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Khalil R, Humann J. Testosterone modulation of ethanol effects on the �‑opioid receptor kinetics in castrated rats. Biomed Rep 2019; 11:103-109. [PMID: 31423304 PMCID: PMC6684941 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of testosterone on ethanol-induced alterations of µ-opioid receptor binding kinetics in specific brain regions of castrated rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (100-124 g) adapted to a 12-h light/dark cycle were used. Animals were castrated under pentobarbital anesthesia. After a recovery period of 14 days, ethanol [3 g/kg as 22.5% solution in saline via intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)], testosterone [2.5 mg in 0.2 ml of olive oil via subcutaneous injection (s.c.) in the dorsal neck region] or the combination of ethanol and testosterone were administered to rats at 9:00 a.m. The control group was injected i.p. with 2 ml saline and s.c. with 0.2 ml olive oil for 7 days. Animals were sacrificed by decapitation at 2 h after the final injection. The brains were immediately removed, and the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and midbrain were dissected. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism involved in the hormonal modulation of the effects of ethanol and testosterone on the endogenous opioid system, the binding kinetics of the µ-opioid receptors were determined. The results obtained in the present study assisted in identifying the regulatory role of testosterone on ethanol-induced changes on µ-opioid receptor binding kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaat Khalil
- Department of Biology, Florida A&M University College of Science and Technology, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Jessica Humann
- Department of Biology, Florida A&M University College of Science and Technology, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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Humann J, Mann B, Gao G, Moresco P, Ramahi J, Loh LN, Farr A, Hu Y, Durick-Eder K, Fillon SA, Smeyne RJ, Tuomanen EI. Bacterial Peptidoglycan Traverses the Placenta to Induce Fetal Neuroproliferation and Aberrant Postnatal Behavior. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:388-99. [PMID: 26962947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes for the fetus, including postnatal cognitive disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms are obscure. We find that bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (CW), a universal PAMP for TLR2, traverses the murine placenta into the developing fetal brain. In contrast to adults, CW-exposed fetal brains did not show any signs of inflammation or neuronal death. Instead, the neuronal transcription factor FoxG1 was induced, and neuroproliferation leading to a 50% greater density of neurons in the cortical plate was observed. Bacterial infection of pregnant dams, followed by antibiotic treatment, which releases CW, yielded the same result. Neuroproliferation required TLR2 and was recapitulated in vitro with fetal neuronal precursor cells and TLR2/6, but not TLR2/1, ligands. The fetal neuroproliferative response correlated with abnormal cognitive behavior in CW-exposed pups following birth. Thus, the bacterial CW-TLR2 signaling axis affects fetal neurodevelopment and may underlie postnatal cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Humann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Beth Mann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Geli Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Philip Moresco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Joseph Ramahi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lip Nam Loh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Arden Farr
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yunming Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kelly Durick-Eder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sophie A Fillon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Smeyne
- Department of Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elaine I Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Humann J, Mann B, Gao G, Moresco P, Ramahi J, Loh LN, Farr A, Hu Y, Durick-Eder K, Fillon SA, Smeyne RJ, Tuomanen EI. Bacterial Peptidoglycan Traverses the Placenta to Induce Fetal Neuroproliferation and Aberrant Postnatal Behavior. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:901. [PMID: 27281575 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Brown AO, Mann B, Gao G, Hankins JS, Humann J, Giardina J, Faverio P, Restrepo MI, Halade GV, Mortensen EM, Lindsey ML, Hanes M, Happel KI, Nelson S, Bagby GJ, Lorent JA, Cardinal P, Granados R, Esteban A, LeSaux CJ, Tuomanen EI, Orihuela CJ. Streptococcus pneumoniae translocates into the myocardium and forms unique microlesions that disrupt cardiac function. