates, inferred from biomass measurements, with a bioenergetic toxicodynamic model indicated potential for population-level effects of exposure to very low-levels of the two nanopesticides, as well as the control contaminant CuCl2. Our results indicate that toxicity assessment of environmental trace pollutant concentrations may go undetected with traditional ecotoxicological tests. We present a process integrating toxicity test results and toxicodynamic modeling that can improve our capacity to detect and predict environmental impacts of very low levels of nanomaterials released into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P Vignardi
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, United States; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, 70040-020, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Erik B Muller
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kelly Tran
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, United States
| | - Jessica L Couture
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, United States
| | - Jay C Means
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, United States; Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jill L S Murray
- City of Santa Barbara - Creeks Division, Santa Barbara, CA, 93102, USA
| | - Cruz Ortiz
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, United States
| | - Arturo A Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, United States
| | - Nicolas Smith Sanchez
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, United States
| | - Hunter S Lenihan
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, United States.
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Means JC. Compound-Specific Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Alkylated and Parent Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Waters, Sediments, and Aquatic Organisms. J AOAC Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/81.3.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated and heterocyclic analogs are ubiquitous contaminants in aquatic environments, including estuaries and marine systems. Methodology for compound-specific analysis of 63 parent, alkylated, and heterocyclic PAHs using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in both scanning and selected-ion monitoring modes has been developed and applied to sediment, natural waters and effluents, and marine organisms including oysters, mussels, and fish. Relative response factors and relative retention times for the 63 alkylated, heterocyclic, and parent PAHs compared with 6 deuterated PAHs are given. Analyses of natural sea water samples, enriched at concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 ng/L, show good accuracy (8℅ mean difference at the 5 ng/L level) and precision (mean RSD of 9℅), and method detection limits are in the partsper- trillion range. Results for sediments and tissues of aquatic organisms exposed to petroleum contamination demonstrate that analysis of parent PAHs alone vastly underestimates levels in sediments and tissues and the potential toxic effects of such residues in food webs. Multiple analyses of a reference tissue material show good precision (mean RSD of 15℅) and accuracy (mean difference of 17℅) for both alkylated and parent PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Means
- Western Michigan University, Department of Chemistry, Kalamazoo, MI 49008
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Roehrdanz PR, Feraud M, Lee DG, Means JC, Snyder SA, Holden PA. Spatial Models of Sewer Pipe Leakage Predict the Occurrence of Wastewater Indicators in Shallow Urban Groundwater. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:1213-1223. [PMID: 27998057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Twentieth century municipal wastewater infrastructure greatly improved U.S. urban public health and water quality. However, sewer pipes deteriorate, and their accumulated structural defects may release untreated wastewater to the environment via acute breaks or insidious exfiltration. Exfiltrated wastewater constitutes a loss of potentially reusable water and delivers a complex and variable mix of contaminants to urban shallow groundwater. Yet, predicting where deteriorated sewers impinge on shallow groundwater has been challenging. Here we develop and test a spatially explicit model of exfiltration probability based on pipe attributes and groundwater elevation without prior knowledge of exfiltrating defect locations. We find that models of exfiltration probability can predict the probable occurrence in underlying shallow groundwater of established wastewater indicators including the artificial sweetener acesulfame, tryptophan-like fluorescent dissolved organic matter, nitrate, and a stable isotope of water (δ18O). The strength of the association between exfiltration probability and indicators of wastewater increased when multiple pipe attributes, distance weighting, and groundwater flow direction were considered in the model. The results prove that available sanitary sewer databases and groundwater digital elevation data can be analyzed to predict where pipes are likely leaking and contaminating groundwater. Such understanding could direct sewer infrastructure reinvestment toward water resource protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Roehrdanz
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Earth Research Institute, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Marina Feraud
