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Mooney MA, Ryabinin P, Morton H, Selah K, Gonoud R, Kozlowski M, Nousen E, Tipsord J, Antovich D, Schwartz J, Herting MM, Faraone SV, Nigg JT. Joint polygenic and environmental risks for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD symptom dimensions. JCPP Adv 2023; 3:e12152. [PMID: 37753156 PMCID: PMC10519744 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with both polygenic liability and environmental exposures, both intrinsic to the family, such as family conflict, and extrinsic, such as air pollution. However, much less is known about the interplay between environmental and genetic risks relevant to ADHD-a better understanding of which could inform both mechanistic models and clinical prediction algorithms. Methods Two independent data sets, the population-based Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) (N = 11,876) and the case-control Oregon-ADHD-1000 (N = 1449), were used to examine additive (G + E) and interactive (GxE) effects of selected polygenic risk scores (PRS) and environmental factors in a cross-sectional design. Genetic risk was measured using PRS for nine mental health disorders/traits. Exposures included family income, family conflict/negative sentiment, and geocoded measures of area deprivation, lead exposure risk, and air pollution exposure (nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter). Results ADHD PRS and family conflict jointly predicted concurrent ADHD symptoms in both cohorts. Additive-effects models, including both genetic and environmental factors, explained significantly more variation in symptoms than any individual factor alone (joint R 2 = .091 for total symptoms in ABCD; joint R 2 = .173 in Oregon-ADHD-1000; all delta-R 2 p-values <2e-7). Significant effect size heterogeneity across ancestry groups was observed for genetic and environmental factors (e.g., Q = 9.01, p = .011 for major depressive disorder PRS; Q = 13.34, p = .001 for area deprivation). GxE interactions observed in the full ABCD cohort suggested stronger environmental effects when genetic risk is low, though they did not replicate. Conclusions Reproducible additive effects of PRS and family environment on ADHD symptoms were found, but GxE interaction effects were not replicated and appeared confounded by ancestry. Results highlight the potential value of combining exposures and PRS in clinical prediction algorithms. The observed differences in risks across ancestry groups warrant further study to avoid health care disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Mooney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational BiologyDepartment of Medical Informatics and Clinical EpidemiologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Peter Ryabinin
- Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Hannah Morton
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Katharine Selah
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Rose Gonoud
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Michael Kozlowski
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Elizabeth Nousen
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Jessica Tipsord
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Dylan Antovich
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental HealthHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Megan M. Herting
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsChildren's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Department of PsychiatrySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Joel T. Nigg
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Department of Behavioral NeuroscienceOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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Jones SA, Tipsord J, Nagel BJ, Nigg JT. A preliminary study of white matter correlates of a laboratory measure of attention and motor stability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 160:110-116. [PMID: 36804107 PMCID: PMC10023490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex behavioral disorder, often difficult and time consuming to diagnose. Laboratory assessment of ADHD-related constructs of attention and motor activity may be helpful in elucidating neurobiology; however, neuroimaging studies evaluating laboratory measures of ADHD are lacking. In this preliminary study, we assessed the association between fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of white matter microstructure, and laboratory measures of attention and motor behavior using the QbTest, a widely used measure thought to improve clinician diagnostic confidence. This is the first look at neural correlates of this widely used measure. The sample included adolescents and young adults (ages 12-20, 35% female) with ADHD (n = 31) and without (n = 52). As expected, ADHD status was associated with motor activity, and cognitive inattention and impulsivity in the laboratory. With regard to MRI findings, laboratory observed motor activity and inattention were associated with greater FA in white matter regions of the primary motor cortex. All three laboratory observations were associated with lower FA in regions subserving fronto-striatal-thalamic and frontoparietal (i.e. superior longitudinal fasciculus) circuitry. Further, FA in white matter regions of the prefrontal cortex appeared to mediate the relationship between ADHD status and motor activity on the QbTest. These findings, while preliminary, suggest that performance on certain laboratory tasks is informative with regard to neurobiological correlates of subdomains of the complex ADHD phenotype. In particular, we provide novel evidence for a relationship between an objective measure of motor hyperactivity and white matter microstructure in motor and attentional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Jessica Tipsord
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Bonnie J Nagel
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Nigg JT, Karalunas SL, Mooney MA, Wilmot B, Nikolas MA, Martel MM, Tipsord J, Nousen EK, Schmitt C, Ryabinin P, Musser ED, Nagel BJ, Fair DA. The Oregon ADHD-1000: A new longitudinal data resource enriched for clinical cases and multiple levels of analysis. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 60:101222. [PMID: 36848718 PMCID: PMC9984785 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The fields of developmental psychopathology, developmental neuroscience, and behavioral genetics are increasingly moving toward a data sharing model to improve reproducibility, robustness, and generalizability of findings. This approach is particularly critical for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which has unique public health importance given its early onset, high prevalence, individual variability, and causal association with co-occurring and later developing problems. A further priority concerns multi-disciplinary/multi-method datasets that can span different units of analysis. Here, we describe a public dataset using a case-control design for ADHD that includes: multi-method, multi-measure, multi-informant, multi-trait data, and multi-clinician evaluation and phenotyping. It spans > 12 years of annual follow-up with a lag longitudinal design allowing age-based analyses spanning age 7-19 + years with a full age range from 7 to 21. Measures span genetic and epigenetic (DNA methylation) array data; EEG, functional and structural MRI neuroimaging; and psychophysiological, psychosocial, clinical and functional outcomes data. The resource also benefits from an autism spectrum disorder add-on cohort and a cross sectional case-control ADHD cohort from a different geographical region for replication and generalizability. Datasets allowing for integration from genes to nervous system to behavior represent the "next generation" of researchable cohorts for ADHD and developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, USA.