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004383. [PMID: 25232870 PMCID: PMC4169480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hospitalization of the elderly for invasive pneumococcal disease is frequently accompanied by the occurrence of an adverse cardiac event; these are primarily new or worsened heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia. Herein, we describe previously unrecognized microscopic lesions (microlesions) formed within the myocardium of mice, rhesus macaques, and humans during bacteremic Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. In mice, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) severity correlated with levels of serum troponin, a marker for cardiac damage, the development of aberrant cardiac electrophysiology, and the number and size of cardiac microlesions. Microlesions were prominent in the ventricles, vacuolar in appearance with extracellular pneumococci, and remarkable due to the absence of infiltrating immune cells. The pore-forming toxin pneumolysin was required for microlesion formation but Interleukin-1β was not detected at the microlesion site ruling out pneumolysin-mediated pyroptosis as a cause of cell death. Antibiotic treatment resulted in maturing of the lesions over one week with robust immune cell infiltration and collagen deposition suggestive of long-term cardiac scarring. Bacterial translocation into the heart tissue required the pneumococcal adhesin CbpA and the host ligands Laminin receptor (LR) and Platelet-activating factor receptor. Immunization of mice with a fusion construct of CbpA or the LR binding domain of CbpA with the pneumolysin toxoid L460D protected against microlesion formation. We conclude that microlesion formation may contribute to the acute and long-term adverse cardiac events seen in humans with IPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand O. Brown
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Beth Mann
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Geli Gao
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jane S. Hankins
- Dept. of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jessica Humann
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Giardina
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paola Faverio
- University of Milan Bicocca and Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Marcos I. Restrepo
- Dept. of Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System and University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ganesh V. Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Dept. of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Mortensen
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and Dept. of Internal Medicine and Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Merry L. Lindsey
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Martha Hanes
- Dept. of Laboratory Animal Resources. University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kyle I. Happel
- Dept. of Physiology and Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Steve Nelson
- Dept. of Physiology and Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Bagby
- Dept. of Physiology and Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jose A. Lorent
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Cardinal
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Granados
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Esteban
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claude J. LeSaux
- Division of Cardiology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elaine I. Tuomanen
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Carlos J. Orihuela
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rosch JW, Iverson AR, Humann J, Mann B, Gao G, Vogel P, Mina M, Murrah KA, Perez AC, Edward Swords W, Tuomanen EI, McCullers JA. A live-attenuated pneumococcal vaccine elicits CD4+ T-cell dependent class switching and provides serotype independent protection against acute otitis media. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:141-54. [PMID: 24408968 PMCID: PMC3936495 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201202150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae remains one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide despite widespread vaccination. A major limitation of the currently licensed pneumococcal vaccines is the lack of efficacy against mucosal disease manifestations such as AOM, acute bacterial sinusitis and pneumonia. We sought to generate a novel class of live vaccines that (1) retain all major antigenic virulence proteins yet are fully attenuated and (2) protect against otitis media. A live vaccine candidate based on deletion of the signal recognition pathway component ftsY induced potent, serotype-independent protection against otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease. Protection was maintained in animals coinfected with influenza virus, but was lost if mice were depleted of CD4(+) T cells at the time of vaccination. The live vaccine induced a strong serum IgG2a and IgG2b response that correlated with CD4(+) T-cell mediated class switching. Deletion of genes required for microbial adaptation to the host environment is a novel live attenuated vaccine strategy yielding the first experimental vaccine effective against pneumococcal otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Amy R Iverson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Jessica Humann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Beth Mann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Geli Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael Mina
- Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle A Murrah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Antonia C Perez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elaine I Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
