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Goldberg DJ, Hu C, Lubert AM, Rathod RH, Penny DJ, Petit CJ, Schumacher KR, Ginde S, Williams RV, Yoon JK, Kim GB, Nowlen TT, DiMaria MV, Frischhertz BP, Wagner JB, McHugh KE, McCrindle BW, Cartoski MJ, Detterich JA, Yetman AT, John AS, Richmond ME, Yung D, Payne RM, Mackie AS, Davis CK, Shahanavaz S, Hill KD, Almaguer M, Zak V, McBride MG, Goldstein BH, Pearson GD, Paridon SM. The Fontan Udenafil Exercise Longitudinal Trial: Subgroup Analysis. Pediatr Cardiol 2023; 44:1691-1701. [PMID: 37382636 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-023-03204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The Pediatric Heart Network's Fontan Udenafil Exercise Longitudinal (FUEL) Trial (Mezzion Pharma Co. Ltd., NCT02741115) demonstrated improvements in some measures of exercise capacity and in the myocardial performance index following 6 months of treatment with udenafil (87.5 mg twice daily). In this post hoc analysis, we evaluate whether subgroups within the population experienced a differential effect on exercise performance in response to treatment. The effect of udenafil on exercise was evaluated within subgroups defined by baseline characteristics, including peak oxygen consumption (VO2), serum brain-type natriuretic peptide level, weight, race, gender, and ventricular morphology. Differences among subgroups were evaluated using ANCOVA modeling with fixed factors for treatment arm and subgroup and the interaction between treatment arm and subgroup. Within-subgroup analyses demonstrated trends toward quantitative improvements in peak VO2, work rate at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT), VO2 at VAT, and ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2) for those randomized to udenafil compared to placebo in nearly all subgroups. There was no identified differential response to udenafil based on baseline peak VO2, baseline BNP level, weight, race and ethnicity, gender, or ventricular morphology, although participants in the lowest tertile of baseline peak VO2 trended toward larger improvements. The absence of a differential response across subgroups in response to treatment with udenafil suggests that the treatment benefit may not be restricted to specific sub-populations. Further work is warranted to confirm the potential benefit of udenafil and to evaluate the long-term tolerability and safety of treatment and to determine the impact of udenafil on the development of other morbidities related to the Fontan circulation.Trial Registration NCT0274115.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Goldberg
- Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, 34th Street and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | | | - Adam M Lubert
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Heart Institute, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Rahul H Rathod
- Department of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J Penny
- Division of Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christopher J Petit
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Kurt R Schumacher
- Division of Cardiology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Salil Ginde
- Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Richard V Williams
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Utah, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - J K Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Gi Beom Kim
- Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Todd T Nowlen
- Heart Center, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| | - Michael V DiMaria
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Benjamin P Frischhertz
- Division of Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan B Wagner
- Divisions of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Kimberly E McHugh
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Brian W McCrindle
- Department of Pediatrics, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Mark J Cartoski
- Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours / Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Jon A Detterich
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Anji T Yetman
- Children's Hospital and Medical Center, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, 68114, USA
| | - Anitha S John
- Division of Cardiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Marc E Richmond
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Delphine Yung
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - R Mark Payne
- Division of Cardiology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Andrew S Mackie
- Division of Cardiology, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Christopher K Davis
- Division of Cardiology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Shabana Shahanavaz
- Division of Cardiology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kevin D Hill
- Duke Children's Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Marisa Almaguer
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Heart Institute, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | | | - Michael G McBride
- Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, 34th Street and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bryan H Goldstein
- Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Gail D Pearson
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stephen M Paridon
- Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, 34th Street and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Yoon JK, Choi J, Lee HJ, Cho Y, Gwon YD, Jang Y, Kim S, Choi H, Lee JH, Kim YB. Distribution of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus in Different Organs of the Hybrid of a Landrace and a Jeju Domestic Pig in Korea. Transplant Proc 2016; 47:2067-71. [PMID: 26293098 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation offers a solution to the shortage of available organs for transplantation, and the pig represents an ideal source of such organs. However, porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), whose genome is integrated in pigs, has been suggested to pose a potential risk of xenotransmission. Expression of PERVs in different organs of pigs was carefully measured at DNA, mRNA, and protein levels, providing information valuable for the application of pig organs in xenotransplantation. An analysis of PERV DNA showed that a very similar number of PERV copies was present in the genome of all organs, whereas mRNA and protein levels of PERV varied depending on the organ, with kidney, liver, and spleen expressing high levels of both mRNA and protein. In contrast, mRNA and protein levels were dissimilar in the lung and brain, where mRNA levels were low but protein levels were high. This discrepancy indicates that mRNA levels are not always reflected in protein expression. In addition, the difference between mRNA and protein highlights the importance of choosing the proper analysis method for diagnosing viral infection. In summary, this study provides insight into the distribution of PERV in various organs at the DNA, mRNA, and protein levels, and also informs the proper selection of tissues or organs for future clinical xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Yoon
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Choi
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H J Lee