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Earth Research Institute, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Do Gyun Lee
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Earth Research Institute, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Incheon National University , Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Jay C Means
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Earth Research Institute, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Earth Research Institute, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Lee DG, Roehrdanz PR, Feraud M, Ervin J, Anumol T, Jia A, Park M, Tamez C, Morelius EW, Gardea-Torresdey JL, Izbicki J, Means JC, Snyder SA, Holden PA. Wastewater compounds in urban shallow groundwater wells correspond to exfiltration probabilities of nearby sewers. Water Res 2015; 85:467-75. [PMID: 26379202 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater compounds are frequently detected in urban shallow groundwater. Sources include sewage or reclaimed wastewater, but origins are often unknown. In a prior study, wastewater compounds were quantified in waters sampled from shallow groundwater wells in a small coastal California city. Here, we resampled those wells and expanded sample analyses to include sewage- or reclaimed water-specific indicators, i.e. pharmaceutical and personal care product chemicals or disinfection byproducts. Also, we developed a geographic information system (GIS)-based model of sanitary sewer exfiltration probability--combining a published pipe failure model accounting for sewer pipe size, age, materials of construction, with interpolated depths to groundwater--to determine if sewer system attributes relate to wastewater compounds in urban shallow groundwater. Across the wells, groundwater samples contained varying wastewater compounds, including acesulfame, sucralose, bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol, estrone and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS). Fecal indicator bacterial concentrations and toxicological bioactivities were less than known benchmarks. However, the reclaimed water in this study was positive for all bioactivity tested. Excluding one well intruded by seawater, the similarity of groundwater to sewage, based on multiple indicators, increased with increasing sanitary sewer exfiltration probability (modeled from infrastructure within ca. 300 m of each well). In the absence of direct exfiltration or defect measurements, sewer exfiltration probabilities modeled from the collection system's physical data can indicate potential locations where urban shallow groundwater is contaminated by sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Gyun Lee
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Patrick R Roehrdanz
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Marina Feraud
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jared Ervin
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Tarun Anumol
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ai Jia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Minkyu Park
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Carlos Tamez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA; Environmental Science & Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Erving W Morelius
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA; Environmental Science & Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jorge L Gardea-Torresdey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA; Environmental Science & Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - John Izbicki
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 4165 Spruance Road, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Jay C Means
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Mattis ND, Jay JW, Barnett GW, Rosaldo JJ, Howerth EW, Means JC, Gato WE. Profile of select hepatic insulin signaling pathway genes in response to 2-aminoanthracene dietary ingestion. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2014; 28:693-704. [PMID: 25620179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Some genes that regulate various processes such as insulin signaling, glucose metabolism, fatty acid, and lipid biosynthesis were profiled. The objective of the current investigation is to examine the mRNA expression of some genes that mediate insulin signaling due to 2AA toxicity. 2AA is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that has been detected in broiled food and tobacco smoke. Twenty-four post-weaning 3-4-week-old F344 male rats were exposed to 0 mg/kg-diet, 50 mg/kg-diet, 75 mg/kg-diet, and 100 mg/kgdiet 2AA for 2 weeks and 4 weeks. The mRNA expression of AKT1, G6PC, GCK, GLUT4, INSR, IRS1, PP1R3C, PAMPK, SOCS 2, and SREBF1 was determined by qRTPCR followed by the quantification of G6PC and AMPK via ELISA. The results suggest that 2AA modulates these genes depending on the length of exposure. Up-regulation of AMPK and SOCS2 genes in animals treated with 100 mg/kg-diet and 50 mg/kg-diet, respectively, during 14 days of feeding was noted. G6PC expression was inhibited in the 2-week group while being dose-dependently increased in the 4-week group. Hepatic activity of G6PC was enhanced significantly in the livers of rats that ingested 2AA. It appears that 2AA intoxication leads to the activation of irs1 and akt1 genes in the liver. Quantified AMPK amounts increased significantly in the short-term treatment group. Dose-dependent rise of AMPK in animals treated to 2AA showed an increased production of hepatic AMPK in response to the toxicity of 2AA in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. In contrast, the reduction in AMPK concentration in treated animals within the 4-week set indicated an adaptive recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Mattis