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Knowles H, Heizer JW, Li Y, Chapman K, Ogden CA, Andreasen K, Shapland E, Kucera G, Mogan J, Humann J, Lenz LL, Morrison AD, Perraud AL. Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 (TRPM2) ion channel is required for innate immunity against Listeria monocytogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11578-83. [PMID: 21709234 PMCID: PMC3136283 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010678108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is inherent to immune responses. ROS are crucially involved in host defense against pathogens by promoting bacterial killing, but also as signaling agents coordinating the production of cytokines. Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a Ca(2+)-permeable channel gated via binding of ADP-ribose, a metabolite formed under conditions of cellular exposure to ROS. Here, we show that TRPM2-deficient mice are extremely susceptible to infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), exhibiting an inefficient innate immune response. In a comparison with IFNγR-deficient mice, TRPM2(-/-) mice shared similar features of uncontrolled bacterial replication and reduced levels of inducible (i)NOS-expressing monocytes, but had intact IFNγ responsiveness. In contrast, we found that levels of cytokines IL-12 and IFNγ were diminished in TRPM2(-/-) mice following Lm infection, which correlated with their reduced innate activation. Moreover, TRPM2(-/-) mice displayed a higher degree of susceptibility than IL-12-unresponsive mice, and supplementation with recombinant IFNγ was sufficient to reverse the unrestrained bacterial growth and ultimately the lethal phenotype of Lm-infected TRPM2(-/-) mice. The severity of listeriosis we observed in TRPM2(-/-) mice has not been reported for any other ion channel. These findings establish an unsuspected role for ADP-ribose and ROS-mediated cation flux for innate immunity, opening up unique possibilities for immunomodulatory intervention through TRPM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Knowles
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Justin W. Heizer
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Yuan Li
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Kathryn Chapman
- Molecular and Cellular Technologies, Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Carol Anne Ogden
- Innate Immunity Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Karl Andreasen
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Ellen Shapland
- Molecular and Cellular Technologies, Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gary Kucera
- Molecular and Cellular Technologies, Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jennifer Mogan
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Jessica Humann
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Laurel L. Lenz
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Alastair D. Morrison
- Molecular and Cellular Technologies, Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anne-Laure Perraud
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
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Rayamajhi M, Humann J, Kearney S, Hill KK, Lenz LL. Antagonistic crosstalk between type I and II interferons and increased host susceptibility to bacterial infections. Virulence 2010; 1:418-22. [PMID: 21178482 PMCID: PMC2957886 DOI: 10.4161/viru.1.5.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I and II interferons (IFNs αβ and γ) have opposing effects on immune resistance to certain pathogenic bacteria. While IFNγ generally plays a protective role, IFNαβ exacerbates Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Our findings provided evidence that this increased susceptibility reflects a novel antagonistic cross talk between IFNαβ and IFNγ. Macrophages infected with L. monocytogenes strains that induce IFNαβ production responded poorly to IFNγ, as measured by reduced phosphorylation of STAT1 and reduced IFNγ-dependent gene expression. The impaired responsiveness to IFNγ correlated with reduced expression of its receptor, IFNGR, by both infected and bystander macrophages. Down regulation of IFNGR was dependent on responsiveness to IFNγ and mimicked by recombinant IFNβ. Mice lacking responsiveness to IFNαβ (IFNAR1 (-/-)) retained high IFNGR expression, developed higher expression of MHC-II on macrophages and DCs, and were more resistant to systemic L. monocytogenes infection--but only in the presence of IFNγ. Thus, the ability of IFNαβ to down regulate IFNGR provides an explanation for its ability to reduce responsiveness to IFNγ and to increase host susceptibility to bacterial infection. It remains to be determined whether and how such antagonistic interferon crosstalk benefits the host.
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Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a major component of the bacterial cell envelope in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These muropeptides can be produced or modified by the activity of bacterial glycolytic and peptidolytic enzymes referred to as PGN hydrolases and autolysins. Some of these bacterial enzymes are crucial for bacterial pathogenicity and have been shown to modulate muropeptide release and/or host innate immune responses. The ability of muropeptides to modulate host responses is due to the fact that eukaryotes do not produce PGN and have instead evolved numerous strategies to detect intact PGN and PGN fragments (muropeptides). Here we review the structure of PGN and introduce the various bacterial enzymes known to degrade or modify bacterial PGN. Host factors involved in PGN and muropeptide detection are also briefly discussed, as are examples of how specific bacterial pathogens use PGN degradation and modification to subvert host innate immunity.