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y Cho
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y D Gwon
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y Jang
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H Choi
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y B Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
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Abstract
RATIONALE The Notch pathway stabilizes sprouting angiogenesis by favoring stalk cells over tip cells at the vascular front. Because tip and stalk cells have different properties in morphology and function, their transcriptional regulation remains to be distinguished. Transcription factor Sox17 is specifically expressed in endothelial cells, but its expression and role at the vascular front remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To specify the role of Sox17 and its relationship with the Notch pathway in sprouting angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Endothelial-specific Sox17 deletion reduces sprouting angiogenesis in mouse embryonic and postnatal vascular development, whereas Sox17 overexpression increases it. Sox17 promotes endothelial migration by destabilizing endothelial junctions and rearranging cytoskeletal structure and upregulates expression of several genes preferentially expressed in tip cells. Interestingly, Sox17 expression is suppressed in stalk cells in which Notch signaling is relatively high. Notch activation by overexpressing Notch intracellular domain reduces Sox17 expression both in primary endothelial cells and in retinal angiogenesis, whereas Notch inhibition by delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) blockade increases it. The Notch pathway regulates Sox17 expression mainly at the post-transcriptional level. Furthermore, endothelial Sox17 ablation rescues vascular network from excessive tip cell formation and hyperbranching under Notch inhibition in developmental and tumor angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that the Notch pathway restricts sprouting angiogenesis by reducing the expression of proangiogenic regulator Sox17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hun Lee
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Sungsu Lee
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Hanseul Yang
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Sukhyun Song
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Kangsan Kim
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Thomas L Saunders
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Jeong K Yoon
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Gou Young Koh
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Injune Kim
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
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4
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Hoekstra EJ, von Oerthel L, van der Heide LP, Kouwenhoven WM, Veenvliet JV, Wever I, Jin YR, Yoon JK, van der Linden AJA, Holstege FCP, Groot Koerkamp MJ, Smidt MP. Lmx1a encodes a rostral set of mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neurons marked by the Wnt/B-catenin signaling activator R-spondin 2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74049. [PMID: 24066094 PMCID: PMC3774790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in molecular programming of mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons have led to the identification of many transcription factors playing a role in mdDA specification. LIM homeodomain transcription factor Lmx1a is essential for chick mdDA development, and for the efficient differentiation of ES-cells towards a dopaminergic phenotype. In this study, we aimed towards a more detailed understanding of the subtle phenotype in Lmx1a-deficient (dreher) mice, by means of gene expression profiling. Transcriptome analysis was performed, to elucidate the exact molecular programming underlying the neuronal deficits after loss of Lmx1a. Subsequent expression analysis on brain sections, confirmed that Nurr1 is regulated by Lmx1a, and additional downstream targets were identified, like Pou4f1, Pbx1, Pitx2, C130021l20Rik, Calb2 and Rspo2. In line with a specific, rostral-lateral (prosomer 2/3) loss of expression of most of these genes during development, Nurr1 and C130021l20Rik were affected in the SNc of the mature mdDA system. Interestingly, this deficit was marked by the complete loss of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling activator Rspo2 in this domain. Subsequent analysis of Rspo2-/- embryos revealed affected mdDA neurons, partially phenocopying the Lmx1a mutant. To conclude, our study revealed that Lmx1a is essential for a rostral-lateral subset of the mdDA neuronal field, where it might serve a critical function in modulating proliferation and differentiation of mdDA progenitors through the regulation of the Wnt activator Rspo2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa J. Hoekstra
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars von Oerthel
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars P. van der Heide
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jesse V. Veenvliet
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Wever
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yong-Ri Jin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine, United States of America
| | - Jeong K. Yoon
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine, United States of America
| | - Annemarie J. A. van der Linden
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C. P. Holstege
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marten P. Smidt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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5
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Natarajan S, Li Y, Miller EE, Shih DJ, Taylor MD, Stearns TM, Bronson RT, Ackerman SL, Yoon JK, Yun K. Notch1-induced brain tumor models the sonic hedgehog subgroup of human medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5381-90. [PMID: 23852537 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While activation of the Notch pathway is observed in many human cancers, it is unknown whether elevated Notch1 expression is sufficient to initiate tumorigenesis in most tissues. To test the oncogenic potential of Notch1 in solid tumors, we expressed an activated form of Notch1 (N1ICD) in the developing mouse brain. N1ICD;hGFAP-cre mice were viable but developed severe ataxia and seizures, and died by weaning age. Analysis of transgenic embryo brains revealed that N1ICD expression induced p53-dependent apoptosis. When apoptosis was blocked by genetic deletion of p53, 30% to 40% of N1ICD;GFAP-cre;p53(+/-) and N1ICD;GFAP-cre;p53(-/-) mice developed spontaneous medulloblastomas. Interestingly, N1ICD-induced medulloblastomas most closely resembled the sonic hedgehog subgroup of human medulloblastoma at the molecular level. Surprisingly, N1ICD-induced tumors do not maintain high levels of the Notch pathway gene expression, except for Notch2, showing that initiating oncogenic events may not be decipherable by analyzing growing tumors in some cases. In summary, this study shows that Notch1 has an oncogenic potential in the brain when combined with other oncogenic hits, such as p53 loss, and provides a novel mouse model of medulloblastoma. Cancer Res; 73(17); 5381-90. ©2013 AACR.
