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Afolabi JM, Kanthakumar P, Williams JD, Kumar R, Soni H, Adebiyi A. Post-injury Inhibition of Endothelin-1 Dependent Renal Vasoregulation Mitigates Rhabdomyolysis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Function (Oxf) 2023; 4:zqad022. [PMID: 37342410 PMCID: PMC10278989 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with rhabdomyolysis, the overwhelming release of myoglobin into the circulation is the primary cause of kidney injury. Myoglobin causes direct kidney injury as well as severe renal vasoconstriction. An increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) results in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) reduction, tubular injury, and acute kidney injury (AKI). The mechanisms that underlie rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI are not fully understood but may involve the local production of vasoactive mediators in the kidney. Studies have shown that myoglobin stimulates endothelin-1 (ET-1) production in glomerular mesangial cells. Circulating ET-1 is also increased in rats subjected to glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis. However, the upstream mechanisms of ET-1 production and downstream effectors of ET-1 actions in rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI remain unclear. Vasoactive ET-1 is generated by ET converting enzyme 1 (ECE-1)-induced proteolytic processing of inactive big ET to biologically active peptides. The downstream ion channel effectors of ET-1-induced vasoregulation include the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C member 3 (TRPC3). This study demonstrates that glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis in Wistar rats promotes ECE-1-dependent ET-1 production, RVR increase, GFR decrease, and AKI. Rhabdomyolysis-induced increases in RVR and AKI in the rats were attenuated by post-injury pharmacological inhibition of ECE-1, ET receptors, and TRPC3 channels. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of TRPC3 channels attenuated ET-1-induced renal vascular reactivity and rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. These findings suggest that ECE-1-driven ET-1 production and downstream activation of TRPC3-dependent renal vasoconstriction contribute to rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. Hence, post-injury inhibition of ET-1-mediated renal vasoregulation may provide therapeutic targets for rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah M Afolabi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Praghalathan Kanthakumar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jada D Williams
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Hitesh Soni
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Williams JD, Kumar R, Afolabi JM, Park F, Adebiyi A. Rhabdomyolysis aggravates renal iron accumulation and acute kidney injury in a humanized mouse model of sickle cell disease. Free Radic Res 2023; 57:404-412. [PMID: 37840281 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2269313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at greater risk of rhabdomyolysis, a potentially life-threatening condition resulting from the breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most severe complications of rhabdomyolysis. Chronic kidney and cardiovascular disease, which account for SCD mortality, are long-term consequences of AKI. Although SCD elevates the risks of rhabdomyolysis-induced sudden death, the mechanisms that underlie rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI in SCD are unclear. In the present study, we show that, unlike their control non-sickling (AA) counterparts, transgenic homozygous SCD (SS; Townes model) mice exhibited 100% mortality 8-24 h after intramuscular glycerol injection. Five hours after glycerol injection, SS mice showed a more significant increase in myoglobinuria and plasma creatine kinase levels than AA mice. Basal plasma heme and kidney tissue iron levels were significantly higher in SS than in AA mice. In contrast to AA, glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis aggravated these parameters in SS mice. Rhabdomyolysis also amplified oxidative stress in SS compared to AA mice. Glycerol-treated SS mice exhibited worse renal function, exemplified by a reduction in GFR with a corresponding increase in plasma and urinary biomarkers of early AKI and renal tubular damage. The free radical scavenger and Fenton chemistry inhibitor, TEMPOL, ameliorated rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI in the SS mice. These findings demonstrate that oxidative stress driven by renal iron accumulation amplifies rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI in SCD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jada D Williams
- Department of Physiology, University of TN Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Physiology, University of TN Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jeremiah M Afolabi