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Humann J, Lenz LL. Activation of naive NK cells in response to Listeria monocytogenes requires IL-18 and contact with infected dendritic cells. J Immunol 2010; 184:5172-8. [PMID: 20351186 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms for NK cell activation during infection by intracellular bacterial pathogens are not clearly defined. To dissect how Listeria monocytogenes infection elicits NK cell activation, we evaluated the requirements for activation of naive splenic NK cells by infected bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). We found that NK cell activation in this setting required infection of BMDCs by live wild type bacteria. NK cells were not activated when BMDCs were infected with a live hemolysin deficient (Deltahly) strain. Neutralization of IL-12, TNF-alpha, or caspase-1 each dramatically reduced NK cell IFN-gamma production in response to live wt L. monocytogenes infection. Addition of recombinant IL-18, but not IL-1beta, reversed the effects of caspase-1 inhibition. Recombinant IL-18 also restored NK cell activation by BMDCs infected with Deltahly L. monocytogenes, which produced IL-12 but not IL-18. IL-18 acted on NK cells because MyD88 expression was required in responding NK cells, but not infected BMDC. However, secreted cytokines were not sufficient for activation of naive NK cells by infected BMDCs. Rather, NK cell activation additionally required contact between infected BMDCs and NK cells. These data suggest that the activation of NK cells during L. monocytogenes infection requires both secreted cytokines and ligation of NK activating receptors during direct contact with infected DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Humann
- National Jewish Health and Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Rayamajhi M, Humann J, Penheiter K, Andreasen K, Lenz LL. Induction of IFN-alphabeta enables Listeria monocytogenes to suppress macrophage activation by IFN-gamma. J Exp Med 2010; 207:327-37. [PMID: 20123961 PMCID: PMC2822610 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of type I interferon (IFN; IFN-alphabeta) increases host susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes, whereas type II IFN (IFN-gamma) activates macrophages to resist infection. We show that these opposing immunological effects of IFN-alphabeta and IFN-gamma occur because of cross talk between the respective signaling pathways. We found that cultured macrophages infected with L. monocytogenes were refractory to IFN-gamma treatment as a result of down-regulation of the IFN-gamma receptor (IFNGR). The soluble factor responsible for these effects was identified as host IFN-alphabeta. Accordingly, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) showed reduced IFNGR1 expression and reduced responsiveness to IFN-gamma during systemic infection of IFN-alphabeta-responsive mice. Furthermore, the increased resistance of mice lacking the IFN-alphabeta receptor (IFNAR(-/-)) to L. monocytogenes correlated with increased expression of IFN-gamma-dependent activation markers by macrophages and DCs and was reversed by depletion of IFN-gamma. Thus, IFN-alphabeta produced in response to bacterial infection and other stimuli antagonizes the host response to IFN-gamma by down-regulating the IFNGR. Such cross talk permits prioritization of IFN-alphabeta-type immune responses and may contribute to the beneficial effects of IFN-beta in treatment of inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manira Rayamajhi
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Jessica Humann
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, CO 80206
| | | | | | - Laurel L. Lenz
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, CO 80206
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Lenz LL, Rayamajhi M, Andreasen K, Humann J. Feedback inhibition of macrophage responses to IFNγ during bacterial infection is mediated by IFNαβ (133.32). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.133.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We previously showed that increased IFNγ production by natural killer (NK) cells correlates with increased susceptibility to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Here, we report that L. monocyogenes suppresses macrophage responsiveness to IFNγ and describe a mechanism contributing to this suppression. Macrophages infected with L. monocytogenes produced a soluble factor that reduced IFNGR1 transcripts and cell surface expression of both IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 proteins on infected and bystander macrophages and on certain other immune cells. We identify this factor as IFNβ or a substance induced by type I IFN, since (1) only L. monocytogenes strains that induce IFNβ caused IFNGR downregulation, (2) IFNGR downregulation was not seen in macrophages lacking a functional type I IFN receptor (IFNAR1-deficient mice), (3) IFNGR-downregulation was partially dependent on STAT1 and was induced by treatment of cells with recombinant IFNβ or IFNαβ -inducing toll like receptor (TLR) agonists. Our findings demonstrate that IFNβ induced during intracellular bacterial infection feeds back through IFNAR to inhibit IFNGR expression and IFNγ-dependent gene expression. These findings offer a common mechanistic explanation for the ability of IFNβ to enhance host susceptibility to intracellular bacterial infection and to suppress inflammation in the context of diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel L Lenz