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Sholukh AM, Siddappa NB, Shanmuganathan V, Lakhashe SK, Rasmussen RA, Watkins JD, Vyas HK, Mukhtar MM, Hemashettar G, Thorat S, Yoon JK, Villinger F, Novembre FJ, Landucci G, Forthal DN, Ratcliffe S, Robert-Guroff M, Polonis V, Montefiori DC, Ertl HC, Ruprecht RM. Passive immunization with polyclonal anti-SHIV IgG: partial protection or increased acquisition of heterologous tier 2 SHIV – depending on IgG dose. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3442109 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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7
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Venkatesh DA, Park KS, Harrington A, Miceli-Libby L, Yoon JK, Liaw L. Cardiovascular and hematopoietic defects associated with Notch1 activation in embryonic Tie2-expressing populations. Circ Res 2008; 103:423-31. [PMID: 18617694 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.177808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is critical for the development and maintenance of the cardiovasculature, with loss-of-function studies defining roles of Notch1 in the endothelial/hematopoietic lineages. No in vivo studies have addressed complementary gain-of-function strategies within these tissues to define consequences of Notch activation. We developed a transgenic model of Cre recombinase-mediated activation of a constitutively active mouse Notch1 allele (N1ICD(+)) and studied transgene activation in Tie2-expressing lineages. The in vivo phenotype was compared to effects of Notch1 activation on endothelial tubulogenesis, paracrine regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation, and hematopoiesis. N1ICD(+) embryos showed midgestation lethality with defects in angiogenic remodeling of embryonic and yolk sac vasculature, cardiac development, smooth muscle cell investment of vessels, and hematopoietic differentiation. Angiogenic defects corresponded with impaired endothelial tubulogenesis in vitro following Notch1 activation and paracrine inhibition of smooth muscle cells when grown with Notch1-activated endothelial cells. Flow cytometric analysis of hematopoietic and endothelial precursor populations demonstrated a significant loss of CD71(+)/Ter119(+) populations with an active N1ICD(+) allele and a corresponding increase in c-Kit(+)/CD71 and Flk1(+) populations, suggesting a developmental block during the transition between c-Kit- and Ter119-expressing erythroblasts. Cardiovascular lineages are sensitive to an imbalance in Notch signaling, with aberrant activation reflecting a vascular phenotype comparable to a loss-of-function Notch1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak A Venkatesh
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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8
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Yong SW, Yoon JK, An YS, Lee PH. A comparison of cerebral glucose metabolism in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14:1357-62. [PMID: 17941855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) share many similar aspects, and making a clinical diagnosis of one disorder over the other relies heavily on an arbitrary criterion, so-called 1-year rule. This study was designed to search for any difference of metabolic patterns in these two disorders using F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) images. We enrolled 16 patients with PD, 13 patients with PDD, and seven patients with DLB. FDG PET was performed, and images were reconstructed by iterative reconstruction using the computed tomography (CT) images, and were normalized to a standard template. Statistical comparison between groups were performed on a voxel-by-voxel basis using t-statistics (two-sample t-test). Compared with the patients with PD, both PDD and DLB patients showed similar patterns of decreased metabolism in bilateral inferior and medial frontal lobes, and right parietal lobe (P(uncorrected) < 0.001). In a direct comparison, DLB patients had significant metabolic decrease (p(uncorrected) < 0.005) in the anterior cingulate compared with those with PDD. These findings support the concept that PDD and DLB have similar underlying neurobiological characteristics, and that they can be regarded as a spectrum of Lewy body disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Yong
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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9
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Ishii Y, Wajid M, Bazzi H, Fantauzzo KA, Barber AG, Blaydon DC, Nam JS, Yoon JK, Kelsell DP, Christiano AM. Mutations in R-spondin 4 (RSPO4) underlie inherited anonychia. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:867-70. [PMID: 17805348 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that mutations in the R-spondin 4 (RSPO4) gene underlie inherited anonychia/hyponychia. Here, we studied five consanguineous Pakistani families with recessive inheritance of a combination of anonychia and hyponychia. Homozygous mutations were identified in the RSPO4 gene in all five families. Three families had a splice site mutation at the exon 2-intron 2 boundary. One family had a 26 bp deletion encompassing the start codon, and the final family had a missense mutation changing the initiating methionine to isoleucine. We demonstrated by in situ hybridization that Rspo4 is exclusively expressed in the mesenchyme underlying the digit tip epithelium in the mouse at embryonic day 14.5 (e14.5). These findings expand our understanding of the role of RSPO4 in nail development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Ishii
