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Rydell J, Russo D, Sewell P, Seamark ECJ, Francis CM, Fenton SL, Fenton MB. Bat selfies: photographic surveys of flying bats. Mamm Biol 2022; 102:793-809. [PMID: 35411207 PMCID: PMC8988114 DOI: 10.1007/s42991-022-00233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The recent pandemic and other environmental concerns have resulted in restrictions on research and surveys involving capture and handling bats. While acoustic surveys have been widely used as an alternative survey method, in this study, we show how photographic surveys can offer an important contribution to study and survey bats. We outline approaches, using high speed flash and automated trip beams to obtain photos of flying bats of sufficient quality for reliable identification of species. We show, through a series of examples of setups and photographs, that photography is effective for surveying bats at a variety of sites, where bats roost, drink, and forage. We note, however, that photographic surveys cannot replace capture in all situations. In addition, although photographing bats is less invasive than capturing them, it can involve disturbance, so we stress the importance of minimizing the impact of such operations on bats. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42991-022-00233-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rydell
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Danilo Russo
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Price Sewell
- Copperhead Environmental Consulting, 471 Main Street, Richmond, KY USA
| | | | - Charles M. Francis
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Sherri L. Fenton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - M. Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
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Voigt CC, Dekker J, Fritze M, Gazaryan S, Hölker F, Jones G, Lewanzik D, Limpens HJGA, Mathews F, Rydell J, Spoelstra K, Zagmajster M. Erratum: The Impact Of Light Pollution On Bats Varies According To Foraging Guild And Habitat Context. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suren Gazaryan
- Unep/Eurobats, The Agreement On The Conservation Of Populations Of European Bats, Part Of The United Nations Environment Programme, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franz Hölker
- Leibniz-Institute Of Freshwater Ecology And Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gareth Jones
- School Of Biological Sciences, University Of Bristol, Bristol, England, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lewanzik
- Leibniz Institute For Zoo And Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fiona Mathews
- School Of Life Sciences, University Of Sussex, Falmer, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Rydell
- Department Of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kamiel Spoelstra
- Department Of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute Of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maja Zagmajster
- Subbiolab, Department Of Biology's Biotechnical Faculty, University Of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Voigt CC, Dekker J, Fritze M, Gazaryan S, Hölker F, Jones G, Lewanzik D, Limpens HJGA, Mathews F, Rydell J, Spoelstra K, Zagmajster M. The Impact Of Light Pollution On Bats Varies According To Foraging Guild And Habitat Context. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We Review How Different Bat Guilds Respond To Artificial Light At Night (Alan) And Assess How The Impacts Can Vary According To Ecological Context. All Studied European Species Respond Negatively To Alan Close To Roosts And Drinking Sites, And The Impacts Occur Across A Wide Range Of Light Colors And Intensities. Most Bat Species Are Sensitive To Alan When Commuting And Foraging. Although Narrow-Space-Foraging Bat Species Consistently Avoid Alan When Foraging, Open And Edge-Space-Foraging Species May Exploit Insects Lured By Alan. Therefore, Alan Acts As An Environmental Filter On Bat Assemblages. Considering The Detrimental Effect Of Alan On Insects, We Conclude That Alan Probably Has Negative Impacts On All Bat Species, Even On Those Foraging At Streetlights. The Sprawl Of Alan May Be A Key Factor Driving The Decline Of Bat Diversity Globally, And The Current Trajectory Of Increasing Alan Is Therefore Of Considerable Concern For Bat Conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suren Gazaryan
- Unep/Eurobats, The Agreement On The Conservation Of Populations Of European Bats, Part Of The United Nations Environment Programme, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franz Hölker
- Leibniz-Institute Of Freshwater Ecology And Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gareth Jones
- School Of Biological Sciences, University Of Bristol, Bristol, England, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lewanzik
- Leibniz Institute For Zoo And Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fiona Mathews
- School Of Life Sciences, University Of Sussex, Falmer, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Rydell
- Department Of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kamiel Spoelstra
- Department Of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute Of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maja Zagmajster
- Subbiolab, Department Of Biology's Biotechnical Faculty, University Of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Apoznański G, Kokurewicz TS, Petterson S, Sánchez-Navarro S, Górska M, Rydell J. Barbastelles in a Production Landscape: Where Do They Roost? Acta Chiropterologica 2021. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2021.23.1.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Apoznański