- Department of Physiology, University of TN Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Frank Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- Department of Physiology, University of TN Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Afolabi JM, Michael OS, Falayi OO, Kanthakumar P, Mankuzhy PD, Soni H, Adebiyi A. Activation of renal vascular smooth muscle TRPV4 channels by 5-hydroxytryptamine impairs kidney function in neonatal pigs. Microvasc Res 2023; 148:104516. [PMID: 36889668 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Control of microvascular reactivity by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) is complex and may depend on vascular bed type and 5-HT receptors. 5-HT receptors consist of seven families (5-HT1-5-HT7), with 5-HT2 predominantly mediating renal vasoconstriction. Cyclooxygenase (COX) and smooth muscle intracellular Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) have been implicated in 5-HT-induced vascular reactivity. Although 5-HT receptor expression and circulating 5-HT levels are known to be dependent on postnatal age, control of neonatal renal microvascular function by 5-HT is unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that 5-HT stimulated human TRPV4 transiently expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. 5-HT2A is the predominant 5-HT2 receptor subtype in freshly isolated neonatal pig renal microvascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). HC-067047 (HC), a selective TRPV4 blocker, attenuated cation currents induced by 5-HT in the SMCs. HC also inhibited the 5-HT-induced increase in renal microvascular [Ca2+]i and constriction. Intrarenal artery infusion of 5-HT had minimal effects on systemic hemodynamics but reduced renal blood flow (RBF) and increased renal vascular resistance (RVR) in the pigs. Transdermal measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) indicated that kidney infusion of 5-HT reduced GFR. HC and 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ritanserin attenuated 5-HT effects on RBF, RVR, and GFR. Moreover, the serum and urinary COX-1 and COX-2 levels in 5-HT-treated piglets were unchanged compared with the control. These data suggest that activation of renal microvascular SMC TRPV4 channels by 5-HT impairs kidney function in neonatal pigs independently of COX production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah M Afolabi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Olugbenga S Michael
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Olufunke O Falayi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Praghalathan Kanthakumar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pratheesh D Mankuzhy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hitesh Soni
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Fanous MS, Afolabi JM, Michael OS, Falayi OO, Iwhiwhu SA, Adebiyi A. Transdermal Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Mechanically Ventilated Piglets. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/64413. [PMID: 36190295 PMCID: PMC9835146 DOI: 10.3791/64413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has been used to evaluate kidney function in conscious animals. This technique is well established in rodents to study acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. However, GFR measurement using the transdermal system has not been validated in pigs, a species with a similar renal system to humans. Hence, we investigated the effect of sepsis on transdermal GFR in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated neonatal pigs. Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The transdermal GFR measurement system consisting of a miniaturized fluorescence sensor was attached to the pig's shaved skin to determine the clearance of fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated sinistrin, an intravenously injected GFR tracer. Our results show that at 12 h post-CLP, serum creatinine increased with a decrease in GFR. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the utility of the transdermal GFR approach in determining renal function in mechanically ventilated, neonatal pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina S. Fanous
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center
| | - Jeremiah M. Afolabi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center
| | - Olugbenga S. Michael
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center
| | - Olufunke O. Falayi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center
| | - Samson A. Iwhiwhu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center
| | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center