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Durmus T, LeClair RJ, Park KS, Terzic A, Yoon JK, Lindner V. Expression analysis of the novel gene collagen triple helix repeat containing-1 (Cthrc1). Gene Expr Patterns 2006; 6:935-40. [PMID: 16678498 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified collagen triple helix repeat containing-1 (Cthrc1) as a novel gene induced in adventitial fibroblasts after arterial injury. Cthrc1 is a 30 kDa secreted protein that has the ability to inhibit collagen matrix synthesis. Cthrc1 is also glycosylated and retains a signal sequence consistent with the presence of Cthrc1 in the extracellular space. In injured arteries and skin wounds, we have found Cthrc1 expression to be associated with myofibroblasts and sites of collagen matrix deposition. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Cthrc1 inhibits collagen matrix deposition in vitro. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we characterized the expression domains of Cthrc1 during murine embryonic development and in postnatal tissues. In mouse embryos, Cthrc1 was expressed in the visceral endoderm, notochord, neural tube, developing kidney, and heart. Abundant expression of Cthrc1 was observed in the developing skeleton, i.e., in cartilage primordia, in growth plate cartilage with exclusion of the hypertrophic zone, in the bone matrix and periostium. Bones from adults showed expression of Cthrc1 only in the bone matrix and periostium while the articular cartilage lacked expression. Cthrc1 is typically expressed at epithelial-mesenchymal interfaces that include the epidermis and dermis, basal corneal epithelium, airway epithelium, esophagus epithelium, choroid plexus epithelium, and meninges. In the adult kidney, collecting ducts and distal tubuli expressed Cthrc1. Collectively, the sites of Cthrc1 expression overlap considerably with those reported for TGF-beta family members and interstitial collagens. The present study provides useful information towards the understanding of potential Cthrc1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Durmus
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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11
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Lee KH, Yoon JK, Lee MG, Lee SH, Lee WR, Kim BT. Dipyridamole myocardial SPECT with low heart rate response indicates cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients with diabetes. J Nucl Cardiol 2001; 8:129-35. [PMID: 11295689 DOI: 10.1067/mnc.2001.111798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because dipyridamole is used to assess heart rate (HR) variability, we investigated whether a low HR response during dipyridamole single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with diabetes indicates the presence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN). METHODS AND RESULTS Subjects were 61 non-insulin-dependent diabetes patients without perfusion defects, myocardial infarction, or arrhythmia who underwent thallium 201 SPECT imaging. The control group comprised 28 subjects without diabetes. HR was measured during infusion of dipyridamole at a rate of 0.14 mg/kg/min, and peak-baseline ratios of 1.20 or less were defined as low. CAN severity was classified by standard autonomic function tests as severe (n = 22), mild (n = 19), or none (n = 20). HR ratios were significantly attenuated in patients with diabetes compared with those in control subjects (1.22 +/- 0.12 vs 1.32 +/- 0.12, P <.001). Among the patients with diabetes, HR ratios decreased as CAN severity increased from none (1.32 +/- 0.10) to mild (1.23 +/- 0.12, P <.05) to severe (1.13 +/- 0.08, P <.005). There was good correlation between HR ratio and R-R interval ratio to deep breathing and to Valsalva, and patients with low HR ratios showed an attenuated response to both tests (all P <.001). The sensitivity and specificity of HR ratios in the detection of CAN were 77% and 74% for severe CAN and 63% and 90% for mild-to-severe CAN, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In patients with diabetes who have normal dipyridamole SPECT results, an attenuated HR response observed during stress indicates a high likelihood of CAN. Further work that assesses these results in diabetes patients with coronary artery disease is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Yoon JK, Lee KH, Park JM, Lee SH, Lee MK, Lee WR, Kim BT. Usefulness of diabetic retinopathy as a marker of risk for thallium myocardial perfusion defects in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87:456-9, A6. [PMID: 11179535 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(00)01404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Among 236 non-insulin-dependent diabetics with clinically suspected coronary artery disease, the rate of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion defects was significantly higher in subjects with (40.6%) than without (22.1%) diabetic retinopathy. Retinopathy was associated with a higher risk of perfusion defects in subjects with cardiac and noncardiac chest pain, and may thus be a useful marker for selecting patients in whom thallium scintigraphy screening is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Yoon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Yoon JK, Lee HH, Choi BM, Kim KB, Park HY, Lim JY, Choung JT, Tockgo YC. Transplacental transfer and age-related levels of serum IgG antibodies to the capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae types 14 and 19 in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2001; 16:9-14. [PMID: 11289408 PMCID: PMC3054566 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2001.16.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the prevalence of naturally acquired IgG antibodies to the capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal IgG) in Korea. In the present study, we investigated transplacental transfer and age-related levels of pneumococcal IgG to provide background seroepidemiologic data for S. pneumoniae in Korea. One hundred thirty eight sera were assayed by ELISA for IgG to pneumococcal polysaccharide capsular serotypes 14 and 19, the predominant serotypes for under 15 yr of age in Korea. The subjects were divided into 7 subgroups according to age. The cord/maternal geometric mean titer of pneumococcal were 4.47+/-5.88/5.21 +/- 5.88 for serotype 14, and 4.68 +/- 5.55/6.55 +/- 6.92 for serotype 1 9 (mean +/- standard deviation, microg/mL). After birth, the geometric mean titers of pneumococcal IgG for serotypes 14 and 19 expressed in microg/mL were 1.18+/-2.12 and 1.41+/-2.17 in the 0-6 months group, 0.27+/-0.19 and 0.69+/-0.93 in 7-12 months, 0.21+/-0.22 and 0.64+/-1.32 in 1-2 yr, 0.69+/-0.78 and 2.65+/-2.46 in 3-6 yr, 2.52+/-2.72 and 8.29+/-4.24 in 7-10 yr, respectively. In conclusion, reduced transplacental transfer and very low serum concentrations of pneumococcal IgG may contribute to the susceptibility of neonates, infants, and young children to S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Kangnung, Korea