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz S. Kokurewicz
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Monika Górska
- ZOO Wrocław, Wróblewskiego 1-5, 51-618 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jens Rydell
- Biology Department, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Rydell
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sánchez-Navarro
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Av. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jens Rydell
- Department of Biology, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Carlos Ibáñez
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Av. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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Abstract
White or clear (“whitish”) wings are a distinct feature in about 30 species of tropical insectivorous bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) belonging to three families (Emballonuridae, Molossidae, and Vespertilionidae). Such wings may provide camouflage against the sky at dusk and dawn, when bats commute to and from the roost and are vulnerable to aerial predation from birds. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the contrast of black, white, and transparent plastic models against the evening sky. Compared with normally dark wings, white and particularly transparent wings indeed reduce the contrast against the sky and may also prevent overheating in bats flying in daylight. Whitish wings could facilitate earlier evening emergence and later morning return, increasing access to crepuscular or diurnal insects as food. But whitish wings become maladaptive near artificial lights, where they are highly visible when illuminated against the dark sky. Pale but colored (not whitish) wings and reticulated patterns on translucent wings in some African and south Asian bats may be variations on the same theme, functional as camouflage against a lit background of vegetation and shades.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Rydell
- Biology Department, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - M.B. Fenton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - E. Seamark
- AfricanBats NPC, 357 Botha Avenue, Kloofsig, 0157, South Africa
| | - P.W. Webala
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, P.O. Box 861-20500, Narok, Kenya
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Rydell J, Elfström M, Eklöf J, Sánchez-Navarro S. Dramatic decline of northern bat Eptesicus nilssonii in Sweden over 30 years. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:191754. [PMID: 32257332 PMCID: PMC7062070 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We monitored northern bat Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839) acoustically along a 27 km road transect at weekly intervals in 1988, 1989 and 1990, and again in 2016 and 2017. The methodology of data collection and the transect were the same throughout, except that the insect-attracting mercury-vapour street-lights along parts of the road were replaced by sodium lights between the two survey periods. Counts along sections of the transect with and without street-lights were analysed separately. The frequency of bat encounters in unlit sections showed an average decline of 3.0% per year, corresponding to a reduction of 59% between 1988 and 2017. Sections with street-lights showed an 85% decline over the same period (6.3% per year). The decline represents a real reduction in the abundance of bats rather than an artefact of changed distribution of bats away from roads. Our study conforms with another long-term survey of the same species on the Baltic island of Gotland. Our results agree with predictions based on climate change models. They also indicate that the decline was caused directly by the disuse of the insect-attracting mercury-vapour street-lights, which may have resulted in lower availability of preferred prey (moths). In the 1980s, E. nilssonii was considered the most common bat in Sweden, but the subsequent decline would rather qualify it for vulnerable or endangered status in the national Red List of Threatened Species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rydell
- Biology Department, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Elfström
- EnviroPlanning AB, Lilla Bommen 5C, 411 04 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Natural Resources and Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rydell
- Biology Department, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Eklöf
- Nattbacka Natur, Krokdalsvägen 88, SE-517 34 Bollebygd, Sweden
| | - Hans Fransson
- Store Mosse Nationalpark, SE-3357 74 Hillerstorp, Sweden
| | - Sabine Lind
- Jönköpings kommun, SE-551 89 Jönköping, Sweden
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Malmqvist E, Jansson S, Zhu S, Li W, Svanberg K, Svanberg S, Rydell J, Song Z, Bood J, Brydegaard M, Åkesson S. The bat-bird-bug battle: daily flight activity of insects and their predators over a rice field revealed by high-resolution Scheimpflug Lidar. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:172303. [PMID: 29765679 PMCID: PMC5936944 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of, to our knowledge, the first Lidar study applied to continuous and simultaneous monitoring of aerial insects, bats and birds. It illustrates how common patterns of flight activity, e.g. insect swarming around twilight, depend on predation risk and other constraints acting on the faunal components. Flight activity was monitored over a rice field in China during one week in July 2016, using a high-resolution Scheimpflug Lidar system. The monitored Lidar transect was about 520 m long and covered approximately 2.5 m3. The observed biomass spectrum was bimodal, and targets were separated into insects and vertebrates in a categorization supported by visual observations. Peak flight activity occurred at dusk and dawn, with a 37 min time difference between the bat and insect peaks. Hence, bats started to feed in declining insect activity after dusk and stopped before the rise in activity before dawn. A similar time difference between insects and birds may have occurred, but it was not obvious, perhaps because birds were relatively scarce. