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Redan BW, Zuklic J, Hryshko J, Boyer M, Wan J, Sandhu A, Jackson LS. Analysis of Eight Types of Plant-based Milk Alternatives from the United States Market for Target Minerals and Trace Elements. J Food Compost Anal 2023; 122:105457. [PMID: 37533790 PMCID: PMC10392789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of commercial plant-based foods that are marketed and sold as alternatives for milk (plant-based milk alternatives or PBMAs) are available to consumers. In this study, PBMAs from the United States (n=85) were subjected to analysis for target minerals (magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc) to compare their variability across PBMA types, brands, and production lots. Samples were also screened for the environmental contaminant elements arsenic, cadmium, and lead. The eight PBMA types sampled were produced from almond, cashew, coconut, hemp, oat, pea, rice, and soy. Elemental analysis was conducted using microwave-assisted acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The results showed that pea PBMAs contained the highest mean amounts of phosphorus, selenium, and zinc, while soy PBMAs were highest in magnesium. Mean amounts of minerals were lower than those found in milk for the majority of PBMA types. There was significant variation (P<0.05) in amounts of minerals across the majority of product brands. The amounts of phosphorus and magnesium varied across production lots (P<0.05), but the absolute value of these differences was low. Total arsenic was highest in rice PBMAs; amounts of cadmium and lead across PBMAs were generally found at low or non-quantifiable amounts. These results underscore the importance of generating analytical data on the elemental composition of products within the rapidly growing category of PBMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Redan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USA
| | - Joseph Zuklic
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL, 60501 USA
| | - Jeanmaire Hryshko
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Nutrition and Food Labeling, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - Marc Boyer
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Analytics and Outreach, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - Jason Wan
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL, 60501 USA
| | - Amandeep Sandhu
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL, 60501 USA
| | - Lauren S. Jackson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USA
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Sevillano Pires V, Zuklic J, Hryshko J, Hansen P, Boyer M, Wan J, Jackson LS, Sandhu AK, Redan BW. Market Basket Survey of the Micronutrients Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Calcium, and Potassium in Eight Types of Commercial Plant-Based Milk Alternatives from United States Markets. ACS Food Sci Technol 2023; 3:100-112. [PMID: 36712962 PMCID: PMC9881837 DOI: 10.1021/acsfoodscitech.2c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We performed a market basket survey of plant-based milk alternatives (PBMAs) from the US market for vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium, and potassium to identify the amount and variability of these micronutrients across various PBMAs. The PBMA types included in this analysis were almond, cashew, coconut, hemp, oat, pea, rice, and soy (n=90 total product units). Analyses for vitamin A (as retinyl palmitate), vitamin D2/D3, and minerals were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, respectively. A majority of PBMA types had significant differences (P<0.05) in the amounts of target micronutrients across brands. The coefficient of variation (%CV) for micronutrient concentrations within one lot of a single brand ranged from 4.1-42.2% for vitamin A, 1.5-44.1% for vitamin D, 1.7%-37.6% for calcium, and 0.7%-39.0% for potassium. The variability of these micronutrients should be taken into account when considering the nutritional value of PBMAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Sevillano Pires
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL, 60501 USA
| | - Joseph Zuklic
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL, 60501 USA
| | - Jeanmaire Hryshko
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Nutrition and Food Labeling, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - Patricia Hansen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Nutrition and Food Labeling, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - Marc Boyer
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Analytics and Outreach, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - Jason Wan
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL, 60501 USA
| | - Lauren S. Jackson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USA
| | - Amandeep K. Sandhu
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL, 60501 USA
| | - Benjamin W. Redan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel: 708-924-0601; Fax: 708-924-0690;
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