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA USA
| | - J W Jay
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA USA
| | - G W Barnett
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA USA
| | - J J Rosaldo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA USA
| | - E W Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J C Means
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - W E Gato
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA USA
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Abstract
Background/Objective: The modulation of the toxic effects of 2-aminoanthracene (2AA) on the liver by apoptosis was investigated. Fisher-344 (F344) rats were exposed to various concentrations of 2AA for 14 and 28 days. The arylamine 2AA is an aromatic hydrocarbon employed in manufacturing chemicals, dyes, inks, and it is also a curing agent in epoxy resins and polyurethanes. 2AA has been detected in tobacco smoke and cooked foods. Methods: Analysis of total messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) extracts from liver for apoptosis-related gene expression changes in apoptosis enhancing nuclease (AEN), Bcl2-associated X protein (BAX), CASP3, Jun proto-oncogene (JUN), murine double minute-2 p53 binding protein homolog (MDM2), tumor protein p53 (p53), and GAPDH genes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was coupled with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and caspase-3 (Casp3) activity assays. Results: Specific apoptosis staining result does not seem to show significant difference between control and treated animals. This may be due to freeze-thaw artifacts observed in the liver samples. However, there appears to be a greater level of apoptosis in medium- and high-dose (MD and HD) 2AA treated animals. Analyses of apoptosis-related genes seem to show AEN and BAX as the main targets in the induction of apoptosis in response to 2AA exposure, though p53, MDM2, and JUN may play supporting roles. Conclusion: Dose-dependent increases in mRNA expression were observed in all genes except Casp3. BAX was very highly expressed in the HD rats belonging to the 2-week exposure group. This trend was not observed in the animals treated for 4 weeks. Instead, AEN was rather very highly expressed in the liver of the MD animals that were treated with 2AA for 28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worlanyo Eric Gato
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - Stacey R McGee
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Dale B Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Jay C Means
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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Gato WE, Hales DB, Means JC. Hepatic gene expression analysis of 2-aminoanthracene exposed Fisher-344 rats reveal patterns indicative of liver carcinoma and type 2 diabetes. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 37:1001-16. [PMID: 23038007 DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to examine hepatic differential gene expression patterns in Fisher-344 rats in response to dietary 2-aminoanthracene (2AA) ingestion for 14 and 28 days. Twenty four post-weaning 3-4 week old F-344 male rats were exposed to 0 mgkg(-1)-diet (control), 50 mgkg(-1)-diet (low dose), 75 mgkg(-1)-diet (medium dose) and 100 mgkg(-1)-diet (high dose) 2AA for 14 and 28 days. This was followed by analysis of the liver for global gene expression changes. In both time points, the numbers of genes affected seem to correlate with the dose of 2AA. Sixteen mRNAs were differentially expressed in all treatment groups for the short-term exposure group. Similarly, 51 genes were commonly expressed in all 28-day exposure group. Almost all the genes seem to have higher expression relative to the controls. In contrast, cytochrome P450 family 4, subfamily a, polypeptide 8 (Cyp4a8), and monocyte to macrophage differentiation-associated (Mmd2) were down-regulated relative to controls. Differentially expressed mRNAs were further analyzed for associations via DAVID. GO categories show the effect of 2AA to be linked with genes responsible for carbohydrate utilization and transport, lipid metabolic processes, stress responses such as inflammation and apoptosis processes, immune system response, DNA damage response, cancer processes and circadian rhythm. The data from the current study identified altered hepatic gene expression profiles that may be associated with carcinoma, autoimmune response, and/or type 2 diabetes. Possible biomarkers due to 2AA toxicity in the liver for future study include Abcb1a, Nhej1, Adam8, Cdkn1a, Mgmt, and Nrcam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worlanyo E Gato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Connelly H, Means JC. Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary Exposure to Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:532-45. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581810377518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been demonstrated to affect immune system modulation. The freshwater species of fish, Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill), was employed to investigate the effects of a 14-day dietary exposure to PAH including 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN), and 9,10-dimethylanthracene (9,10-DMA) and a mixture of these 3 compounds at a total dose of 3.1 ± 0.01 mg on lymphocyte proliferation stimulated with 3 mitogens (concanavalin A [Con A], phorbol ester, and calcium ionophore). 