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that flight activity of bats is constrained by predation in bright light, and that crepuscular insects exploit this constraint by swarming near to sunset/sunrise to minimize predation from bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Malmqvist
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Author for correspondence: Elin Malmqvist e-mail:
| | - Samuel Jansson
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Shiming Zhu
- Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wansha Li
- Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Katarina Svanberg
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Sune Svanberg
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jens Rydell
- Centre for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ziwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection/Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 7, Jinying Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Joakim Bood
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikkel Brydegaard
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Susanne Åkesson
- Centre for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
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Rydell J, Eklöf J, Sánchez-Navarro S. Reply to 'Comment on Age of enlightenment: long-term effects of outdoor aesthetic lights on bats in churches' by T. Onkelinx. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:171630. [PMID: 29309063 PMCID: PMC5750041 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rydell
- Biology Department, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Eklöf
- Graptolit Ord och Natur, Krokdalsvägen 88, 517 34 Bollebygd, Sweden
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Rydell J, Eklöf J, Sánchez-Navarro S. Age of enlightenment: long-term effects of outdoor aesthetic lights on bats in churches. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:161077. [PMID: 28878962 PMCID: PMC5579077 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.161077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We surveyed 110 country churches in south-western Sweden for presence of brown long-eared bats Plecotus auritus in summer 2016 by visual inspection and/or evening emergence counts. Each church was also classified according to the presence and amount of aesthetic directional lights (flood-lights) aimed on its walls and tower from the outside. Sixty-one of the churches had previously been surveyed by one of us (J.R.) between 1980 and 1990, before lights were installed on Swedish churches, using the same methods. Churches with bat colonies had decreased significantly in frequency from 61% in 1980s to 38% by 2016. All abandoned churches had been fitted with flood-lights in the period between the two surveys. The loss of bat colonies from lit churches was highly significant and most obvious when lights were applied from all directions, leaving no dark corridor for the bats to leave and return to the roost. In contrast, in churches that were not lit, all of 13 bat colonies remained after 25+ years between the surveys. Lighting of churches and other historical buildings is a serious threat to the long-term survival and reproduction of light-averse bats such as Plecotus spp. and other slow-flying species. Bat roosts are strictly protected according to the EU Habitats Directive and the EUROBATS agreement. Lighting of buildings for aesthetic purposes is becoming a serious environmental issue, because important bat roosts are destroyed in large numbers, and the problem should be handled accordingly. As a start, installation of flood-lights on historical buildings should at least require an environmental impact assessment (EIA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rydell
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Chou
- Bat association of Taiwan, No. 25, Ln. 176, Wenxin St., Jiji Township, Nantou County 552, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Endemic Species Research Institute, No. 1, Minsheng E. Rd., Jiji Township, Nantou County 552, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Tsung-Yu Hsieh
- Ming-Shiang Ecological Census Consultant Company, No. 27-12, Gongxue N. Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Wei-Ting Liu
- Observer Ecological Consultant Company, 4F., No. 129, Jinjiang St., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Ta-Ching Chou
- Ming-Shiang Ecological Census Consultant Company, No. 27-12, Gongxue N. Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yu-Po Huang
- Observer Ecological Consultant Company, 4F., No. 129, Jinjiang St., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Jens Rydell
- Biology Department, Lund University, SE-233 62 Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