| | | | - Michael A Mooney
- Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Beth Wilmot
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Molly A Nikolas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, USA
| | | | - Jessica Tipsord
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Nousen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Colleen Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Peter Ryabinin
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Erica D Musser
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, USA
| | - Bonnie J Nagel
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, USA.
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Miller LL, Gustafsson HC, Tipsord J, Song M, Nousen E, Dieckmann N, Nigg JT. Is the Association of ADHD with Socio-Economic Disadvantage Explained by Child Comorbid Externalizing Problems or Parent ADHD? J Abnorm Child Psychol 2018; 46:951-963. [PMID: 29128953 PMCID: PMC5948120 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been unclear whether an associations of child ADHD with socio-economic disadvantage (SES) could be accounted for by (a) parental ADHD explaining both low SES and child ADHD, and/or (b) the joint overlap of ODD or CD with low SES and ADHD. Study 1 used a community-recruited case-control sample with detailed evaluation of SES indicators, child ADHD, child externalizing, and parent ADHD symptoms (n = 931 children, 521 ADHD, 577 boys, 354 girls) in a path modeling analysis with latent variables. Study 2 evaluated ADHD and externalizing behavior in a regression model using a poverty index for SES, in 70,927 children (48.2% female) aged 5-17 years from the US 2011-2012 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). In Study 1, lower SES was related to the ADHD latent variable, β = -.18, p < .001; 95%CI [-.25,-.12]. This effect held when parent ADHD and child ODD and CD were in the model, β = -.11, p < .01, 95% CI [-.09,-.03], equivalent to OR = 1.50, 95% CI[1.12-2.04]). In Study 2, these results replicated. Adjusting only for age and sex, children from families who were below 200% of the federal poverty line were more likely to have moderate or severe ADHD than no ADHD, versus children above that line, OR = 2.13, 95% CI[1.79,2.54], p < .001. The effect held after adjusting for disruptive/externalizing problems, OR = 1.61, p < .01, 95%CI [1.32,1.96]. The effect size for comparable models was similar across both studies, lending higher confidence to the results. It is concluded that the SES association with child ADHD is not explained by artifact and requires a mechanistic explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay L Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Hanna C Gustafsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jessica Tipsord
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Minkyoung Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nousen
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Nathan Dieckmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Karalunas SL, Gustafsson HC, Dieckmann NF, Tipsord J, Mitchell SH, Nigg JT. Heterogeneity in development of aspects of working memory predicts longitudinal attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom change. J Abnorm Psychol 2017; 126:774-792. [PMID: 28782975 PMCID: PMC5657320 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of cognitive mechanisms in the clinical course of neurodevelopmental disorders is poorly understood. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is emblematic in that numerous alterations in cognitive development are apparent, yet how they relate to changes in symptom expression with age is unclear. To resolve the role of cognitive mechanisms in ADHD, a developmental perspective that takes into account expected within-group heterogeneity is needed. METHOD The current study uses an accelerated longitudinal design and latent trajectory growth mixture models in a sample of children ages 7-13 years carefully characterized as with (n = 437) and without (n = 297) ADHD to (a) identify heterogeneous developmental trajectories for response inhibition, visual spatial working memory maintenance, and delayed reward discounting and (b) to assess the relationships between these cognitive trajectories and ADHD symptom change. RESULTS Best-fitting models indicated multiple trajectory classes in both the ADHD and typically developing samples, as well as distinct relationships between each cognitive process and ADHD symptom change. Developmental change in response inhibition and delayed reward discounting were unrelated to ADHD symptom change, while individual differences in the rate of visual spatial working memory maintenance improvement predicted symptom remission in ADHD. CONCLUSION Characterizing heterogeneity in cognitive development will be crucial for clarifying mechanisms of symptom persistence and recovery. Results here suggest working memory maintenance may be uniquely related to ADHD symptom improvement. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Karalunas
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Psychiatry
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Beahvioral Neuroscience
| | | | | | - Jessica Tipsord
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Suzanne H. Mitchell
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Psychiatry
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Beahvioral Neuroscience
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Science
| | - Joel T. Nigg
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Psychiatry
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Beahvioral Neuroscience
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