2-Aminoanthracene was mitogenic itself and with added mitogens. 2-Methylnaphthalene induced some stimulatory and some inhibitory effects upon cell proliferation by Con A. 9,10-DMA and the mixture each suppressed cell proliferation. The mixture was highly suppressive to lymphocytes. Intracellular baseline calcium levels were reduced, possibly as a step prior to cell death. All PAH compounds tested were immunomodulatory to bluegill lymphocytes. Bluegill were demonstrated to have utility as a biomarker species for investigation of immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Connelly
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jay C. Means
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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Jemal A, Barker SA, Means JC. Dose-response relationship, kinetics of formation, and persistence of S-[2-(N7-guanyl)-ethyl]glutathione-DNA adduct in livers of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) exposed in vivo to ethylene dichloride. Environ Toxicol Chem 2010; 29:1537-1544. [PMID: 20821603 DOI: 10.1002/etc.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Formation of DNA adducts by reactive chemicals or their metabolites are often a precursor of mutagenesis and other adverse effects. Studies in juvenile channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were conducted to determine the dose-response, kinetics of formation, and persistence of S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl]glutathione hepatic-DNA adducts following a 4-h in vivo aqueous exposure to ethylene dichloride (EDC) at several dose levels. S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl] glutathione adducts were detectable in liver tissue after 2 h of exposure and were still detectable three weeks after a single pulse exposure (detection limit=approximately 10 fmol, approximately 1 DNA adduct in 10(7) bases). Pretreatment of catfish with the glutathione-depleting agent diethylmaleate significantly reduced the level of tissue glutathione levels and, as a result, DNA adducts were not detected in pretreated fish. Catfish may serve as a useful sentinel species for detecting DNA-reactive chemicals in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmedin Jemal
- Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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Lentz S, Eversole R, McHugh Law J, Means JC. Cellular Proliferation, Cell Death, and Liver Histology in Gambusia affinis After Dietary Exposure to Benzidine and 2-Aminofluorene. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:247-58. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581810363745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arylamines through diet and/or smoking has been associated with genetic changes and tumorigenesis. Cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and histological changes in liver tissue were investigated in Gambusia affinis ( G affinis) after chronic dietary exposure to 6.9 mM and 0.069 mM concentrations of benzidine (BZ), 2-aminofluorene (2AF), and their combination for 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively. The proliferation assay indicated non–dose-dependent increases in cellular proliferation over the controls for all treatment groups at 4 and 12 weeks but not at 8 weeks except for the low dose of 2AF. The apoptosis assay showed effects in the low-dose group of 2AF and BZ at 4 weeks only. Hematoxylin/eosin staining of liver tissue revealed an increase in oval/spindle cell proliferation and altered foci formation in the treated groups compared with controls. These results demonstrate a mammalian-like response to 2AF and BZ in G affinis liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lentz
- Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | | | - J. McHugh Law
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jay C. Means
- Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
- Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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Chiang PC, Means JC. Quantification of Benzo[a]pyrene-Guanine Adducts inin vitroSamples by LC Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Stable Isotope Internal Standardization. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802480180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chang Chiang
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Jay C. Means