The social life of bats is a complex and multifaceted one of constant interaction between males and females, between females and their pups, and between rivals, relatives, and other bats. Bats can form lasting friendships, they groom each other, they alert each other to danger, they form a united front against inquisitive owls, they steal and share food, and they look after each other’s young. The strategies of co-existence are almost as many as there are bat species. While some form stable, monogamous couples, others live in colonies of millions of individuals. Some live in small family groups or harems that stick together throughout the year (sometimes year after year), others change their groupings according to season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Rydell
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Murphy M, Clare EL, Rydell J, Yovel Y, Bar-On Y, Oelbaum P, Fenton MB. Opportunistic Use of Banana Flower Bracts byGlossophaga soricina. Acta Chiropterologica 2016. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2016.18.1.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kounitsky P, Rydell J, Amichai E, Boonman A, Eitan O, Weiss AJ, Yovel Y. Bats adjust their mouth gape to zoom their biosonar field of view. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6724-9. [PMID: 25941395 PMCID: PMC4450403 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422843112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Active sensing, where sensory acquisition is actively modulated, is an inherent component of almost all sensory systems. Echolocating bats are a prime example of active sensing. They can rapidly adjust many of their biosonar parameters to optimize sensory acquisition. They dynamically adjust pulse design, pulse duration, and pulse rate within dozens of milliseconds according to the sensory information that is required for the task that they are performing. The least studied and least understood degree of freedom in echolocation is emission beamforming--the ability to change the shape of the sonar sound beam in a functional way. Such an ability could have a great impact on the bat's control over its sensory perception. On the one hand, the bat could direct more energy into a narrow sector to zoom its biosonar field of view, and on the other hand, it could widen the beam to increase the space that it senses. We show that freely behaving bats constantly control their biosonar field of view in natural situations by rapidly adjusting their emitter aperture--the mouth gape. The bats dramatically narrowed the beam when entering a confined space, and they dramatically widened it within dozens of milliseconds when flying toward open space. Hence, mouth-emitting bats dynamically adjust their mouth gape to optimize the area that they sense with their echolocation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kounitsky
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Electrical Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, and
| | - Jens Rydell
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences
| | | | | | - Ofri Eitan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences
| | - Anthony J Weiss
- School of Electrical Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, and
| | - Yossi Yovel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Ujvari B, Fisher P, Rydell J, Wahlgren R, Wright B, Madsen T. Population demography of frillneck lizards (Chlamydosaurus kingii, Gray 1825) in the wet-dry tropics of Australia. AUSTRAL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Ujvari
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Jens Rydell
- Skogsrydsvägen 14 SE-523 33 Ulricehamn Sweden
| | | | - Belinda Wright
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Thomas Madsen
- School of Molecular Biosciences; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
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Rydell J, Bach L, Bach P, Diaz LG, Furmankiewicz J, Hagner-Wahlsten N, Kyheröinen EM, Lilley T, Masing M, Meyer MM, Ptersons G, Šuba J, Vasko V, Vintulis V, Hedenström A. Phenology of Migratory Bat Activity Across the Baltic Sea and the South-Eastern North Sea. Acta Chiropterologica 2014. [DOI: 10.3161/150811014x683354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Rydell
- Department of Ecology, University of Lund, S‐223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - K‐B. Strann
- NINA, c/o Tromsø Museum, N‐9000 Tromsø, Norway
| | - J. R. Speakman
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen AB9 2TN, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Svensson
- Dept of Chemical Technology, Lund University, Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Rydell J, Bach L, Dubourg-Savage MJ, Green M, Rodrigues L, Hedenström A. Bat Mortality at Wind Turbines in Northwestern Europe. Acta Chiropterologica 2010. [DOI: 10.3161/150811010x537846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Rydell
- Department of Zoomorphology, University of Göteborg, Medicinargatan 18, S‐413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - D. W. Yalden
- School of Biological Sciences, 3.239 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