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Kumar R, Soni H, Afolabi JM, Kanthakumar P, Mankuzhy PD, Iwhiwhu SA, Adebiyi A. Induction of reactive oxygen species by mechanical stretch drives endothelin production in neonatal pig renal epithelial cells. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102394. [PMID: 35841629 PMCID: PMC9289874 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive endothelin (ET) is generated by ET converting enzyme (ECE)-induced proteolytic processing of pro-molecule big ET to biologically active peptides. H2O2 has been shown to increase the expression of ECE1 via transactivation of its promoter. The present study demonstrates that H2O2 triggered ECE1-dependent ET1-3 production in neonatal pig proximal tubule (PT) epithelial cells. A uniaxial stretch of PT cells decreased catalase, increased NADPH oxidase (NOX)2 and NOX4, and increased H2O2 levels. Stretch also increased cellular ECE1, an effect reversed by EUK-134 (a synthetic superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic), NOX inhibitor apocynin, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of NOX2 and NOX4. Short-term unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), an inducer of renal tubular cell stretch and oxidative stress, increased renal ET1-3 generation and vascular resistance (RVR) in neonatal pigs. Despite removing the obstruction, UUO-induced increase in RVR persisted, resulting in early acute kidney injury (AKI). ET receptor (ETR)-operated Ca2+ entry in renal microvascular smooth muscle (SM) via transient receptor potential channel 3 (TRPC3) channels reduced renal blood flow and increased RVR. Although acute reversible UUO (rUUO) did not change protein expression levels of ETR and TRPC3 in renal microvessels, inhibition of ECE1, ETR, and TRPC3 protected against renal hypoperfusion, RVR increase, and early AKI. These data suggest that mechanical stretch-driven oxyradical generation stimulates ET production in neonatal pig renal epithelial cells. ET activates renal microvascular SM TRPC3, leading to persistent vasoconstriction and reduction in renal blood flow. These mechanisms may underlie rUUO-induced renal insufficiency in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hitesh Soni
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jeremiah M Afolabi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Praghalathan Kanthakumar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pratheesh D Mankuzhy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Samson A Iwhiwhu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Afolabi JM, Williams J, Kanthakumar P, Kumar R, Adebiyi A. Postinjury Inhibition of Endothelin‐1 Dependent Renal Vasoregulation Mitigates Rhabdomyolysis‐Induced Acute Kidney Injury. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jada Williams
- University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTN
| | | | - Ravi Kumar
- University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTN
| | - Ade Adebiyi
- University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTN
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Peixoto-Neves D, Kanthakumar P, Afolabi JM, Soni H, Buddington RK, Adebiyi A. K V7.1 channel blockade inhibits neonatal renal autoregulation triggered by a step decrease in arterial pressure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F197-F207. [PMID: 35001664 PMCID: PMC8816635 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00568.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
KV7 channels, the voltage-gated K+ channels encoded by KCNQ genes, mediate heterogeneous vascular responses in rodents. Postnatal changes in the functional expression of KV7 channels have been reported in rodent saphenous arteries, but their physiological function in the neonatal renal vascular bed is unclear. Here, we report that, unlike adult pigs, only KCNQ1 (KV7.1) out of the five members of KCNQ genes was detected in neonatal pig renal microvessels. KCNQ1 is present in fetal pig kidneys as early as day 50 of gestation, and the level of expression remains the same up to postnatal day 21. Activation of renal vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) KV7.1 stimulated whole cell currents, inhibited by HMR1556 (HMR), a selective KV7.1 blocker. HMR did not change the steady-state diameter of isolated renal microvessels. Similarly, intrarenal artery infusion of HMR did not alter mean arterial pressure, renal blood flow, and renal vascular resistance in the pigs. An ∼20 mmHg reduction in mean arterial pressure evoked effective autoregulation of renal blood flow, which HMR inhibited. We conclude that 1) the expression of KCNQ isoforms in porcine renal microvessels is dependent on kidney maturation, 2) KV7.1 is functionally expressed in neonatal pig renal vascular SMCs, 3) a decrease in arterial pressure up to 20 mmHg induces renal autoregulation in neonatal pigs, and 4) SMC KV7.1 does not control basal renal vascular tone but contributes to neonatal renal autoregulation triggered by a step decrease in arterial pressure.NEW & NOTEWORTHY KV7.1 is present in fetal pig kidneys as early as day 50 of gestation, and the level of expression remains the same up to postnatal day 21. KV7.1 is functionally expressed in neonatal pig renal vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). A decrease in arterial pressure up to 20 mmHg induces renal autoregulation in neonatal pigs. Although SMC KV7.1 does not control basal renal vascular resistance, its inhibition blunts neonatal renal autoregulation engendered by a step decrease in arterial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieniffer Peixoto-Neves
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Jeremiah M. Afolabi
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hitesh Soni