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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Boudreau MD, Taylor HW, Baker DG, Means JC. Dietary Exposure to 2-Aminoanthracene Induces Morphological and Immunocytochemical Changes in Pancreatic Tissues of Fisher-344 Rats. Toxicol Sci 2006; 93:50-61. [PMID: 16760417 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic chemicals ingested as the result of environmental exposures or other risk factors such as cigarette smoking may increase the risk of developing cancer and other diseases such as diabetes. 2-Aminoanthracene (2-AA) was investigated to determine toxic effects of chronic dietary exposure upon major organ systems including the pancreas. Fisher-344 rats were fed 2-AA (50-100 mg/kg of diet) and euthanized at 14, 30, 63, and 80 days. Growth, tissue histological, immunocytochemical, and clinical pathological end points were examined at each time point. Significantly elevated plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobins and reduced serum protein levels were recognized after 80 days of feeding (100 mg/kg of diet 2-AA group). Similar results were observed in rats exposed to 75 mg/kg of diet but appeared to be absent in the 50-mg/kg group. An unexpected pattern of responses suggestive of diabetic sequelae was observed in a glucose tolerance test conducted during the seventh week. After 63 and 80 days, large cytoplasmic vacuoles in islet cells were observed by light microscopy. In addition, the immunocytochemical study demonstrated beta cell insulin insufficiency at 63 and 80 days. No inflammatory infiltration of the islets was observed. These findings suggest that depletion of secretory granules occurred in the beta cells. Necrotic changes occurred in the acinar cells of the pancreas with increasing duration and dose of 2-AA. The cytological, immunocytochemical, and histological results demonstrate that chronic dietary exposure to 2-amino anthracene alters the endocrine and exocrine pancreas cellular morphology and induces diabetic-like symptoms in the Fisher-344 rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Boudreau
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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Fisher MA, Mehne C, Means JC, Ide CF. Induction of CYP1A mRNA in Carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the Kalamazoo River polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated superfund site and in a laboratory study. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2006; 50:14-22. [PMID: 16328624 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-004-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Kalamazoo River Superfund site in Michigan is contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which were heavily discharged into the river from several paper companies as part of the deinking process in the 1950s through 1970s. We characterized biomarkers of chronic PCB exposure in a resident fish population using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to examine mRNA expression levels of multiple genes in carp (Cyprinus carpio) liver from PCB contaminated and reference sites in the Kalamazoo River. We also measured these same genes in juvenile carp exposed to dietary PCBs for 4 months. Kalamazoo River carp had significantly increased levels of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) mRNA as did carp fed PCBs in the laboratory. No significant mRNA upregulation occurred in the specific oxidative stress genes (gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and magnesium superoxide dismutase) and metabolic genes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and nucleolin) examined. These data are consistent with the idea that carp from the Kalamazoo River Superfund Site are responding to PCB exposure via upregulation of CYP1A independent of activation of the oxidative stress response genes normally thought to be co-regulated with CYP1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fisher
- Environmental Institute, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA.
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Means JC, Olsen PD, Schoffers E. Development of an isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry detection method for DNA adducts of selected aromatic amines. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2003; 14:1057-1066. [PMID: 12954174 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(03)00409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic amines (arylamines) are a class of chemical carcinogens that are prevalent in environmental and industrial settings. They are metabolically activated to covalently bond to DNA, forming mutagenic adducts. In order to study the mechanisms of their toxicity, sensitive and selective quantitative LC/MS/MS detection methods were developed to measure the N-(adenin-8-yl)-benzidine adduct and N-(adenin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene in total DNA extract samples. A novel synthetic method using a palladium catalyst was previously developed to prepare authentic and deuterated arylamine-adenine adducts to serve as standards. These standards were then used to develop an HPLC electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, isotope dilution method. Sample detection limits in DNA samples were 22 pg on-column and 51 pg on-column for the N-(adenin-8-yl)-benzidine- and N-(adenin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene-adenine adducts, respectively. This method has applications for the study of DNA adduct formation as a biological marker of exposure to carcinogens and for environmental and workplace monitoring of these aromatic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Means
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5413, USA.
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Abstract
We employed palladium-catalyzed coupling procedures for the synthesis of new C8-adenosine adducts of various arylamines (aniline, benzidine, 4-aminobiphenyl, and 2-aminofluorene).[reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schoffers
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, 3425 Wood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5413, USA.
