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McAndrews KM, Dowlatshahi DP, Dai J, Becker LM, Hensel J, Snowden LM, Leveille JM, Brunner MR, Holden KW, Hopkins NS, Harris AM, Kumpati J, Whitt MA, Lee JJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner LL, Papanna R, LeBleu VS, Allison JP, Kalluri R. Heterogeneous antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain and nucleocapsid with implications for COVID-19 immunity. JCI Insight 2020; 5:142386. [PMID: 32796155 PMCID: PMC7526535 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of potential immunity against the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus that emerged in 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential for health, as well as social and economic recovery. Generation of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 (seroconversion) may inform on acquired immunity from prior exposure, and antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (S-RBD) are speculated to neutralize virus infection. Some serology assays rely solely on SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N-protein) as the antibody detection antigen; however, whether such immune responses correlate with S-RBD response and COVID-19 immunity remains unknown. Here, we generated a quantitative serological ELISA using recombinant S-RBD and N-protein for the detection of circulating antibodies in 138 serial serum samples from 30 reverse transcription PCR–confirmed, SARS-CoV-2–hospitalized patients, as well as 464 healthy and non–COVID-19 serum samples that were collected between June 2017 and June 2020. Quantitative detection of IgG antibodies against the 2 different viral proteins showed a moderate correlation. Antibodies against N-protein were detected at a rate of 3.6% in healthy and non–COVID-19 sera collected during the pandemic in 2020, whereas 1.9% of these sera were positive for S-RBD. Approximately 86% of individuals positive for S-RBD–binding antibodies exhibited neutralizing capacity, but only 74% of N-protein–positive individuals exhibited neutralizing capacity. Collectively, our studies show that detection of N-protein–binding antibodies does not always correlate with presence of S-RBD–neutralizing antibodies and caution against the extensive use of N-protein–based serology testing for determination of potential COVID-19 immunity. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein binding antibodies does not always correlate with the presence of spike protein receptor binding domain neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dara P Dowlatshahi
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianli Dai
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lisa M Becker
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Janine Hensel
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Laura M Snowden
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer M Leveille
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael R Brunner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kylie W Holden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nikolas S Hopkins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alexandria M Harris
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jerusha Kumpati
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael A Whitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ramesha Papanna
- The Fetal Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James P Allison
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Almli LM, Lori A, Meyers JL, Shin J, Fani N, Maihofer AX, Nievergelt CM, Smith AK, Mercer KB, Kerley K, Leveille JM, Feng H, Abu‐Amara D, Flory JD, Yehuda R, Marmar CR, Baker DG, Bradley B, Koenen KC, Conneely KN, Ressler KJ. Problematic alcohol use associates with sodium channel and clathrin linker 1 (SCLT1) in trauma-exposed populations. Addict Biol 2018; 23:1145-1159. [PMID: 29082582 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol use is extremely prevalent in the United States, particularly among trauma-exposed individuals. While several studies have examined genetic influences on alcohol use and related problems, this has not been studied in the context of trauma-exposed populations. We report results from a genome-wide association study of alcohol consumption and associated problems as measured by the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) in a trauma-exposed cohort. Results indicate a genome-wide significant association between total AUDIT score and rs1433375 [N = 1036, P = 2.61 × 10-8 (dominant model), P = 7.76 × 10-8 (additive model)], an intergenic single-nucleotide polymorphism located 323 kb upstream of the sodium channel and clathrin linker 1 (SCLT1) at 4q28. rs1433375 was also significant in a meta-analysis of two similar, but independent, cohorts (N = 1394, P = 0.0004), the Marine Resiliency Study and Systems Biology PTSD Biomarkers Consortium. Functional analysis indicated that rs1433375 was associated with SCLT1 gene expression and cortical-cerebellar functional connectivity measured via resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Together, findings suggest a role for sodium channel regulation and cerebellar functioning in alcohol use behavior. Identifying mechanisms underlying risk for problematic alcohol use in trauma-exposed populations is critical for future treatment and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M. Almli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Jacquelyn L. Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry State University of New York Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn NY USA
| | - Jaemin Shin
- Center for Advanced Brain Imaging Georgia State University/Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Adam X. Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
- Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health San Diego USA
| | - Caroline M. Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
- Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health San Diego USA
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University Atlanta GA USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | | | - Kimberly Kerley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Jennifer M. Leveille
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Human Genetics Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Duna Abu‐Amara
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury Department of Psychiatry, New York University New York NY USA
| | - Janine D. Flory
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury Department of Psychiatry, New York University New York NY USA
- Department of Psychiatry MSSM/James J. Peters Veterans Administration Medical Center New York NY USA
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury Department of Psychiatry, New York University New York NY USA
- Department of Psychiatry MSSM/James J. Peters Veterans Administration Medical Center New York NY USA
| | - Charles R. Marmar
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury Department of Psychiatry, New York University New York NY USA
| | - Dewleen G. Baker
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
- Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health San Diego USA
- Psychiatry Services VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego CA USA
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University Atlanta GA USA
- Mental Health Service Line Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Atlanta GA USA
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health Boston MA USA
| | | | - Kerry J. Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University Atlanta GA USA
- McLean Hospital Harvard Medical School Belmont MA USA
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Huynh V, Joshi U, Leveille JM, Golden TD, Verbeck GF. Nanomanipulation-coupled to nanospray mass spectrometry applied to document and ink analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 242:150-156. [PMID: 25063931 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A method for the extraction and analysis of ink samples was developed using microscopy with direct analyte probe nanoextraction coupled to nanospray ionization mass spectrometry (DAPNe-NSI-MS) for localized chemical analysis of document inks. Nanomanipulation can be effectively coupled to nanospray ionization mass spectrometry providing picomolar sensitivity, and the capability to analyze ultra-trace amounts of material and reduce the required sample volume to as low as 300 nL. This new and innovative technique does not leave destructive footprints on the surface of a document. To demonstrate the breadth of this technique, analysis of inks from various eras were tested, iron gall ink and modern inks, as well as the capability to detect the oxidative products of polyethylene glycol (PEG), a common binding agent. The experimental results showed that DAPNe-NSI-MS was able to chelate iron(II) and manganese(II) ions of iron gall ink and organic components of modern and carbon-based inks. Regardless of whether the ink composition is modern or ancient, organic or inorganic, this new instrumental approach is able to identify and characterize the ingredients by modifying the extraction solvent, illustrating the potential diversity of the DAPNe technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305070, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Ubisha Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305070, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Jennifer M Leveille
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305070, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Teresa D Golden
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305070, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305070, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
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