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14
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Abstract
Paraxial mesoderm in vertebrates gives rise to all trunk and limb skeletal muscles, the trunk skeleton, and portions of the trunk dermis and vasculature. We show here that germline deletion of mouse pMesogenin1, a bHLH class gene specifically expressed in developmentally immature unsegmented paraxial mesoderm, causes complete failure of somite formation and segmentation of the body trunk and tail. At the molecular level, the phenotype features dramatic loss of expression within the presomitic mesoderm of Notch/Delta pathway components and oscillating somitic clock genes that are thought to control segmentation and somitogenesis. Subsequent patterning and specification steps for paraxial mesoderm also fail, leading to a complete absence of all trunk paraxial mesoderm derivatives, which include skeletal muscle, vertebrae, and ribs. We infer that pMesogenin1 is an essential upstream regulator of trunk paraxial mesoderm development and segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Yoon
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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15
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Abstract
A new bHLH gene from mouse that we call pMesogenin1 (referring to paraxial mesoderm-specific expression and regulatory capacities) and its candidate ortholog from Xenopus were isolated and studied comparatively. In both organisms the gene is specifically expressed in unsegmented paraxial mesoderm and its immediate progenitors. A striking feature of pMesogenin1 expression is that it terminates abruptly in presumptive somites (somitomeres). Somitomeres rostral to the pMesogenin1 domain strongly upregulate expression of pMesogenin's closest known paralogs, MesP1 and MesP2 (Thylacine1/2 in Xenopus). Subsequently, the most rostral somitomere becomes a new somite and expression of MesP1/2 is sharply downregulated before this transition. Thus, expression patterns of these bHLH genes, together with that of an additional bHLH gene in the mouse, Paraxis, collectively define discrete but highly dynamic prepatterned subdomains of the paraxial mesoderm. In functional assays, we show that pMesogenin1 from either mouse or frog can efficiently drive nonmesodermal cells to assume a phenotype with molecular and cellular characteristics of early paraxial mesoderm. Among genes induced by added pMesogenin1 is Xwnt-8, a signaling factor that induces a similar repertoire of marker genes and a similar cellular phenotype. Additional target genes induced by pMesogenin1 are ESR4/5, regulators known to play a significant role in segmentation of paraxial mesoderm (W. C. Jen et al., 1999, Genes Dev. 13, 1486-1499). pMesogenin1 differs from other known mesoderm-inducing transcription factors because it does not also activate a dorsal (future axial) mesoderm phenotype, suggesting that pMesogenin1 is involved in specifying paraxial mesoderm. In the context of the intact frog embryo, ectopic pMesogenin1 also actively suppressed axial mesoderm markers and disrupted normal formation of notochord. In addition, we found evidence for cross-regulatory interactions between pMesogenin1 and T-box transcription factors, a family of genes normally expressed in a broader pattern and known to induce multiple types of mesoderm. Based on our results and results from prior studies of related bHLH genes, we propose that pMesogenin1 and its closest known relatives, MesP1/2 (in mouse) and Thylacine1/2 (in Xenopus), comprise a bHLH subfamily devoted to formation and segmentation of paraxial mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Yoon
- Division of Biology, 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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16
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Kwon YT, Balogh SA, Davydov IV, Kashina AS, Yoon JK, Xie Y, Gaur A, Hyde L, Denenberg VH, Varshavsky A. Altered activity, social behavior, and spatial memory in mice lacking the NTAN1p amidase and the asparagine branch of the N-end rule pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:4135-48. [PMID: 10805755 PMCID: PMC85783 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.11.4135-4148.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/1999] [Accepted: 03/08/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-end rule relates the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its N-terminal residue. N-terminal asparagine and glutamine are tertiary destabilizing residues, in that they are enzymatically deamidated to yield secondary destabilizing residues aspartate and glutamate, which are conjugated to arginine, a primary destabilizing residue. N-terminal arginine of a substrate protein is bound by the Ubr1-encoded E3alpha, the E3 component of the ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent N-end rule pathway. We describe the construction and analysis of mouse strains lacking the asparagine-specific N-terminal amidase (Nt(N)-amidase), encoded by the Ntan1 gene. In wild-type embryos, Ntan1 was strongly expressed in the branchial arches and in the tail and limb buds. The Ntan1(-/-) mouse strains lacked the Nt(N)-amidase activity but retained glutamine-specific Nt(Q)-amidase, indicating that the two enzymes are encoded by different genes. Among the normally short-lived N-end rule substrates, only those bearing N-terminal asparagine became long-lived in Ntan1(-/-) fibroblasts. The Ntan1(-/-) mice were fertile and outwardly normal but differed from their congenic wild-type counterparts in spontaneous activity, spatial memory, and a socially conditioned exploratory phenotype that has not been previously described with other mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Kwon
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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17