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Baker DG, Taylor HW, Lee SP, Barker SA, Goad ME, Means JC. Hepatic toxicity and recovery of Fischer 344 rats following exposure to 2-aminoanthracene by intraperitoneal injection. Toxicol Pathol 2001; 29:328-32. [PMID: 11442019 DOI: 10.1080/019262301316905282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Humans may be exposed to 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), a substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and a recognized mutagen and carcinogen, through oral and respiratory routes from contact with a variety of environmental sources. For the present study, we sought to evaluate hepatic damage and recovery in Fischer 344 rats following multiple i.p. injections of 5 mg of 2-AA. Rats were injected weekly for up to 5 weeks. Subgroups were then allowed to recover for 1, 5, or 9 weeks, and biochemical and pathologic changes were evaluated. We observed that weight gains were reduced relative to controls for all groups receiving > or = 2 injections. Serum enzyme levels indicative of liver damage were evident and included alterations in serum aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, and globulin. These alterations usually returned to normal by 5 weeks following cessation of 2-AA administration. In contrast, histologic liver changes, including hepatocyte hypertrophy, biliary hyperplasia with oval cell proliferation, altered foci, nodular hyperplasia, and one hepatocellular adenoma became more severe with time. This experiment demonstrates patterns of hepatic damage and recovery in rats exposed to 2-AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Baker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
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Boudreau MD, Baker DG, Taylor HW, Barker SA, Means JC. Suppression of arylamine toxicity in the Fischer-344 rat following ingestion of a complex mixture. Toxicol Pathol 2001; 29:333-43. [PMID: 11442020 DOI: 10.1080/019262301316905291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The toxic effects of a mixture of 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), benzanthracene (BA), and dinitropyrene isomers (DNP), and the toxic effects of these compounds individually, were investigated in the Fischer-344 rat following dietary exposure via a powdered basal diet. Animals were sacrificed at 14-, 30-, and 80-days of dietary exposure. Exposure to dietary 2-AA alone induced anorexia, cachexia, variable mortality, and altered serum chemistry profiles in the F-344 rat. Reduced lymphocyte counts were also shown in rats exposed to 2-AA. A temporal pattern of effect of 2-AA dietary exposure was observed in the progression of hepatic lesions in exposed animals. Dietary exposure to either DNP isomers or BA at a 10-fold higher concentration in the diet, relative to 2-AA, did not induce detectable toxic responses. However, exposure of rats to a mixture of 2-AA, BA, and DNP isomers (100 mg/kg, 1.0 g/kg, and 1.0 g/kg of diet, respectively) resulted in the attenuation of toxic effects when compared to exposure of F-344 rats to 2-AA alone. These results indicate that the toxic effects of 2-AA are suppressed by co-administration of DNP and BA and suggest that compound interactions need to be considered when predicting the toxic potential of specific environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Boudreau
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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Blas-Machado U, Taylor HW, Means JC. Apoptosis, PCNA, and p53 in Fundulus grandis fish liver after in vivo exposure to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and 2-aminofluorene. Toxicol Pathol 2000; 28:601-9. [PMID: 10930048 DOI: 10.1177/019262330002800414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in homeostatic mechanisms of cell death and proliferation are considered to be important in the pathogenesis of chemically induced neoplasia. p53 has been implicated in the regulation of cell death and proliferation. To determine whether expression of apoptosis, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and p53 differ between an alkylating agent and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, host response was measured through sequential immunohistochemical detection of apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling method), PCNA PC-10, and p53 (PAb 240) in livers of the fish Fundulus grandis. Nine hundred fish were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 300 fish each and kept in separate aquarium tanks. One group of fish was exposed to 6.7 microM N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 1 group was exposed to 6.9 mM 2-aminofluorene (2-AF), and the remaining group served as a control. A significant decrease (p = 0.005) in the level of apoptosis and a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in the level of p53 were found on experimental day 180 in the livers of MNNG-exposed fish. PCNA was significantly increased (p < 0.005) by day 9 of the experiment in both MNNG and 2-AF fish when compared with controls, but no significant differences existed between the 2 groups of treated fish. Response of fish liver cells to MNNG-mediated and 2-AF-mediated injury differs, at least initially, in the expression of p53, inhibition of apoptosis, and increased net cell proliferation. Concurrent use of a marker for cell death with a marker of proliferation greatly enhances the assessment of the effect of these compounds on liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Blas-Machado
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA.