- 1Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- 2Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado - Denver, Denver, CO
| | - Manira Rayamajhi
- 2Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado - Denver, Denver, CO
| | - Karl Andreasen
- 1Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Jessica Humann
- 2Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado - Denver, Denver, CO
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Humann J, Bjordahl R, Andreasen K, Lenz LL. Expression of the p60 autolysin enhances NK cell activation and is required for listeria monocytogenes expansion in IFN-gamma-responsive mice. J Immunol 2007; 178:2407-14. [PMID: 17277147 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Both peptidoglycan and muropeptides potently modulate inflammatory and innate immune responses. The secreted Listeria monocytogenes p60 autolysin digests peptidoglycan and promotes bacterial infection in vivo. Here, we report that p60 contributes to bacterial subversion of NK cell activation and innate IFN-gamma production. L. monocytogenes deficient for p60 (Deltap60) competed well for expansion in mice doubly deficient for IFNAR1 and IFN-gammaR1 or singly deficient for IFN-gammaR1, but not in wild-type, IFNAR1(-/-), or TLR2(-/-) mice. The restored competitiveness of p60-deficient bacteria suggested a specific role for p60 in bacterial subversion of IFN-gamma-mediated immune responses, since in vivo expansion of three other mutant L. monocytogenes strains (DeltaActA, DeltaNamA, and DeltaPlcB) was not complemented in IFN-gammaR1(-/-) mice. Bacterial expression of p60 was not required to induce socs1, socs3, and il10 expression in infected mouse bone marrow macrophages but did correlate with enhanced production of IL-6, IL-12p70, and most strikingly IFN-gamma. The primary source of p60-dependent innate IFN-gamma was NK cells, whereas bacterial p60 expression did not significantly alter innate IFN-gamma production by T cells. The mechanism for p60-dependent NK cell stimulation was also indirect, given that treatment with purified p60 protein failed to directly activate NK cells for IFN-gamma production. These data suggest that p60 may act on infected cells to indirectly enhance NK cell activation and increase innate IFN-gamma production, which presumably promotes early bacterial expansion through its immunoregulatory effects on bystander cells. Thus, the simultaneous induction of IFN-gamma production and factors that inhibit IFN-gamma signaling may be a common strategy for misdirection of early antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Humann
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Liu S, Velez MG, Humann J, Rowland S, Conrad FJ, Halverson R, Torres RM, Pelanda R. Receptor editing can lead to allelic inclusion and development of B cells that retain antibodies reacting with high avidity autoantigens. J Immunol 2005; 175:5067-76. [PMID: 16210610 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor editing is a major B cell tolerance mechanism that operates by secondary Ig gene rearrangements to change the specificity of autoreactive developing B cells. In the 3-83Igi mouse model, receptor editing operates in every autoreactive anti-H-2K(b) B cell, providing a novel receptor without additional cell loss. Despite the efficiency of receptor editing in generating nonautoreactive Ag receptors, we show in this study that this process does not inactivate the autoantibody-encoding gene(s) in every autoreactive B cell. In fact, receptor editing can generate allelically and isotypically included B cells that simultaneously express the original autoreactive and a novel nonautoreactive Ag receptors. Such dual Ab-expressing B cells differentiate into transitional and mature B cells retaining the expression of the autoantibody despite the high avidity interaction between the autoantibody and the self-Ag in this system. Moreover, we find that these high avidity autoreactive B cells retain the autoreactive Ag receptor within the cell as a consequence of autoantigen engagement and through a Src family kinase-dependent process. Finally, anti-H-2K(b) IgM autoantibodies are found in the sera of older 3-83Igi mice, indicating that dual Ab-expressing autoreactive B cells are potentially functional and capable of differentiating into IgM autoantibody-secreting plasma cells under certain circumstances. These results demonstrate that autoreactive B cells reacting with ubiquitous membrane bound autoantigens can bypass mechanisms of central tolerance by coexpressing nonautoreactive Abs. These dual Ab-expressing autoreactive B cells conceal their autoantibodies within the cell manifesting a superficially tolerant phenotype that can be partially overcome to secrete IgM autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucai Liu
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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