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Kwon YT, Reiss Y, Fried VA, Hershko A, Yoon JK, Gonda DK, Sangan P, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Varshavsky A. The mouse and human genes encoding the recognition component of the N-end rule pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:7898-903. [PMID: 9653112 PMCID: PMC20901 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.14.7898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-end rule relates the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its N-terminal residue. The N-end rule pathway is one proteolytic pathway of the ubiquitin system. The recognition component of this pathway, called N-recognin or E3, binds to a destabilizing N-terminal residue of a substrate protein and participates in the formation of a substrate-linked multiubiquitin chain. We report the cloning of the mouse and human Ubr1 cDNAs and genes that encode a mammalian N-recognin called E3alpha. Mouse UBR1p (E3alpha) is a 1,757-residue (200-kDa) protein that contains regions of sequence similarity to the 225-kDa Ubr1p of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mouse and human UBR1p have apparent homologs in other eukaryotes as well, thus defining a distinct family of proteins, the UBR family. The residues essential for substrate recognition by the yeast Ubr1p are conserved in the mouse UBR1p. The regions of similarity among the UBR family members include a putative zinc finger and RING-H2 finger, another zinc-binding domain. Ubr1 is located in the middle of mouse chromosome 2 and in the syntenic 15q15-q21.1 region of human chromosome 15. Mouse Ubr1 spans approximately 120 kilobases of genomic DNA and contains approximately 50 exons. Ubr1 is ubiquitously expressed in adults, with skeletal muscle and heart being the sites of highest expression. In mouse embryos, the Ubr1 expression is highest in the branchial arches and in the tail and limb buds. The cloning of Ubr1 makes possible the construction of Ubr1-lacking mouse strains, a prerequisite for the functional understanding of the mammalian N-end rule pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Kwon
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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18
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Yoon JK, Olson EN, Arnold HH, Wold BJ. Different MRF4 knockout alleles differentially disrupt Myf-5 expression: cis-regulatory interactions at the MRF4/Myf-5 locus. Dev Biol 1997; 188:349-62. [PMID: 9268580 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1997.8670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Three different null alleles of the myogenic bHLH gene MRF4/herculin/Myf-6 were created recently. The three alleles were similar in design but were surprisingly different in the intensity of their phenotypes, which ranged from complete viability of homozygotes to complete lethality. One possible explanation for these differences is that each mutation altered expression from the nearby Myf-5 gene to a different extent. This possibility was first raised by the observation that the most severe MRF4 knockout allele expresses no Myf-5 RNA and is a developmental phenocopy of the Myf-5 null mutation. Furthermore, initial studies of the two weaker alleles had shown that their differences in viability correlate with the intensity of rib skeletal defects, and the most extreme version of this rib defect is the hallmark phenotype of Myf-5 null animals. In the present study we tested this hypothesis for the two milder MRF4 alleles. By analyzing compound heterozygous animals carrying either the intermediate or the weakest MRF4 knockout allele on one chromosome 10 and a Myf-5 knockout allele on the other chromosome, we found that both of these MRF4 alleles apparently downregulate Myf-5 expression by a cis-acting mechanism. Compound heterozygotes showed increased mortality of the normally viable MRF4 allele, together with intensified rib defects for both MRF4 alleles and increased deficits in myotomal Myf-5 expression. The allele-specific gradation in phenotypes also suggested that rib morphogenesis is profoundly sensitive to quantitative differences in Myf-5 function if Myf-5 products drop below hemizygous levels. The mechanistic basis for cis interactions at the MRF4/Myf-5 locus was further examined by fusing a DNA segment containing the entire MRF4 structural gene, including all sequences deleted in the three MRF knockout alleles, with a basal promoter and a lacZ reporter. Transgenic embryos showed specific LacZ expression in myotomes in a pattern that closely resembles the expression of Myf-5 RNA. cis-acting interactions between Myf-5 and MRF4 may therefore play a significant role in regulating expression of these genes in the early myotomes of wildtype embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Yoon
- Division of Biology, 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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19
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the addition of small quantities of minor lecithin components (phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and cholesterol) and Pluronic F68 to lecithin could improve the stability of lecithin-stabilized perfluorocarbon emulsions. Attempts were made to correlate emulsion stability with interfacial properties (tension and charge). Dynamic interfacial tension was determined using a Teflon Wilhelmy plate method [reported previously (1)]. Emulsions were prepared by microfluidization. Microelectrophoresis was used to measure emulsion droplet charge, and photon correlation spectroscopy and Coulter analysis were used to determine emulsion stability as a function of droplet size. Thermal kinetic accelerated stability testing was conducted. Various droplet size parameters were used to compare emulsion stabilities, and an overall stability ranking, based on these parameters, was obtained for each emulsion. Small quantities of additives altered emulsion stability and these data were correlated with interfacial properties and initial droplet diameters. The addition of cholesterol to lecithin resulted in the most stable perfluorocarbon emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Yoon