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Blas-Machado U, Means JC, Taylor HW, Snider T, Jayo MJ. Effect of Three Fixatives on Immunohistochemical Detection of Apoptosis in the Liver of Fundulus grandisFish Exposed to 6.7 μM N–methyl-n’-nitro-nitrosoguanadine. J Histotechnol 2000. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2000.23.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Blas-Machado U, Means JC, Taylor HW, Snider T, Jayo MJ. Effect of Three Fixatives on Immunohistochemical Detection of Apoptosis in the Liver of Fundulus grandis Fish Exposed to 6.7 μM N–methyl-n’-nitro-nitrosoguanadine. J Histotechnol 2000. [DOI: 10.1179/014788800794813282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Abstract
An isolated rat lung model was established and validated for use in pulmonary metabolism studies. During the establishment phase of the study, several problems were encountered and overcome in order to maintain the lungs in physiological condition. In the validation phase of the study, the lungs were removed, ventilated and perfused from 34 male Fischer 344 rats. After an equilibration period, lungs were ventilated and perfused for up to 4 h. Morphological, biochemical and functional parameters were evaluated to validate the physiological condition of the lungs. Morphological parameters included wet/dry lung weight ratios and gross and histological scoring for edema. Biochemical parameters included assays for tissue ATP and reduced glutathione content, glutathione reductase activity and glucose utilization. Functional parameters included changes in lung tidal volume, dynamic compliance and airway resistance. Results indicated that edema formation was only detected histologically, that lungs remained nearly biochemically normal for 210 min and that pulmonary function declined to about 80-90% of normal. Overall, these findings indicated that the isolated, perfused rat lung remained in acceptable physiological condition for ca. 210 min. This period of time should be adequate for conducting pulmonary metabolism studies with a variety of exogenous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Baker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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Huang H, Jemal A, David C, Barker SA, Swenson DH, Means JC. Analysis of DNA adduct, S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl]glutathione, by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1998; 265:139-50. [PMID: 9866718 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and specific isotope dilution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods were developed for the detection and quantitative analysis of S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl]glutathione as a DNA adduct formed upon exposure of animals to carcinogenic 1,2-dihaloethanes. Separation and analysis were performed using microbore HPLC coupled in-line to an electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. S-[2-(N7-guanyl)[2H4]-ethyl] glutathione was synthesized and used as internal standard. These methods provide structural confirmation of the adduct as well as quantitative analysis with the accuracy and precision necessary to measure biologically relevant levels in small tissue sample sizes (< 1 g). The sample detection limits in in vivo tissue extracts were 100 pg and 5 pg on-column for LC/MS and LC/MS/MS methods, respectively. Selected-ion monitoring mode was used to monitor the product ions of the doubly charged molecular ion. The application of these methods was demonstrated by measuring the DNA adduct levels in rat and fish samples after exposure to 1,2-dihaloethanes. The method has application in studies of DNA adduct formation as a biological marker of exposure to carcinogens and for environmental monitoring of 1,2-dihaloethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Huang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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McMillin DJ, Means JC. Spatial and temporal trends of pesticide residues in water and particulates in the Mississippi River plume and the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The organometallic compound, trimethyltin (TMT), is used as a selective denervation tool to validate morphological, biochemical and functional approaches to the detection and characterization of neurotoxicity. Variations in nervous system response TMT have been reported and may complicate the use of this compound as a research tool. We examined the contribution of sample-to-sample differences to variations in TMT-induced neurotoxicity. Seven samples of TMT obtained from three commercial sources were evaluated for neurotoxic potency in the rat. Hippocampus weight, histology and assays of the astrocyte protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), were used as indices of neurotoxicity. A single administration (8.0 mg/kg, IV) of different samples of TMT resulted in markedly different degrees of neurotoxicity as assessed by hippocampus weight and GFAP assays. Subsequent analysis of each sample for trace metal and speciated organotin content revealed that sample-to-sample differences in neurotoxic potency could be attributed to the presence of several impurities. Indeed, in several samples, sodium was present at levels high enough to affect neurotoxic potency simply by diluting the TMT content. A number of samples also showed contamination with the nonneurotoxic organotin, dimethyltin. The data indicate that different sources of TMT produce quantitatively different degrees of neurotoxicity, differences that may be attributed to sample-to-sample variations in TMT content.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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Abstract
A water-soluble extract from maize plants exposed to 3 s-triazine herbicides (atrazine, simazine and cyanazine) has been shown to be mutagenic in strain TA100 of Salmonella. No mutagenic activity was observed in any control plant extracts using either water or a variety of organic solvents. Gel permeation studies of the extracts suggest that the mutagen(s) are small molecules (less than 1000 MW). HPLC fractionation suggests that the mutagens formed from each of the 3 herbicides are similar in polarity and water solubility, eluting in a 50/50 water:methanol fraction. Approximately 89% of 14C-labeled HPLC chromatographable metabolites of atrazine were also associated with this fraction, suggesting a close chemical link between a labeled but unidentified metabolite and the mutagenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Means
