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Tauber JM, Brincat SL, Stephen EP, Donoghue JA, Kozachkov L, Brown EN, Miller EK. Propofol-mediated Unconsciousness Disrupts Progression of Sensory Signals through the Cortical Hierarchy. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:394-413. [PMID: 37902596 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
A critical component of anesthesia is the loss of sensory perception. Propofol is the most widely used drug for general anesthesia, but the neural mechanisms of how and when it disrupts sensory processing are not fully understood. We analyzed local field potential and spiking recorded from Utah arrays in auditory cortex, associative cortex, and cognitive cortex of nonhuman primates before and during propofol-mediated unconsciousness. Sensory stimuli elicited robust and decodable stimulus responses and triggered periods of stimulus-related synchronization between brain areas in the local field potential of Awake animals. By contrast, propofol-mediated unconsciousness eliminated stimulus-related synchrony and drastically weakened stimulus responses and information in all brain areas except for auditory cortex, where responses and information persisted. However, we found stimuli occurring during spiking Up states triggered weaker spiking responses than in Awake animals in auditory cortex, and little or no spiking responses in higher order areas. These results suggest that propofol's effect on sensory processing is not just because of asynchronous Down states. Rather, both Down states and Up states reflect disrupted dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Tauber
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | - Leo Kozachkov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Emery N Brown
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Earl K Miller
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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Tauber JM, Brincat SL, Stephen EP, Donaghue JA, Kozachkov L, Brown EN, Miller EK. Propofol Mediated Unconsciousness Disrupts Progression of Sensory Signals through the Cortical Hierarchy. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.25.546463. [PMID: 37425684 PMCID: PMC10327085 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.25.546463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
A critical component of anesthesia is the loss sensory perception. Propofol is the most widely used drug for general anesthesia, but the neural mechanisms of how and when it disrupts sensory processing are not fully understood. We analyzed local field potential (LFP) and spiking recorded from Utah arrays in auditory cortex, associative cortex, and cognitive cortex of non-human primates before and during propofol mediated unconsciousness. Sensory stimuli elicited robust and decodable stimulus responses and triggered periods of stimulus-induced coherence between brain areas in the LFP of awake animals. By contrast, propofol mediated unconsciousness eliminated stimulus-induced coherence and drastically weakened stimulus responses and information in all brain areas except for auditory cortex, where responses and information persisted. However, we found stimuli occurring during spiking Up states triggered weaker spiking responses than in awake animals in auditory cortex, and little or no spiking responses in higher order areas. These results suggest that propofol's effect on sensory processing is not just due to asynchronous down states. Rather, both Down states and Up states reflect disrupted dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Tauber
- The Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Scott L. Brincat
- The Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emily P. Stephen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jacob A. Donaghue
- The Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leo Kozachkov
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emery N. Brown
- The Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Earl K. Miller
- The Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Tauber JM, Brown EB, Li Y, Yurgel ME, Masek P, Keene AC. A subset of sweet-sensing neurons identified by IR56d are necessary and sufficient for fatty acid taste. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007059. [PMID: 29121639 PMCID: PMC5697886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat represents a calorically potent food source that yields approximately twice the amount of energy as carbohydrates or proteins per unit of mass. The highly palatable taste of free fatty acids (FAs), one of the building blocks of fat, promotes food consumption, activates reward circuitry, and is thought to contribute to hedonic feeding underlying many metabolism-related disorders. Despite a role in the etiology of metabolic diseases, little is known about how dietary fats are detected by the gustatory system to promote feeding. Previously, we showed that a broad population of sugar-sensing taste neurons expressing Gustatory Receptor 64f (Gr64f) is required for reflexive feeding responses to both FAs and sugars. Here, we report a genetic silencing screen to identify specific populations of taste neurons that mediate fatty acid (FA) taste. We find neurons identified by expression of Ionotropic Receptor 56d (IR56d) are necessary and sufficient for reflexive feeding response to FAs. Functional imaging reveals that IR56d-expressing neurons are responsive to short- and medium-chain FAs. Silencing IR56d neurons selectively abolishes FA taste, and their activation is sufficient to drive feeding responses. Analysis of co-expression with Gr64f identifies two subpopulations of IR56d-expressing neurons. While physiological imaging reveals that both populations are responsive to FAs, IR56d/Gr64f neurons are activated by medium-chain FAs and are sufficient for reflexive feeding response to FAs. Moreover, flies can discriminate between sugar and FAs in an aversive taste memory assay, indicating that FA taste is a unique modality in Drosophila. Taken together, these findings localize FA taste within the Drosophila gustatory center and provide an opportunity to investigate discrimination between different categories of appetitive tastants. Fat represents a calorically potent food source that yields approximately twice the amount of energy as carbohydrates or proteins per unit of mass. Dietary lipids are comprised of both triacylglycerides and FAs, and growing evidence suggests that it is the free FAs that are detected by the gustatory system. The highly palatable taste of FAs promotes food consumption, activates reward centers in mammals, and is thought to contribute to hedonic feeding that underlies many metabolism-related disorders. Despite a role in the etiology of metabolic diseases, little is known about how dietary fats are detected by the gustatory system to promote feeding. We have identified a subset of sugar-sensing neurons in the fly that also responds to medium-chain FAs and are necessary and sufficient for behavioral response to FAs. Further, we find that despite being sensed by shared neuronal populations, flies can differentiate between the taste of sugar and FAs, fortifying the notion that FAs and sugar represent distinct taste modalities in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Tauber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth B. Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States of America
| | - Maria E. Yurgel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Pavel Masek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States of America
| | - Alex C. Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tauber JM, Vanlandingham PA, Zhang B. Elevated levels of the vesicular monoamine transporter and a novel repetitive behavior in the Drosophila model of fragile X syndrome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27100. [PMID: 22087250 PMCID: PMC3206932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is characterized by mental impairment and autism in humans, and it often features hyperactivity and repetitive behaviors. The mechanisms for the disease, however, remain poorly understood. Here we report that the dfmr1 mutant in the Drosophila model of FXS grooms excessively, which may be regulated differentially by two signaling pathways. Blocking metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling enhances grooming in dfmr1 mutant flies, whereas blocking the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) suppresses excessive grooming. dfmr1 mutant flies also exhibit elevated levels of VMAT mRNA and protein. These results suggest that enhanced monoamine signaling correlates with repetitive behaviors and hyperactivity associated with FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Tauber
- Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | | | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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