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA
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20
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Abstract
MRF4 (herculin/Myf-6) is one of the four member MyoD family of transcription factors identified by their ability to enforce skeletal muscle differentiation upon a wide variety of nonmuscle cell types. In this study the mouse germline MRF4 gene was disrupted by targeted recombination. Animals homozygous for the MRF4bh1 allele, a deletion of the functionally essential bHLH domain, displayed defective axial myogenesis and rib pattern formation, and they died at birth. Differences in somitogenesis between homozygous MRF4bh1 embryos and their wild-type littermates provided evidence for three distinct myogenic regulatory programs (My1-My3) in the somite, which correlate temporally and spatially with three waves of cellular recruitment to the expanding myotome. The first program (My1), marked initially by Myf-5 expression and followed by myogenin, began on schedule in the MRF4bh1/bh1 embryos at day 8 post coitum (E8). A second program (My2) was highly deficient in homozygous mutant MRF4 embryos, and normal expansion of the myotome failed. Moreover, expression of downstream muscle-specific genes, including FGF-6, which is a candidate regulator of inductive interactions, did not occur normally. The onset of MyoD expression around E10.5 in wild-type embryos marks a third myotomal program (My3), the execution of which was somewhat delayed in MRF4 mutant embryos but ultimately led to extensive myogenesis in the trunk. By E15 it appeared to have largely compensated for the defective My2 program in MRF4 mutants. Homozygous MRF4bh1 animals also showed improper rib pattern formation perhaps due to the absence of signals from cells expressing the My2 program. Finally, a later and relatively mild phenotype was detected in intercostal muscles of newborn animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patapoutian
- Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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21
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Yoon JK, Lau LF. Involvement of JunD in transcriptional activation of the orphan receptor gene nur77 by nerve growth factor and membrane depolarization in PC12 cells. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:7731-43. [PMID: 7969116 PMCID: PMC359314 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.12.7731-7743.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
nur77, an immediate-early gene that encodes an orphan nuclear receptor, is rapidly and transiently induced by nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation or membrane depolarization in the rat pheochromocytoma-derived cell line PC12. The Nur77 protein can act as a potent transcription activator and may function to regulate the expression of downstream genes in response to extracellular stimuli. We show here that activation of nur77 by NGF treatment and membrane depolarization is signalled through distinct pathways. These distinct signals appear to converge on the same transcription factors acting on the same promoter elements. We show that nur77 activation by both processes requires two cis-acting AP1-like elements, NAP1 and NAP2, which contain the core sequence TGCGTCA centered at 67 and 38 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site. The NAP elements can confer inducibility by NGF and membrane depolarization on an otherwise unresponsive heterologous promoter. We identified JunD as a key mediator of nur77 activation by reason of the following observations. (i) JunD, but not CREB or other members of the Fos/Jun family, is a component of NAP binding activity in PC12 cell nuclear extracts. (ii) JunD, but not other Fos/Jun family members, specifically transactivates the nur77 promoter through the NAP elements (iii) A dominant-negative mutant of JunD effectively abolishes the activation of nur77 by either NGF treatment or membrane depolarization. These data draw a contrast between the regulation of nur77 with that of c-fos, in which the sequence requirements for activation by NGF treatment and membrane depolarization appear separable, and CREB appears to play a role in activation by both NGF and membrane depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Yoon
- Department of Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago 60612
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22
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Yoon JK, Lau LF. Transcriptional activation of the inducible nuclear receptor gene nur77 by nerve growth factor and membrane depolarization in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:9148-55. [PMID: 8473354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
nur77 is an immediate-early gene inducible by nerve growth factor or membrane depolarization in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 and by serum growth factors in fibroblasts. The nur77-encoded protein is a member of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily and can act as a potent transcription activator. The induction of nur77 in PC12 cells is rapid and transient, with kinetics similar to those of the c-fos protooncogene. Induction does not require de novo protein synthesis. Whereas transcriptional activation of c-fos by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells requires a 20-base pair serum response element in its promoter, there is no such sequence in the nur77 promoter. To understand the mechanism for the activation of nur77, we have analyzed the inducibility of a series of transfected nur77 minigenes using an S1 nuclease protection assay. We identified the sequence 22-86 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site as necessary and sufficient for nur77 induction by nerve growth factor and membrane depolarization in PC12 cells. Sequences farther upstream enhance the induction. Analysis of base substitution mutations allowed us to identify three sequence elements within this region that are essential for induction. These sequence elements include two copies of an AP1-like element and a GC-rich sequence. Unlike transcriptional activation of c-fos, the sequence requirements for the activation of nur77 by nerve growth factor and membrane depolarization cannot be readily separated. Taken together, our data suggest that activation of nur77 and c-fos by nerve growth factor occurs through different mechanisms in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Yoon