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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Abstract
Estuarine sediment slurries and microorganisms were examined for the ability to methylate inorganic tin. Under controlled redox conditions, tin was methylated only in oxygen-free sediment slurries. Monomethyltin usually comprised greater than 90% of the alkyltin products formed, although dimethyltin was also produced. Autoclaved anoxic sediments did not produce organotins. Several bacterial cultures, most notably sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from anoxic estuarine sediments, formed monoand dimethyltin from inorganic tin in the absence of sediment. The results suggest that inorganic tin methylation in estuarine environments is an anaerobic process catalyzed primarily by sulfate-reducing microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Gilmour
- Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland, 20688-0038, Solomons, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
The leaching of a low-sulfur bituminous coal was investigated with experimental coal columns subjected to simulated rainfall events. Leachates from the columns became dominated by iron-oxidizing bacteria as evidenced by specific enrichment cultures and measurements of CO
2
assimilation. Heterotrophic microorganisms were also present in the coal leachates, but their numbers and activity decreased with decreasing pH. This pattern could be reversed by increasing the pH of the coal with lime. Organosulfur-utilizing bacteria made up a substantial portion of the heterotrophic community. Measurements of microbial activity in coal cores indicated that although much of the microbial community remained associated with coal particles, the relative abundance of heterotrophs and autotrophs in leachate seemed to reflect that in coal cores. When bacterial growth was delayed by autoclaving coal samples, acid production and leaching of iron and sulfur were also delayed. Rapid leaching of materials from coal thus appears to be strongly dependent on the presence of the natural bacterial microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Radway
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Maryland 20688-0038
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Uhler AD, Means JC. Reaction of dissolved chlorine with surficial sediment: oxidant demand and production of trihalomethanes. Environ Sci Technol 1985; 19:340-344. [PMID: 22283346 DOI: 10.1021/es00134a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Wijayaratne RD, Means JC. Affinity of hydrophobic pollutants for natural estuarine colloids in aquatic environments. Environ Sci Technol 1984; 18:121-123. [PMID: 22292690 DOI: 10.1021/es00120a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Gentile JM, Gaff S, Gentile GJ, Townsend S, Means JC, Plewa MJ. Absence of genotoxicity induced by 3H and 14C label in Salmonella typhimurium an Bacillus subtilus. Mutat Res 1982; 104:29-33. [PMID: 6804864 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(82)90116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Mixed inoculums of microorganisms from Chesapeake Bay sediments transformed inorganic tin (SnCl(4) . 5H(2)O) to organotin compounds. Dimethyltin and trimethyltin species were identified as products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methylated tin species were not observed in sterile controls or in poisoned controls. Thus, estuarine microorganisms have the potential for transforming tin to toxic organotins and for mobilizing tin in the ecosystem.
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Abstract
The sorptive properties of natural estuarine colloids were investigated, with the herbicides atrazine and linuron used as model pollutants. Linear Freundlich adsorption constants for atrazine and linuron were 1850 and 6750, respectively. These high values indicate that natural colloids have the potential to be important substrates in the transport of hydrophobic contaminants in aquatic environments.
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Heartlein MW, DeMarini DM, Katz AJ, Means JC, Plewa MJ, Brockman HE. Mutagenicity of municipal water obtained from an agricultural area. Environ Mutagen 1981; 3:519-30. [PMID: 7026225 DOI: 10.1002/em.2860030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the mutagenicity of the water from Lake Bloomington and of the tap water that is made from the lake water. The lake, which is the source of drinking water for Bloomington, Illinois (pop. 44,000), is surrounded by land that is farmed intensively--being mainly in maize and soybeans. Samples were collected monthly from May through October 1979 and concentrated 3,000X with XAD-2 resin. Nearly all of the lake and tap water concentrates were mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 in the presence of S-9 mix, and the May tap water concentrate was highly mutagenic. In addition, many of the concentrates were toxic to the bacteria in the absence of S-9 mix. Chemical analysis of the highly mutagenic tap water concentrate from May revealed the presence of a number of organic contaminants that were absent from control concentrates prepared from deionized and distilled treated-well water. In addition, unconcentrated lake and tap water were tested in a reverse-mutation test in maize (Zea mays); no mutagenicity was detected. This study indicates that the contamination of drinking water with agricultural and/or industrial chemicals may result in a potential health hazard.
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Means JC, Wood SG, Hassett JJ, Banwart WL. Sorption of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by sediments and soils. Environ Sci Technol 1980; 14:1524-1528. [PMID: 22280000 DOI: 10.1021/es60172a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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