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Leinhard OD, Johansson A, Rydell J, Smedby O, Nystrom F, Lundberg P, Borga M. Quantitative abdominal fat estimation using MRI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1109/icpr.2008.4761764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The northern bat Eptesicus nilssonii normally hunts flying insects in the air using frequency-modulated echolocation calls. It is also known to detect and catch visually conspicuous prey (white moths) hovering low among grass stalks. To overcome the problem with acoustic clutter from the grass, which interferes with target echo detection, the bats make use of visual cues in addition to those of echolocation. We therefore investigated the minimum size of prey that the bats could distinguish by using vision, by presenting the bats with different sized dead and spread moths. We found that vision increased the chance of detection only when the moths had a wingspan of at least 5 cm. Smaller targets were detected using echolocation alone. The mean detection range was 3.5 m, suggesting that the bats need a visual acuity of 49' of arc to detect the prey. This is consistent with results of optomotor response tests and counts of retinal ganglion cells in closely related species. Our results suggest that the visual acuity of Eptesicus bats may not be adequate for prey detection under normal conditions, but that the bats can use vision when the prey is unusually large and conspicuous. The northern bats display a flexibility in prey detection techniques not previously recognised among aerial-hawking bats and they are able to use their full visual capacity in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rydell
- Zoology Department, Göteborg University, Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Speakman JR, Rydell J, Webb PI, Hayes JP, Hays GC, Hulbert IAR, McDevitt RM. Activity patterns of insectivorous bats and birds in northern Scandinavia (69° N), during continuous midsummer daylight. OIKOS 2003. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rydell J, Kaerma S, Hedelin H, Skals N. Evasive response to ultrasound by the crepuscular butterfly Manataria maculata. Naturwissenschaften 2003; 90:80-3. [PMID: 12590303 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-002-0391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2002] [Accepted: 11/26/2002] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The crepuscular nymphalid butterfly Manataria maculata was studied in Monteverde cloud forest, Costa Rica, during the dry season reproductive diapause. M. maculata has ears in the form of Vogel's organs located near the base of the forewings. Its behaviour in response to bursts of ultrasonic pulses (26 kHz, 110 dB SPL at 1 m) was condition-dependent. At dusk and dawn the sound consistently elicited evasive responses, similar to those of moths, in flying individuals. In contrast day-roosting individuals always remained motionless although they were alert to other stimuli. The daily movements between day- and night-roosts coincided in time and light intensity with the activity of insectivorous bats. This is the first reported case of ultrasonic hearing connected to evasive flights in a true butterfly (Papilionoidea). It strongly supports the idea that echolocating bats were involved in the evolution of hearing in butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rydell
- Zoology Department, Göteborg University, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
We studied the acoustic behaviour of bats (Eptesicus nilssonii) hunting for large (wing span 5 cm) non-hearing hepialid moths (Hepialus humuli). Groups of silvery-white male H. humuli perform a short (30 min) hovering display flight over grassland at dusk. They typically hover at, or below, the tops of grass panicles and are therefore situated in a highly acoustically cluttered habitat. Occasionally, they move to a new position by making short (1–5 s) flights at higher levels. E. nilssonii is not a clutter specialist, and yet we found that they attacked H. humuli within the ‘clutter overlap zone’. The bats did not change their signal design in any marked manner for this specific task. Measurements of echoes from a moth 10 cm above or below the grass tops showed that information for detecting the moths was available to the bats. Nevertheless, the bats did not attack moths in stationary hovering display flight, only when they moved above the grass panicles. The duration of the up/down flights (movements) were almost always longer than an entire capture sequence by the bats. Apparently, the bats rely on the movement of the moth in space, monitored over successive echoes, to discriminate moth echoes from overlapping clutter echoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Jensen
- Center for Sound Communication, Biological Institute, Odense University, SDU, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
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Abstract
We investigated the bat defence reactions of three species of moths (Gynaephora groenlandica, Gynaephora rossi (Lymantriidae) and Psychophora sabini (Geometridae)) in the Canadian Arctic archipelago. Since these moths inhabit the Arctic tundra and, therefore, are most probably spatially isolated from bats, their hearing and associated defensive reactions are probably useless and would therefore be expected to disappear with ongoing adaptation to Arctic conditions. When exposed to bat-like ultrasound (26 kHz and 110 dB sound pressure level root mean square at 1 m) flying male Gynaephora spp. always reacted defensively by rapidly reversing their flight course. They could hear the sound and reacted at least 15-25 m away. Psychophora sabini walking on a surface froze at distances of at least 5-7 m from the sound source. However, two out of three individuals of this species (all males) did not respond in any way to the sound while in flight. Hence, we found evidence of degeneration of bat defence reactions, i.e. adaptation to the bat-free environment, in P. sabini but not in Gynaephora spp. Some Arctic moths (Gynaephora spp.) still possess defensive reactions against bats, possibly because the selection pressure for the loss of the trait is such that it declines only very slowly (perhaps by genetic drift; and there may not have been enough time for the trait to disappear. One possible reason may be that Arctic moths have long generation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rydell
- Department of Zoology, Göteborg University, Sweden.