- Department of Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago 60612
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23
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Charles CH, Yoon JK, Simske JS, Lau LF. Genomic structure, cDNA sequence, and expression of gly96, a growth factor-inducible immediate-early gene encoding a short-lived glycosylated protein. Oncogene 1993; 8:797-801. [PMID: 8437864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the cDNA sequence and genomic structure of gly96, an immediate early gene inducible by serum growth factors in mouse fibroblasts. It encodes a 153-amino acid protein that does not share significant sequence similarity with any known protein. In the adult mouse, gly96 is expressed predominantly in the lung, testes and the uterus. We have identified the Gly96 protein in Balb/c 3T3 cells using affinity-purified antibodies recognizing the Gly96 polypeptide. We show that Gly96 is glycosylated and has a short half-life in serum stimulated fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Charles
- Department of Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago 60612
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24
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Burgess DJ, Yoon JK, Sahin NO. A novel method of determination of protein stability. J Parenter Sci Technol 1992; 46:150-5. [PMID: 1432452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel method of determination of protein stability is described, which involves interfacial shear rheology of adsorbed protein layers. This technique provides information on the structural-mechanical properties of the adsorbed protein layers which can be related to: the rate of interfacial adsorption, interfacial interactions, and conformational changes in the adsorbed layers. The interfacial shear rheology of the blood proteins, bovine serum albumin and human immunoglobulin G was investigated. The air/aqueous and oil/aqueous interfaces were studied and the interfacial rheological activity of BSA was shown to be similar at three hydrophobic interfaces: air, squalene and mineral oil. The kinetics of interfacial film formation was shown to be time dependent, and aging effects were detected in both interfacial and bulk molecules. The absolute interfacial elasticity values decreased as the temperature increased. The protein solutions exhibited no interfacial rheological activity in the presence of the small surfactant molecules, Tween 80 and lecithin, under the conditions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612
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25
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Burgess DJ, Longo L, Yoon JK. A novel method of assessment of interfacial adsorption of blood proteins. J Parenter Sci Technol 1991; 45:239-45. [PMID: 1753315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interfacial adsorption of proteins can be studied using microscopic surface analysis techniques, and by physical techniques such as interfacial tension measurement. A novel method of surface analysis of adsorbed protein layers is described, which involves interfacial shear rheology of aqueous solutions of proteins. This technique provides information on the structural-mechanical properties of the adsorbed layers which may be related to: the rate of interfacial adsorption, interfacial interactions, and conformational changes in the adsorbed layers. The interfacial shear rheology of aqueous solutions of the blood proteins, bovine serum albumin and human immunoglobulin G was investigated at the air/aqueous interface. The effects of bulk concentration (0.1 to 4.0% w/v) and pH (3 to 8) were investigated, both interfacial viscosity and elasticity values are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Illinois, Chicago
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26
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Anderson RJ, Yoon JK, Sinsheimer EG, Jackson BL. Human pituitary phenol sulfotransferase: biochemical properties and activities of the thermostable and thermolabile forms. Neuroendocrinology 1986; 44:117-24. [PMID: 3466054 DOI: 10.1159/000124632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary tissue contains phenol sulfotransferase (PST), the enzyme that catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of monoamine neurotransmitters. We carried out these studies with pituitaries obtained 21.3 +/- 3.0 h postmortem (mean +/- SEM; n = 21) to determine whether the biochemical properties and variations in levels of human pituitary PST activities were similar to those of PST in platelets from control subjects. PST in the human platelet has been studied thoroughly because of the possibility that platelet PST might reflect levels of PST activity in other tissues such as the pituitary and brain. Our results demonstrated 2 forms of the pituitary enzyme that were similar to the thermostable (TS) and thermolabile (TL) forms of platelet PST with regard to assay conditions, pH optima, Km values for multiple substrates, responses to 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP), and thermal stability properties. Pituitary samples also were obtained at autopsy 6.3 +/- 0.33 h (mean +/- SEM; n = 3) after death to determine the effects of storage at 4 degrees C on PST activities. After storage for 6-18 h, 83-99.6% of the TS PST activity remained and 44-66.9% of the TL PST activity remained. Pituitary TS PST activity in samples obtained within 12.1 +/- 3.25 h after death was 121.0 +/- 49.1 units/mg protein (mean +/- SEM; n = 7) with a range from 9.7 to 367.6. TL PST activity was 35.6 +/- 11.6 units/mg protein (mean +/- SEM; n = 6) with a range from 6.1 to 80.7. Wide variations of both enzyme activities were also present in 3 pituitary tumor samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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