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Afolabi JM, Akinniyi AS, Oyagbemi AA, Adejumobi OA, Abiola JO, Omobowale TO. Cardiovascular observations in canine intravenous pefloxacin therapy. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.525.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - AS Akinniyi
- Veterinary MedicineUniversity of IbadanIbadanNigeria
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Oyagbemi AA, Omobowale TO, Asenuga ER, Afolabi JM, Adejumobi OA, Adedapo AA, Yakubu MA. Effect of arsenic acid withdrawal on hepatotoxicity and disruption of erythrocyte antioxidant defense system. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:521-529. [PMID: 29657918 PMCID: PMC5897320 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of withdrawal from Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) on the hepatic and antioxidant defense system in male Wistar rats using a before and after toxicant design. Rats were orally gavaged daily with varying doses of NaAsO2 for a period of 4 weeks. One half of the population was sacrificed and the remaining half had the toxicant withdrawn for another further 4 weeks. Biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques were used to assess the impact of withdrawal on the erythrocyte and hepatic systems. Exposure of Wistar rats to NaASO2 led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in hepatic and erythrocyte markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, thiol contents and hydrogen peroxide generation). Concurrently, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in hepatic and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) following exposure. Withdrawal from NaAsO2 exposure led to a decline in both erythrocyte and hepatic markers of oxidative stress and together with a significant improvement in antioxidant defense system. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry revealed varying degrees of recovery in hepatocyte ultrastructure alongside increased expression of the pro-survival protein Kinase B (Akt/PKB) after 4 weeks of NaAsO2 withdrawal. Conclusively, withdrawal from exposure led to a partial recovery from oxidative stress-mediated hepatotoxicity and derangements in erythrocyte antioxidant system through Akt/PKB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - T O Omobowale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - E R Asenuga
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Benin, Nigeria
| | - J M Afolabi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O A Adejumobi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A A Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - M A Yakubu
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Avenue, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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Eyarefe OD, Idowu A, Afolabi JM. Healing Potentials of Oral Moringa Oleifera Leaves Extract and Tetracycline on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infected Wounds of Wistar rats. Niger J Physiol Sci 2015; 30:73-78. [PMID: 27507780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of oral dose of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera and tetracycline antibiotics on cutaneous wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus were studied in eighteen adult wistar rats (159±31.5g) randomized into three groups: Group A, n = 6, Moringa oleifera-(300 mg/kg). Group B, n = 6, tetracycline (9.4 mg/kg) and Group C, n = 6, Sterile water (control). Six millimetres diameter nape wound, created on each rat under 2% xylazine (5 mg/kg) and 5% ketamine (35 mg/kg), was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (108 Colony Forming Unit (CFU). Following infection, treatment was commenced with daily oral dose of test preparations and the wounds were evaluated every other day i.e., day 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 for wetness (wound exudation), wound edge oedema, hyperaemia, granulation tissues and contraction (diameter). Severe wound exudation existed in all the groups between days 0-3 (p = 1.00). A significantly less wound exudation was observed at days 3-5 (p = 0.000) and 5-9 (p = 0.003) (Control< Tetracycline <Moringa). Wound edge oedema was significantly less on days 5-9 (p = 0.000) and 9-15 (p = 0.001) (Control<Moringa<Tetracycline). Hyperaemia was pronounced in all the groups from days 0-3, but became significantly less (p<0.05) at days 5-7 (p = 0.002) and 9-15 (p = 0.001) (Control<Moringa<Tetracycline). A significantly more wound granulation tissue was observed among the groups at days 5-9 (p = 0.002) and 9-15 (p = 0.001) (Control> Moringa> Tetracycline). Differences in wound diameter was not significant except at days 5-9 (p = 0.013) (Control> Moringa >Tetracycline). Oral doses of Moringa oleifera extract (300mg/kg) and tetracycline (9.4mg/kg) are not effective as antimicrobial or immune-boosting agents to enhance healing of wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus and hence not recommended for rapid clearance of Staphylococcus aureus infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oghenemega D Eyarefe
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.
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