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Fenton MB, Rydell J, Vonhof MJ, Eklöf J, Lancaster WC. Constant-frequency and frequency-modulated components in the echolocation calls of three species of small bats (Emballonuridae, Thyropteridae, and Vespertilionidae). CAN J ZOOL 1999. [DOI: 10.1139/z99-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The echolocation calls of Rhychonycteris naso (Emballonuridae), Thyroptera tricolor (Thyropteridae), and Myotis riparius (Vespertilionidae) were recorded at the Cãno Palma Field Station in Costa Rica in February 1998. All three species produced echolocation calls at low duty cycle (signal on ~10% of the time). While T. tricolor produced low-intensity echolocation calls that were barely detectable when the bats were <0.5 m from the microphone, the other two species produced high-intensity calls, readily detectable at distances >5 m. Myotis riparius produced calls that swept from about 120 kHz to just over 50 kHz in about 2 ms. We found no evidence of harmonics in these calls. Rhynchonycteris naso and T. tricolor produced multiharmonic echolocation calls. In R. naso the calls included narrowband and broadband components and varied in bandwidth, sweeping from just under 100 kHz to around 75 kHz in over 5 ms. Most calls were dominated by the higher harmonic (ca. 100 kHz), but some also included a lower one (ca. 50 kHz). The calls of T. tricolor were 5-10 ms long and dominated by a single frequency (ca. 45 kHz), sometimes with a ca. 25 kHz component. The echolocation calls of all three species included frequency-modulated and constant-frequency components. While these terms describe the components of the echolocation calls, they do not necessarily describe the bats' echolocation behaviour.
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Svensson MGE, Rydell J, Brown R. Bat Predation and Flight Timing of Winter Moths, Epirrita and Operophtera Species (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). OIKOS 1999. [DOI: 10.2307/3546713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
The Hepialidae represents an early branch of the Lepidoptera, whose members lack the ultrasonic hearing and other obvious predator defence systems present in other extant moths. I observed lekking male ghost swifts, Hepialus humuli, being exploited by northern bats, Eptesicus nilssonii, over a hayfield in southern Sweden. Because the moth's display flight was restricted to a brief (30 min) period at dusk, they avoided most predators temporally but were exposed to early emerging aerial-hawking bats. Against these, they apparently employed 'acoustic crypsis', achieved by flying close (< 0.5 m) to the vegetation, thereby hiding from the bats among clutter (echoes returning from the background). Nevertheless, the predation risk for the displaying moth males was very high (20% per night), mainly because they sometimes left the safety of the vegetation. The lack of 'advanced' predator defence mechanisms in H. humuli requires alternative defence strategies, which, however, restrict the behavioural repertoire and still carry a high predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rydell
- Zoology Department, Göteborg University, Sweden.
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Andersson S, Rydell J, Svensson MGE. Light, predation and the lekking behaviour of the ghost swift Hepialus humuli (L.) (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae). Proc Biol Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1998.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Andersson
- Department of Zoology, University of Gö teborg, Box 463, SE- 40530 Gö teborg, Sweden
| | - J. Rydell
- Department of Zoology, University of Gö teborg, Box 463, SE- 40530 Gö teborg, Sweden
| | - M. G. E. Svensson
- Department of Ecology, University of Lund, Sö lvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Fenton MB, Rautenbach IL, Rydell J, Arita HT, Ortega J, Bouchard S, Hovorka MD, Lim B, Odgren E, Portfors CV, Scully WM, Syme DM, Vonhof MJ. Emergence, Echolocation, Diet and Foraging Behavior of Molossus ater (Chiroptera: Molossidae)1. Biotropica 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Bats often forage near streetlamps, where they catch moths in particular. At least two hypotheses may explain the apparent increase in the availability of moths to bats feeding around streetlamps: (1) the moths become concentrated near the light and therefore more profitable to exploit; and (2) the light interferes with the moths' evasive flight behaviour. We tested the second of these hypotheses by exposing flying male winter moths, Operophtera spp., to bursts of ultrasound (26 kHz, 110 dB sound pressure level) from an electronic source. The light from a 125 W mercury vapour lamp had a quantitative effect on the moths' evasive flight response at close range (within ca 4 m), inhibiting it totally in nearly half (43%, N=125) of the cases. By contrast, moths flying in the surrounding woodland and without interference from the lamp always responded to the sound. Streetlamps of the mercury vapour type (white lamps) thus interfere with the defensive behaviour of moths and presumably increase their vulnerability to echolocating bats. This may have implications for the conservation of both moths and bats. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- AM Svensson
- Department of Zoology, University of Goteborg
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Abstract
Audiograms and behavioural responses to ultrasound reveal that male geometrid winter moths (Agriopis and Erannis spp.; Ennominae, and Alsophila aescularia; Oenochrominae), which have large wings and a slow flight, have good, broadly tuned ultrasonic hearing with best frequencies at 25-40 kHz, coinciding with the frequencies used by most sympatric aerial-hawking bats. Ultrasonic pulses (27 kHz 110 dB at 1 m) delivered at distances of 1-12 m evoked consistent reactions of free flying, male A. marginaria in the lab as well as in the field; those at < 5 m resulted in the moth spiralling or diving towards the ground, those at 5-12 m resulted in one or several changes in the flight path, but did not end on the ground. The differential reaction probably reflects whether the moth is likely to have been detected by the bat or not. The micropterous (and flightless), and hence cryptic, females have strongly reduced tympanic organs and are virtually deaf. Sexual dimorphism in hearing and behavioural reactions to ultrasound reflect differential natural selection on males and females by bats. Natural selection on the hearing of the males thus seems to occur although they fly in late autumn and early spring, when bat activity is much reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rydell
- Department of Zoology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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Rydell J, Entwistle A, Racey PA. Timing of Foraging Flights of Three Species of Bats in Relation to Insect Activity and Predation Risk. OIKOS 1996. [DOI: 10.2307/3546196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schwartz MM, Korbet SM, Rydell J, Borok R, Genchi R. Primary focal segmental glomerular sclerosis in adults: prognostic value of histologic variants. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25:845-52. [PMID: 7771480 DOI: 10.1016/0272-6386(95)90566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Primary focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) is a clinicopathologic syndrome in which variable amounts of proteinuria are associated with the renal biopsy finding of segmental glomerular scarring in some, but not all, of the glomeruli. Additional histologic features have been described in FSGS, including the position of the scar relative to the vascular and tubular pole of the glomerulus, foam cells, hyalinosis, mesangial deposits of immunoglobulin M, diffuse mesangial hypercellularity, glomerular visceral epithelial cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and the extent of associated interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. We performed a retrospective study on 81 patients with biopsy-proven, primary FSGS to determine whether any of the histologic features of FSGS correlated with renal function at the time of biopsy and the incidence of end-stage renal disease at follow-up. Sixty patients were nephrotic and 21 had nonnephrotic proteinuria. Only the degree of interstitial fibrosis correlated with the initial serum creatinine (r = 0.536) and none of the histologic features predicted the presence of nephrotic-range proteinuria at the time of biopsy. Segmental scars involved 21% +/- 14% of the glomeruli per biopsy specimen, but their position within the glomerulus was uniform in only 13% of the cases. Diffuse mesangial hypercellularity was present in 17% of the biopsy specimens, and glomerular epithelial cell lesions were present in 57% of the biopsy specimens. Multivariate analysis showed that only the degree of interstitial fibrosis predicted end-stage renal disease in all 81 patients and in the 60 patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria. The current data do not support different therapeutic approaches in primary FSGS based on histologic subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Schwartz
- Department of Pathology, Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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